Difference between revisions 1015658 and 1362623 on afwiki

:''This article is about the concept in astronomy, physics and chemistry. For other uses, see [[Matter (disambiguation)]].''

The term '''matter''' traditionally refers to the substance that objects are made of.<ref name=Penrose>

(contracted; show full)
 |author=O.W. Richardson
 |title=The Electron Theory of Matter
 |chapter=Chapter 1
 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RpdDAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=matter&lr=&as_brr=0#PPA1,M1
 |publisher=The University Press
 |year=1914
}}</ref> to the more recent "quark structure of matter", introduced today with the remark: ''Understanding the quark structure of matter has been one of the most important advances in contemporary physics.''<ref name=
"Jacob">⏎
⏎
{{cite book
 |url= = http://books.google.com/books?id=iQ1e2a9bPikC&printsec=frontcover&dq=matter&lr=&as_brr=0#PPA1,M1⏎
 ⏎
 |title= = The Quark Structure of Matter⏎
 ⏎
 |author= = M. Jacob⏎
 ⏎
 |publisher= = World Scientific⏎
 ⏎
 |year= = 1992⏎
 ⏎
 |isbn= = 9810236875⏎
⏎
}}<!-- |title=The Quark Structure of Matter: proceedings of a topical European meeting in the Rhine Valley : Strasbourgh-Karlsruhe, 26 September-1 October 1985--></ref>  In this connection, physicists speak of ''matter fields'', and speak of particles as "quantum excitations of a mode of the matter field".<ref name=Davies>
{{cite book
 |author=P.C.W. Davies
 |title=The Forces of Nature
(contracted; show full)

</ref><ref name=Zajc>

{{cite journal |title=The fluid nature of quark-gluon plasma |author= WA Zajc |journal=Nuclear Physics A |year=2008 |volume=805 |pages=283c-294c |doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2008.02.285 |url=http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0802/0802.3552v1.pdf}}

</ref> An animation is found at [http://real.bnl.gov/ramgen/bnl/RHIC_animation.rm Gold ion collision @ RHIC].

=== Transparent Alumin
ium ===
{{Basis|Transparent aluminium}}

In [[2009]], scientists from [[Oxford University]] led an international team in using the FLASH laser synchrotron in [[Hamburg, Germany]] to create a new state of matter, transparent [[aluminum|aluminium]]. Using a short pulse from the FLASH laser, they removed a core electron from each aluminium atom, but did not destroy or disrupt the metal’s crystalline structure. What resulted was an aluminium that was almost invisible to [[ultraviolet radiation]]. Scientists involved in the discovery suggest that this will aid in further research concerning [[planetary science]] and [[nuclear fusion]]. The effect on the aluminium lasted for 40 [[femtoseconds]].<ref name=ScienceDaily>
{{cite web
 |url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090727130814.htm
 |title=Transparent Aluminum Is ‘New State Of Matter’
 |accessdate=2009-07-30
}}</ref> 

A concept of transparent aluminium was seen in [[Star Trek IV]].

== Structure of ordinary matter ==

In particle physics, fermions are particles which obey [[Fermi–Dirac statistics]]. Fermions can be elementary, like the electron, or composite, like the proton and the neutron. In the [[Standard Model]] there are two types of elementary fermions: quarks and leptons, which are discussed next.

=== Quarks ===
{{Basis|Quark}}
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