Revision 104117 of "লং" on aswiki

{{অনুবাদ}}
{{taxobox
|name = Clove
|image =Syzygium_aromaticum_-_Köhler–s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-030.jpg
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|phylum = [[Angiosperm]]s
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicot]]s
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosid]]s
|ordo = [[Myrtales]]
|familia = [[Myrtaceae]]
|genus = ''[[Syzygium]]''
|species = '''''S. aromaticum'''''
|binomial = ''Syzygium aromaticum''
|binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]) Merrill & Perry 
|synonyms_ref=<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | name = ''Syzygium aromaticum'' (L.) Merr. & L. M. Perry | id = 50069 | accessdate = June 9, 2011}}</ref>
|synonyms=
*''Caryophyllus aromaticus'' <small>L.</small>
*''Eugenia aromatica'' <small>(L.) Baill.</small>
*''Eugenia caryophyllata'' <small>Thunb.</small>
*''Eugenia caryophyllus'' <small>(Spreng.) Bullock & S. G. Harrison</small>
|}}
'''লং'''(Syzygium aromaticum, আন নাম Eugenia aromaticum or Eugenia caryophyllata) এবিধ মচলা।  লং গছৰ ফুলৰ গুটিক শুকুৱাই লং মছলা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়।  Cloves are the aromatic dried [[flower]] [[bud]]s of a tree in the family [[Myrtaceae]]. Cloves are native to the [[Maluku islands]] in [[Indonesia]] and used as a [[spice]] in cuisines all over the world. Cloves are harvested primarily in [[Indonesia]], [[India]], [[Madagascar]], [[Zanzibar]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Sri Lanka]]. They have a numbing effect on mouth tissues.

The clove tree is an [[evergreen]] that grows to a height ranging from 8–12&nbsp;m, having large [[leaf|leaves]] and sanguine flowers in numerous groups of terminal clusters. The flower buds are at first of a pale color and gradually become green, after which they develop into a bright red, when they are ready for collecting. Cloves are harvested when 1.5–2&nbsp;cm long, and consist of a long [[calyx (botany)|calyx]], terminating in four spreading [[sepal]]s, and four unopened petals which form a small ball in the center.

== Taxonomy and nomenclature ==
The [[scientific name]] of clove is ''Syzygium aromaticum''. It belongs to the genus ''[[Syzygium]]'', tribe [[Syzygieae]], and subfamily [[Myrtoideae]] of the  family [[Myrtaceae]]. It is classified in the order of [[Myrtales]], which belong to superorder [[Rosids]], under [[Eudicots]] of [[Dicotyledonae]]. Clove is an Angiospermic plant and belongs to division of [[Magnoliophyta]] in the kingdom [[Plantae]].<ref name="GRIN"/>

The English name derives from Latin ''clavus'' 'nail' (also the origin of French ''clou'' and Spanish ''clavo'', 'nail') as the buds vaguely resemble small irregular nails in shape. The Clove was once one of the world's most valuable and expensive commodities. The clove was to provide an impetus for the Dutch colonialisation of Indonesia.

== Uses ==
[[Image:ClovesDried.jpg|left|thumb|Dried cloves]]
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Kruidnagelmodel van een prauw TMnr A-4405a.jpg|thumb|Clove model of a [[proa]]]]
[[File:2005clove.PNG|thumb|Clove output in 2005]]

Cloves are often used in Asian, African, and Middle Eastern cooking in adding flavor to meats, curries, and meat marinades.  They are also used to create sweet dishes, such as with fruits like apples, pears, or rhubarb.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.helpwithcooking.com/spice-guide/cloves.html|title=Guide to cloves with information on the history of cloves and recipe ideas|accessdate=24 June 2012|publisher=helpwithcooking.com}}</ref>

In [[Mexican cuisine]], cloves are best known as ''clavos de olor'', and often used together with [[cumin]] and [[cinnamon]].<ref>Dorenburg, Andrew and Page, Karen. ''The New American Chef: Cooking with the Best Flavors and Techniques from Around the World'', John Wiley and Sons Inc., ©2003.</ref>

Considered a very strong spice due to the eugenol chemical that makes up most of the clove's taste (85 percent), the quantity of clove used in recipes is usually small.<ref name="hunting">{{cite web|url=http://www.seriouseats.com/2011/02/spice-hunting-clove-sweet-savory-spice.html|title=Spice Hunting:Cloves|accessdate=24 June 2012|date=10 February 2011|author=Falkowitz, Max}}</ref>  It pairs well with [[cinnamon]], [[allspice]], [[vanilla]], [[red wine]], and [[basil]], as well as with uncommon combinations like [[onion]], citrus peel, [[star anise]] or peppercorns.<ref name="hunting" />

=== Non-culinary uses ===
The spice is used in a type of cigarette called ''[[kretek]]'' in Indonesia.<ref name="GRIN"/> Kreteks have been smoked throughout [[Europe]], [[Asia]] and the United States. In 2009, clove cigarettes (as well as fruit and candy flavored cigarettes) were outlawed in the US.<ref>{{cite web|author=Tobacco |url=http://www.fda.gov/TobaccoProducts/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/FlavoredTobacco/default.htm |title=Flavored Tobacco |publisher=Fda.gov |date= |accessdate=2012-09-07}}</ref> 

Clove also works as an ant repellant.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wofome.com/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=872&sid=dcf27675ac3b3453750b182f9b7e68cd |title=Tips for Home and Garden |publisher=Wofome.com |date= |accessdate= }}</ref>

===Traditional medicinal uses===
Cloves are used in [[India]]n [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] medicine, [[Chinese medicine]], and western [[herbalism]] and [[dentistry]] where the [[Oil of cloves|essential oil]] is used as an [[anodyne]] (painkiller) for dental emergencies. Cloves are used as a [[carminative]], to increase hydrochloric acid in the stomach and to improve [[peristalsis]]. Cloves are also said to be a natural [[anthelmintic]].<ref>Balch, Phyllis and Balch, James. ''Prescription for Nutritional Healing'', 3rd ed., Avery Publishing, ©2000, pg. 94.</ref> The essential oil is used in aromatherapy when stimulation and warming are needed, especially for digestive problems. Topical application over the stomach or abdomen are said to warm the digestive tract. Clove oil, applied to a cavity in a decayed tooth, also relieves toothache.<ref>{{cite web|author=USA |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16530911 |title=The effect of clove and benzocaine versus placebo as ... [J Dent. 2006&#93; - PubMed - NCBI |publisher=Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |date=2012-05-24 |accessdate=2012-09-07}}</ref> 

In Chinese medicine cloves or ''ding xiang'' are considered acrid, warm and aromatic, entering the [[kidney (Zang)|kidney]], [[spleen (Zang)|spleen]] and [[stomach (Fu)|stomach]] [[Meridian (Chinese medicine)|meridians]], and are notable in their ability to warm the middle, direct stomach [[qi]] downward, to treat [[hiccough]] and to fortify the kidney [[yin and yang|yang]].<ref name="ReferenceA">''Chinese Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica'', Third Edition by Dan Bensky, Steven Clavey, Erich Stoger, and Andrew Gamble 2004</ref> Because the herb is so warming it is contraindicated in any persons with fire symptoms and according to classical sources should not be used for anything except cold from yang deficiency. As such it is used in formulas for impotence or clear vaginal discharge from yang deficiency, for morning sickness together with [[ginseng]] and [[patchouli]], or for vomiting and diarrhea due to spleen and stomach coldness.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The spice is most strongly associated with Keretek cigarettes in Indonesia. however, the village of Waimahu in South Ambon is now producing a range of Clove handicrafts for the tourist market.

Cloves may be used internally as a tea and topically as an oil for [[Hypotonia|hypotonic muscles]], including for multiple sclerosis.{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} This is also found in Tibetan medicine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tibetmed.org/questions/question_44.htm |title=Question: Multiple Sclerosis |publisher=TibetMed |date= |accessdate=2012-09-07}}</ref> Some recommend avoiding more than occasional use of cloves internally in the presence of [[Ayurveda|pitta]] inflammation such as is found in acute flares of autoimmune diseases.<ref>{{cite web|author=by posted by Dr. Tillotson |url=http://oneearthherbs.squarespace.com/diseases/special-diets-for-illness.html |title=Tilotson, Alan. '&#39;Special Diets for Illness'&#39; |publisher=Oneearthherbs.squarespace.com |date=2005-04-03 |accessdate=2012-09-07}}</ref>

===Modern medicinal uses and pharmaceutical preparations===
{{medref|section|date=July 2012}}
Western studies have supported the use of cloves and clove oil for dental pain.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} However, studies to determine its effectiveness for fever reduction, as a mosquito repellent and to prevent premature ejaculation have been inconclusive.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} Clove may reduce blood sugar levels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-clove.html |title=National Institutes of Health, Medicine Plus. '&#39;Clove (Eugenia aromatica) and Clove oil (Eugenol)'&#39; |publisher=Nlm.nih.gov |date=2012-02-15 |accessdate=2012-09-07}}</ref>

[[Tellimagrandin II]] is an ellagitannin found in ''S. aromaticum'' with anti-[[herpesvirus]] properties.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/284/2/728.full |title=Purification and Characterization of Eugeniin as an Anti-herpesvirus Compound from Geum japonicum and Syzygium aromaticum |first=Masahiko |last=Kurokawa |last2=''et al.'' |journal=JPET |year=1998 |volume=284 |issue=2 |pages=728–735 |doi= }}</ref>

The buds have anti-oxidant properties.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Niwano |first=Y. |last2=''et al.'' |title=Extensive screening for herbal extracts with potent antioxidant properties |journal=Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition |year=2011 |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=78–84 |doi=10.3164/jcbn.11-013FR |first2=Keita |last3=Yoshizaki |first3=Fumihiko |last4=Kohno |first4=Masahiro |last5=Ozawa |first5=Toshihiko |pmid=21297917 |pmc=3022069 }}</ref>

Clove oil can be used to anesthetize fish, and prolonged exposure to higher doses (the recommended dose is 400&nbsp;mg/l) is considered a humane means of euthanasia.<ref>{{cite web|last=Monks|first=Neale|title=Aquarium Fish Euthanasia: Euthanizing and disposing of aquarium fish.|url=http://www.fishchannel.com/fish-health/euthanasia.aspx|publisher=FishChannel.com|accessdate=August 1, 2011}}</ref>

In addition, clove oil is used in preparation of some toothpastes, laxative pills and Clovacaine solution which is a local anesthetic and used in oral ulceration and anti-inflammations. Eugenol (or clove oil generally) is mixed with Zinc oxide to be a temporary filling.<ref>{{cite book|last=Youngken|first=H.W.|title=Text book of pharmacognosy, 6th ed.|year=1950}}</ref>

== Adulteration ==
'''Clove Stalks''': They are slender [[Plant stem|stems]] of the [[inflorescence]] axis which show opposite decussate branching. Externally, they are brownish, rough and irregularly wrinkled longitudinally with short fracture and dry, woody texture.

'''Mother Cloves (Anthophylli)''': There are the ripe fruits of cloves which are ovoid, brown berries, unilocular and one-seeded. This can be detected by the presence of much [[starch]] in the [[seeds]].

'''Brown Cloves''': Expanded flowers from which both [[corolla]] and [[stamens]] have been detached.

'''Exhausted Cloves''': Cloves from which almost or all of the oil has been removed by distillation. They yield no oil and are darker in color.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bisset|first=N.G.|title=Herbal drugs and phyotpharmaceuticals, Medpharm|year=1994|publisher=Scientific Publishers|location=Stuttgart}}</ref>

== History ==
Until modern times, cloves grew only on a few islands in the [[Maluku Islands]] (historically called the [[Maluku Islands|Spice Islands]]), including [[Bacan]], [[Makian]], [[Moti Island|Moti]], [[Ternate]], and [[Tidore]].<ref name="Turner">{{Cite book| author=Turner, Jack | title=Spice: The History of a Temptation | publisher=Vintage Books | year=2004 | isbn=0-375-70705-0 | pages=xv}}</ref> In fact, it is believed that the oldest clove tree in the world, named "Afo," is found on Ternate—the tree being between 350 and 400 years old.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18551857|title=The world's oldest clove tree|publisher=BBC News Magazine|date=23 June 2012|author=Worrall, Simon|accessdate=24 June 2012}}</ref>  Seedlings from this Afo tree were stolen by a Frenchman named Poivre in 1770, transferred to France, and then later to [[Zanzibar]] which is today the world's largest producer of cloves.<ref name="BBC" /> 

Until cloves were grown outside of the Maluku Islands, they were traded like oil, with a forced limit on exportation.<ref name="BBC" /> As the [[Dutch East India Company]] consolidated its control of the spice trade in the 17th century they sought to gain a monopoly in cloves as they had in [[nutmeg]]. However, "unlike nutmeg and [[Nutmeg|mace]], which were limited to the minute [[Banda Islands|Bandas]], clove trees grew all over the Moluccas, and the trade in cloves was way beyond the limited policing powers of the corporation."<ref>Krondl, Michael. The Taste of Conquest: The Rise and Fall of the Three Great Cities of Spice. New York: Ballantine Books, 2007.</ref> In Britain in the 17th and 18th centuries, cloves were worth at least their weight in gold, due to the high price of importing them.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com.my/books?id=wW8KAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA119&dq=cloves+were+worth+at+least+their+weight+in+british&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rYZLT434HYzOrQe0gdGcDw&ved=0CFIQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=cloves%20were%20worth%20at%20least%20their%20weight%20in%20british&f=false |title=Journal, Volume 10, By Royal Society of Arts (Great Britain) |publisher=Books.google.com.my |date= |accessdate=2012-09-07}}</ref>

In the 3rd century BC, a [[China|Chinese]] leader in the [[Han Dynasty]] required those who addressed them to chew cloves so as to freshen their breath.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=1: Cultural State Formation in Eastern Indonesia|first=Leonard Y.|last=Andaya|title=Southeast Asia in the early modern era: trade, power, and belief|editor-first=Anthony|editor-last=Reid|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=1993|isbn=978-0-8014-8093-5}}</ref>  Cloves were traded by [[Muslim]] sailors and merchants during the [[Middle Ages]] in the profitable [[Indian Ocean]] trade, the Clove trade is also mentioned by [[Ibn Battuta]] and even famous [[One Thousand and One Nights]] characters such [[Sinbad the Sailor]] is known to have bought and sold Cloves.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://classiclit.about.com/library/bl-etexts/arabian/bl-arabian-3sindbad.htm |title=The Third Voyage of Sindbad the Seaman - The Arabian Nights - The Thousand and One Nights - Sir Richard Burton translator |publisher=Classiclit.about.com |date=2012-04-10 |accessdate=2012-09-07}}</ref>  And archeologists found cloves within a ceramic vessel in [[Syria]] along with evidence dating the find to within a few years of 1721 BC.<ref name="Turner" />

== Active compounds ==
[[Image:Eugenol acsv.svg|thumb|right|The compound [[eugenol]] is responsible for most of the characteristic aroma of cloves.]]

[[Eugenol]] comprises 72-90% of the [[essential oil]] extracted from cloves, and is the compound most responsible for the cloves' aroma. Other important essential oil constituents of clove oil include [[acetyl eugenol]], beta-[[caryophyllene]] and [[vanillin]], [[crategolic acid]], tannins such as [[bicornin]],<ref>Hydrolysable Tannins Isolated from Syzygium aromaticum: Structure of a New C-Glucosidic Ellagitannin and Spectral Features of Tannins with a Tergalloyl Group. Li-Ming Bao, Eerdunbayaer, Akiko Nozaki, Eizo Takahashi, Keinosuke Okamoto, Hideyuki Ito and Tsutomu Hatano, Heterocycles, 2012, Volume 85, Number 2, pages 365-381, {{doi|10.3987/COM-11-12392}}</ref> [[gallotannic acid]], [[methyl salicylate]] (painkiller), the [[flavonoid]]s [[eugenin]], [[kaempferol]], [[rhamnetin]], and [[eugenitin]], tri[[terpenoid]]s like [[oleanolic acid]], [[stigmasterol]] and [[campesterol]] and several [[sesquiterpene]]s.<ref>''Chinese Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica'', Third Edition by Dan Bensky, Steven Clavey, Erich Stoger, and Andrew Gamble. 2004</ref><ref name="Clove Essential Oil - Chemical Composition">{{cite web |url=http://scienceofacne.com/clove-essential-oil/ |title=Clove Essential Oil - Chemical Composition |publisher=Scienceofacne.com |date= |accessdate= }}</ref>

Eugenol can be toxic in relatively small quantities—as low as 5 ml.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 8215554 | year = 1993 | last1 = Hartnoll | first1 = G | last2 = Moore | first2 = D | last3 = Douek | first3 = D | title = Near fatal ingestion of oil of cloves | volume = 69 | issue = 3 | pages = 392–3 | pmc = 1029532 | journal = Archives of Disease in Childhood | doi = 10.1136/adc.69.3.392}}</ref>




==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons|Category:Clove|লং}} 

[[শ্ৰেণী:উদ্ভিদজগত]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:পাকঘৰ]]

[[am:ቅርንፉድ]]
[[ar:قرنفل]]
[[arz:قرنفل]]
[[az:Mixək]]
[[be:Гваздзік, прыправа]]
[[bg:Карамфил (подправка)]]
[[bn:লবঙ্গ]]
[[bo:ལི་ཤི།]]
[[bs:Klinčić]]
[[ca:Clavell d'espècia]]
[[co:Viulaccia]]
[[cs:Hřebíček]]
[[cv:Гвоздика ( техĕм )]]
[[da:Kryddernellike]]
[[de:Gewürznelke]]
[[dv:ކަރަންފޫ]]
[[el:Γαριφαλόδενδρο]]
[[en:Clove]]
[[eo:Kariofilo]]
[[es:Syzygium aromaticum]]
[[eu:Iltze (espezia)]]
[[fa:میخک صدپر]]
[[fi:Mausteneilikka]]
[[fr:Giroflier]]
[[gd:Clo-mheas]]
[[gl:Craveiro de India]]
[[he:ציפורן (תבלין)]]
[[hi:लौंग]]
[[hr:Klinčić]]
[[hsb:Prawy nalikowc]]
[[ht:Jiwòf]]
[[hu:Szegfűszeg]]
[[id:Cengkih]]
[[io:Kariofilo]]
[[it:Eugenia caryophyllata]]
[[ja:クローブ]]
[[jv:Cengkèh]]
[[ka:მიხაკის ხე]]
[[kbd:Къэрмэфибл]]
[[kn:ಲವಂಗ]]
[[ko:정향나무 (도금양과)]]
[[ksh:Jrovvötsnäähl]]
[[ku:Mêxek]]
[[la:Syzygium aromaticum]]
[[lb:Neelcheskapp]]
[[li:Groffelsnagel]]
[[lt:Kvapnusis gvazdikmedis]]
[[lv:Nagliņkoks]]
[[mk:Каранфилче]]
[[ml:കരയാമ്പൂ]]
[[mr:लवंग]]
[[ms:Cengkih]]
[[my:လေးညှင်းပင်]]
[[ne:ल्वाङको बोट]]
[[nl:Kruidnagel]]
[[nn:Nelliktre]]
[[no:Kryddernellik]]
[[nrm:Cliou d'giroufl'ye]]
[[pl:Goździki]]
[[pnb:لونگ]]
[[ps:لونګ]]
[[pt:Cravo-da-índia]]
[[ro:Cuișoare]]
[[ru:Гвоздика (пряность)]]
[[sa:लवङ्गम्]]
[[sh:Klinčić]]
[[simple:Clove]]
[[sk:Klinčekovec voňavý]]
[[sl:Nageljnove žbice]]
[[su:Cengkéh]]
[[sv:Kryddnejlika]]
[[ta:கிராம்பு]]
[[te:లవంగము]]
[[th:กานพลู]]
[[tr:Karanfil (baharat)]]
[[uk:Гвоздика (пряність)]]
[[vi:Đinh hương (gia vị)]]
[[vls:Kruudnoagel]]
[[wa:Djirofe]]
[[yi:נעגעלע]]
[[zh:丁香]]