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Difference between revisions 2461800 and 2468593 on bswiki{{razlikovati|Bosanci}}
{{Glavno značenje|Bošnjaci}}
{{EtničkaInfokutija
| grupa = Bošnjaci<br/>Бошњаци
| slika = <table border=0 align="center">
<tr>
<td>[[Datoteka:Molnár Elisabeth and Mary on the coronation of Cherles II of Hungary (cropped).png|80x100px]]</td>
<td>[[Datoteka:Grb Kotromanica.jpg|80x100px]]</td>
<td>[[Datoteka:Gazi husrev beg.png|80x100px]]</td>
<td>[[Datoteka:Umihana Čuvidina cropped.jpg|80x100px]]</td>
<td>[[Datoteka:Ivan franjo jukic.jpg|80x100px]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="background-color:#fee8ab"><small>'''[[Elizabeta Kotromanić|Elizabeta K.]]'''</small></td>
<td><div style="background-color:#fee8ab"><small>'''[[Kotromanići]]'''</small></td>
<td><div style="background-color:#fee8ab"><small>'''[[Gazi Husrev-beg|Husrev-beg]]'''</small></td>
<td><div style="background-color:#fee8ab"><small>'''[[Umihana Čuvidina|Umihana Č.]]'''</small></td>
<td><div style="background-color:#fee8ab"><small>'''[[Ivan Franjo Jukić|Ivan F. J.]]'''</small></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Datoteka:Husein Gradaščević.jpg|80x100px]]</td>
<td>[[Datoteka:Antun Knežević.jpg|80x100px]]</td>
<td>[[Datoteka:Die Gartenlaube (1878) b 789.jpg|80x100px]]</td>
<td>[[Datoteka:Mehmed-beg Kapetanovic Ljubusak.jpg|80x100px]]</td>
<td>[[Datoteka:Safvet beg Bašagić.jpg|80x100px]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="background-color:#fee8ab"><small>'''[[Husein-kapetan Gradaščević|Gradašćević]]'''</small></td>
<td><div style="background-color:#fee8ab"><small>'''[[Antun Knežević]]'''</small></td>
<td><div style="background-color:#fee8ab"><small>'''h. L. Vilajetović'''</small></td>
<td><div style="background-color:#fee8ab"><small>'''[[Mehmed-beg Kapetanović Ljubušak|Mehmed-beg K.]]'''</small></td>
<td><div style="background-color:#fee8ab"><small>'''[[Safvet-beg Bašagić|Safvet-beg B.]]'''</small></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Datoteka:Mehmed Džemaludin ef. Čaušević.jpg|80x100px]]</td>
<td>[[Datoteka:Musa Ćazim Ćatić.jpg|80x100px]]</td>
<td>[[Datoteka:Elez dervisevic 1.jpg|80x100px]]</td>
<td>[[Datoteka:Mehmed Spaho cropped.jpg|80x100px]]</td>
<td>[[Datoteka:Enver_Colakovic.jpg|80x100px]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="background-color:#fee8ab"><small>'''[[Mehmed Džemaludin ef. Čaušević|Mehmed ef. Č.]]'''</small></td>
<td><div style="background-color:#fee8ab"><small>'''[[Musa Ćazim Ćatić|Musa Ćazim Ć.]]'''</small></td>
<td><div style="background-color:#fee8ab"><small>'''[[Elez Dervišević]]'''</small></td>
<td><div style="background-color:#fee8ab"><small>'''[[Mehmed Spaho]]'''</small></td>
<td><div style="background-color:#fee8ab"><small>'''[[Enver Čolaković|Enver Č.]]'''</small></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Datoteka:Dzemo-bijedic.gif|80x100px]]</td>
<td>[[Datoteka:Tuzla-Mesa Selimovic Ismet Mujezinovic.jpg|80x100px]]</td>
<td>[[Datoteka:Izetbegovic.jpg|80x100px]]</td>
<td>[[Datoteka:Enver Maric - Hertha BSC Berlin (2).jpg|80x100px]]</td>
<td>[[Datoteka:Lepa_brena.jpg|80x100px]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="background-color:#fee8ab"><small>'''[[Džemal Bijedić]]'''</small></td>
<td><div style="background-color:#fee8ab"><small>'''[[Meša Selimović]]'''</small></td>
<td><div style="background-color:#fee8ab"><small>'''[[Alija Izetbegović|Alija I.]]'''</small></td>
<td><div style="background-color:#fee8ab"><small>'''[[Enver Marić]]'''</small></td>
<td><div style="background-color:#fee8ab"><small>'''[[Lepa Brena]]'''</small></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Datoteka:Dino Merlin (2011).jpg|80x100px]]</td>
<td>[[Datoteka:Danis Tanović.jpg|80x100px]]</td>
<td>[[Datoteka:Jasmila Zbanic KVIFF.jpg|80x100px]]</td>
<td>[[Datoteka:Edin Džeko portrait.jpg|80x100px]]</td>
<td>[[Datoteka:Mirza Teletovic Nets.jpg|80x100px]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="background-color:#fee8ab"><small>'''[[Dino Merlin]]'''</small></td>
<td><div style="background-color:#fee8ab"><small>'''[[Danis Tanović]]'''</small></td>
<td><div style="background-color:#fee8ab"><small>'''[[Jasmila Žbanić]]'''</small></td>
<td><div style="background-color:#fee8ab"><small>'''[[Edin Džeko]]'''</small></td>
<td><div style="background-color:#fee8ab"><small>'''[[Mirza Teletović]]'''</small></td>
</tr>
</table>
|ukupno = 3–4,5 miliona (procjena)
|popmjesta=
|regija1 = {{Bosna i Hercegovina}}
|pop1 = 2.185.055
|ref1 = <ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bk.html ''CIA Fact Book'' o Bošnjacima u BiH]</ref>
|regija2 = {{Turska}}
|pop2 = 101.000–2 mil.<sup>1</sup>
|ref2 = <ref>[http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?peo3=10953&rSušićog3=TU ''joshuaproject.net'' (kršćanski misionarski projekt iz SAD) o Bošnjacima u Turskoj (etnički profil)]</ref><ref>[http://www.milliyet.com.tr/default.aspx?aType=SonDakika&Kategori=yasam&ArticleID=873452&Date=07.06.2008&ver=16 ''milliyet.com'' o Bošnjacima u Turskoj]</ref>
|regija3 = {{Njemačka}}
|pop3 = 158.158
|ref3 = <ref>[http://www.en.bmi.bund.de/nn_148248/Internet/Content/Themen/Auslaender__Fluechtlinge__Asyl__Zuwanderung/DatenundFakten/Deutsche__Auslaender__mit__Migrationshintergrund__en.html Nijemci i stranci s imigracijskom pozadinom]</ref>
|regija4 = {{Srbija}}
|pop4 = 145.278
|ref4 = <ref>[http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/userFiles/file/Aktuelnosti/Prezentacija_Knjiga1.pdf Cenzus 2011. g. u Srbiji (''Попис становништва, домаћинстава и станова 2011. у Републици Србији: НАЦИОНАЛНА ПРИПАДНОСТ'')]</ref>
|regija5 = {{Austrija}}
|pop5 = 128.047
|ref5 = <ref>[http://www.statistik.at/pub/neuerscheinungen/vzaustriaweb.pdf Austrijski zavod za statistiku (''statistik.com'') o Bošnjacima u Austriji]</ref>
|regija6 = {{SAD}}
|pop6 = 98.766–350.000
|ref6 = <ref>[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-state=dt&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_PCT019&-redoLog=true&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=01000US&-geo_id=NBSP&-format=&-_lang=en ''factfinder.com'' o Bošnjacima u SAD-u (Cenzus 2000. g. u SAD-u)]</ref><ref>[http://www.bosniak.org/about/ Kongres Bošnjaka iz Sjeverne Amerike (''bosniak.org'') o Bošnjacima u SAD-u]</ref>
|regija7 = {{Švedska}}
|pop7 = 56.595
|ref7 = <ref>[http://www.scb.se/sv_/Hitta-statistik/Statistikdatabasen/TabellPresentation/?layout=tableViewLayout1&rxid=37c05bc4-26cd-4e52-9ac7-b9ff6748eb38 ''scb.se'' o Bošnjacima u Švedskoj]</ref>
|regija8 = {{Crna Gora}}
|pop8 = 53.605
|ref8 = <ref>[http://www.monstat.org/userfiles/file/popis2011/saopstenje/saopstenje(1).pdf Cenzus 2011. g. u Crnoj Gori]</ref>
|regija9 = {{Švicarska}}
|pop9 = 46.773
|ref9 = <ref>[http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/22/publ.Document.88215.pdf ''bfs.admin.ch'' o Bošnjacima u Švicarskoj]</ref>
|regija10 = {{Kosovo}}
|pop10 = 45.600
|ref10 = <ref>[http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/kosovo/SoE/popullat.htm Procjene broja Bošnjaka na Kosovu (''World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study 2001'')]</ref>
|regija11 = {{Hrvatska}}
|pop11 = 39.037
|ref11 = <ref>31.479 osobe su se izjasnili pod odrednicom ''Bošnjaci'' + 7.558 osoba koji su se izjasnili pod odrednicom ''Muslimani'' [http://www.dzs.hr/Hrv/censuses/census2011/results/htm/H01_01_05/H01_01_05.html Cenzus 2011. g. u Hrvatskoj]</ref>
|regija12 = {{Slovenija}}
|pop12 = 21.542
|ref12 = <ref>[http://www.stat.si/popis2002/en/rezultati/rezultati_red.asp?ter=SLO&st=15 Cenzus 2002. g. u Sloveniji]</ref>
|regija13 = {{Kanada}}
|pop13 = 21.040
|ref13 = <ref>[http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=92333&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=801&Temporal=2006&Theme=80&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= Cenzus 2006. g. u Kanadi]</ref>
|regija14 = {{Danska}}
|pop14 = 21.000
|ref14 = <ref>[http://www.folkedrab.dk/sw52060.asp?usepf=true folkedrab.dk o Bošnjacima u Danskoj (''Ældre bosniske flygtninge søger hjem'')]</ref>
|regija15 = {{Makedonija}}
|pop15 = 17.018
|ref15 = <ref>[http://www.stat.gov.mk/pdf/kniga_13.pdf Cenzus 2002. g. u Makedoniji]</ref>
|regija16 = {{Australija}}
|pop16 = 17.993
|ref16 = <ref>[http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/free.nsf/Lookup/C41A78D7568811B9CA256E9D0077CA12/$File/20540_2001%20(corrigendum).pdf Analiza Cenzusa 2001. g. u Australiji (''Australian Census Analytic Program: Australians' Ancestries (2001 (Corrigendum))'')]</ref>
|regija17 = {{Norveška}}
|pop17 = 16.338
|ref17 = <ref>[http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/02/01/10/innvbef_en/tab-2012-04-26-04-en.html ''ssb.no'' o Bošnjacima u Norveškoj]</ref>
|regija18 = {{Italija}}
|pop18 = 3.600
|ref18 = <ref>[http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?peo3=10953&rog3=IT ''joshuaproject.net'' o Bošnjacima u Italiji (etnički profil)]</ref>
|regija19 = {{Belgija}}
|pop19 = 2.182
|ref19 = <ref>[http://www.dofi.fgov.be/fr/statistieken/statistiques_etrangers/Stat_ETRANGERS.htm ''dofi.fgov.be'' o Bošnjacima u Belgiji]</ref>
|regija20 = {{ZD|EU}} [[Evropska unija]] ukupno
|pop20 = oko 400.000
|ref20 = <ref>[http://www.ine.es/prodyser/pubweb/anuario06/anu06_02demog.pdf ''DEMOGRAFIA 2006.pmd'' (''ine.es'') o Bošnjacima u EU]</ref>
|jezici = [[Bosanski jezik|bosanski]]
|vjera = <small>većinska zastupljenost</small><br>[[islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|20px]]<br> <small>manjinska zastupljenost</small> <br>[[katoličanstvo]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]<br>[[pravoslavlje]] [[File:OrthodoxCross(black,contoured).svg|15px]]<br>[[judaizam]] [[File:Star of David.svg|15px]]<br>[[ateizam]] [[File:Atheismsymbol endorsed by AAI.svg|18px]]<br>[[agnosticizam]] [[File:Atom of Atheism-Zanaq.svg|20px]]
|vezano =
Drugi [[Slaveni]], naročito [[Južni Slaveni]]<br><small>[[Hrvati]], [[Srbi]], [[Crnogorci]] i [[Slovenci]] su najviše vezani.</small><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=373-16|title=Ethnologue – South Slavic languages|publisher=www.ethnologue.com|accessdate=2011-02-08|last=|first=}}</ref><br /> </br>
Na temeljima genetičkih ([[DNK]]) studija bošnjačkog naroda, njegovi se korijeni prvenstveno mogu povezati s paleo-balkanskim doseljenicima (uglavnom [[Iliri|Ilirima]] i [[Slaveni|Slavenima]] koji su naselili područje Bosne tokom Seobe naroda).<ref>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups." Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Sarajevo. November 2005</ref><br /> </br>
<small>'''''Fusnote:''''' <sup>1</sup>Prema procjenama utvrđenim 2008. godine od strane Vijeća za nacionalnu sigurnost Turske (tur. ''Milli Güvenlik Kurulu'') oko 2.000.000 turskih državljana su bošnjačkog porijekla, te potječu uglavnom od bošnjačkih imigranata iz [[19. vijek|19. stoljeća]] i [[20. vijek|20. stoljeća]].</small>
}}
'''Bošnjaci''' su [[Južni Slaveni|južnoslavenski]] [[narod]] ([[etnička grupa]]) koji nastanjuje uglavnom svoju domovinu [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosnu i Hercegovinu]], te sa značajnim narodnim manjinama – i ostale države [[Balkanski poluotok|Balkanskog poluotoka]]; naročito [[Bošnjaci Sandžaka|regiju Sandžak]] u [[Srbija|Srbiji]] i [[Crna Gora|Crnoj Gori]] (gdje Bošnjaci čine regionalnu većinu), te [[Hrvatska|Hrvatsku]]. Bošnjaci su ponajviše okarakterizirani svojom historijskom povezanosti s [[Bosna (regija)|regijom Bosna]] ''(vode porijeklo od [[Srednji vijek|srednjovjekovnih]] [[Bošnjani|Bošnjana]], [[Slaveni|Slavena]] koji su nastanjivali tadašnju [[Bosna (regija)|Bosnu]])'', tradicionalnom većinskom pripadnosti [[islam|islamu]] od [[15. vijek|15. stoljeća]] i [[16. vijek|16. stoljeća]] ''(dolaskom [[Osmansko carstvo|Osmanskog carstva]] masovno su počeli prihvatati [[islam]] (prelazak s [[katoličanstvo|katoličanstva]], [[pravoslavlje|pravolslavlja]] i [[ateizam|ateizma]] na islam); time danas većinu Bošnjaka čine [[muslimani]], dok je manji broj katolika, pravoslavaca, agnostika, ateista i dr.)'', općom kulturom ''(koja je bila pod utjecajem i istočnjačkih i zapadnjačkih civilizacija)'', te [[bosanski jezik|bosanskim jezikom]] ''(u kojem se ravnopravno koriste [[latinica]] i [[ćirilica]])''. Kao narod pripadaju kako evropskom tako i islamskom civilizacijskom naslijeđu.
Na engleskim govornim područjima Bošnjaci se često nazivaju ''bosanski muslimani'' (tj. ''Muslimani''). Ovaj termin se smatra netačnim, jer nisu svi Bošnjaci pripadnici [[islam|islama]] ili – općenito – ijedne religije. Jednim dijelom zbog ovoga (netačnosti korištenja naziva ''Musliman''), ali i iz drugih političkih razloga, nakon raspada [[Jugoslavija|Jugoslavije]], termin ''Bošnjak'' se uveo kao zamjena za termin ''Musliman'', kao službeni etnički pojam nastao u cilju izbjegavanja poistovjećivanja s vjerskim izrazom ''musliman'' – pripadnik vjere islama.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bk.html#People |chapter=Bosnia and Herzegovina: People |url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html |title= The World Factbook|publisher=[[CIA]] |issn=1553-8133|accessdate=15 May 2007}}</ref> Pojam ''Bošnjak'' se često poistovjećuje i s pojmom ''[[Bosanci]]'', iako se ovaj koristi isključivo za označavanje svih stanovnika Bosne i Hercegovine, bez obzira na etničku pripadnost (porijeklo) (označava [[državljanstvo]] zemlje).
Više od dva miliona Bošnjaka danas živi na [[Balkan|Balkanu]], s procijenjenih dodatnih milion koji su se naselili i koji žive širom svijeta. Više slučajeva [[Genocid u Bosni i Hercegovini|etničkog čišćenja i genocida u BiH]], a koje su izvršili [[Srbi]] i [[Hrvati]] u BiH, su imali ogroman utjecaj na teritorijalni raspored stanovništva u budućnosti. Zbog ovoga, jednim dijelom,<ref>Odbor za vanjske poslove, Senat SAD-a, etničko čišćenje Bosne i Hercegovine (Ured američke Vlade, štampano 1992.)</ref>, veoma dobro primjećena [[bošnjačka dijaspora]] postoji i djeluje u velikom broju zemalja uključujući [[Austrija|Austriju]], [[Njemačka|Njemačku]], [[Australija|Australiju]], [[Švedska|Švedsku]], [[Turska|Tursku]], [[Kanada|Kanadu]] i [[Sjedinjene Američke Države]]. I u svom regionu i širom svijeta, Bošnjaci su često posebni zbog svoje jedinstvene kulture, koja je bila pod utjecajem i istočnjačke i zapadnjačke civilizacije (a time i načina obrazovanja) tokom svoje historije.
==Etnonim i definicija==
Prema Oxfordskom rječniku engleskog jezika, prva zabilježena upotreba riječi ''Bošnjak'' na [[engleski jezik|engleskom jeziku]] je od strane britanskog diplomata i historičara Paula Rycauta 1680. godine, i to kao ''Bosnack'' što je srodno post-klasičnom latinskom ''Bosniacus'' (1682. g. ili ranije), francuskom ''Bosniaque'' (1695. g. ili ranije) ili njemačkom ''Bosniak'' (1737. g. ili ranije).<ref name=OED>{{cite book |chapterurl=http://oed.com/search?searchType=dictionary&q={{urlencode:Bosniak}} |chapter=Bosniak |title=Oxford English Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|edition=3rd|month=|date=September 2005|isbn=<!-- 0198611862 --> |ref=Reference-OED-Bosniak}}</ref> Moderna pravopisna tumačenja se mogu naći u ''Penny Cyclopaedia''-i iz 1836. godine (V. 231/1): "Stanovnici Bosne se sastoje od Bošnjaka, rase slavenskog porijekla."<ref name=OED/> U slavenskim jezicima, ''-ak'' je čest sufiks koji se dodaje riječima da bi se stvorila imenica muškog roda, što se, primjerice, također može naći i u etnonimima [[Poljaci|Poljak]] (''Polak'') i [[Slovaci|Slovak]] (''Slovák'').
Najranija potvrda za pojavu etnonima ''Bošnjanin'' je historijski pojam [[Bošnjani]]n (lat. ''Bosniensis''), koji označava ljude [[Bosansko kraljevstvo|srednjovjekovnog Bosanskog kraljevstva]].<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KQkXAQAAIAAJ&q=called+the+bosnjani&dq=called+the+bosnjani&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=tkCIUdTXJunj4QTz9oCIAg&redir_esc=y|title=''Mitovi i granice u jugoistočnoj Evropi''|author=Pål Kolstø |year=2005|work= |publisher=Hurst & Co. |accessdate=}}, str. 120: ''(...) srednjovjekovna Bosna je bila zemlja jednog naroda, jednog bosanskog naroda koji se zvao Bošnjani, a koji je pripadao trima konfesijama.''</ref> Prema ''Hrvatskoj enciklopediji'', u izdanju ''Leksigografskog zavoda Miroslav Krleža'', "''Bošnjaci'' je naziv za podanike bosanskih vladara u predosmanskom dobu, podanike sultana u osmansko doba, odnosno današnji naziv za najbrojniji od triju konstitutivnih naroda u BiH. Bošnjak, kao i stariji naziv ''Bošnjanin'' (lat. ''Bosnensis''), je prvotno ime koje označava pripadnost srednjovjekovnoj [[Bosanska država|Bosanskoj državi]]."<ref>Hrvatska enciklopedija (LZMK) – [http://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=8952 Bošnjaci]; ''Bošnjaci, naziv za podanike bosanskih vladara u predosmansko doba, podanike sultana u osmansko doba, odnosno današnji naziv za najbrojniji od triju konstitutivnih naroda u BiH. Bošnjak, kao i stariji naziv Bošnjanin (u lat. vrelima Bosnensis), prvotno je ime koje označuje pripadništvo srednjovjekovnoj bosanskoj državi.''</ref> Do [[15. vijek|15. stoljeća]],<ref name=OED/> sufiks (nastavak) ''-(n)in'' je bio zamijenjen sufiksom ''-ak'' da bi se stvorila trenutna forma ''Bošnjak'', što je prvi put potvrđeno u diplomaciji bosanskog kralja [[Tvrtko II|Tvrtka II]] koji je 1440. godine poslao delegaciju (''Apparatu virisque insignis'') do poljskog kralja [[Mađarska|Mađarske]], Władysława Warneńczyka (1440–1444), tvrdeći zajedničko slavensko porijeklo i sličnost između ''Bošnjaka'' i ''Poljaka''.<ref>[[http://books.google.com/books?id=1qdnAAAAMAAJ&q|''Povijest Bosne do propasti Kraljevstva'']] (autor: Vjekoslav Klaić; izdavač: ''Troškom piščevim''; stranica: 278; godina: 1882.): ''Bošnjakom isti pradjedovi bili, koji i Poljakom (u prijevodu: "preci Bošnjaka su isti kao i preci Poljaka").''</ref><ref>Jędrzej Moraczewski, "Dzieje Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej”, 1844</ref><ref>Muhamed Hadžijahić – ''Od tradicije do identiteta: geneza nacionalnog pitanja bosanskih Muslimana'' (godina: 1974.; str. 7.): "Kralj Stjepan Tvrtković poslao je odmah ovome kralju 'sjajno poslanstvo odličnih muževa'", veli Vladislavov biograf pa nastavlja: "Ovi su, ispričavši porijeklo svoga plemena isticali, da su Bošnjacima bili isti pradjedovi kao i Poljacima te da im je zajednički jezik kojim govore i da se radi te srodnosti jezika i porijekla njihov kralj Tvrtko II živo raduje, što je Vladislav – kako se je pronio glas – sretan u svojim pothvatima."</ref>
Bošnjaci izvode svoje etničko ime iz pojma ''[[Bosna(regija)|Bosna]]'', te istoimenog naziva rijeke ''[[Bosna (rijeka)|Bosne]]'', za što se vjeruje da je preslavenskog jezičkog porijekla<ref name=autogenerated2>Enver Imamović, Korijeni Bosne i bosanstva, Sarajevo 1995</ref><ref name="Imamovic">Imamović, Mustafa (1996). Historija Bošnjaka. Sarajevo: BZK Preporod. ISBN 9958-815-00-1</ref>, te da se možda i spominje po prvi put tokom [[1. vijek|1. stoljeća]] od strane rimskog historičara Marcusa Velleiusa Paterculusa kao ''Bathinus Flumen''.<ref>Salmedin Mesihović: "Thallóczy und die Untersuchung der Bezeichnung „Bosna“." o. O. o. J.</ref> S druge strane, neki historičari<ref>Nikola Vulić, ''Glas Srp. Ak., CLV, drugi razred (78), str. 6, 7''</ref> su sugerirali da izvod imena proizilazi iz rimskog ''Ad Basante'', što je prvi put spomenuto u [[5. vijek|5. stoljeću]] u ''Tabula Peutingerianom''-u, gdje se također nalazi i predlagani izvor ''Bathinus''.<ref>''Tabula Peutingeriana''; Sjeverno od ''Narone'' i jugozapadno od ''Sirmiuma''.</ref> Odakle potječe samo ime ''Bosna'', s druge strane, nije poznato. Teorija koju je iznio filolog Anton Mayer u svom radu ''Die Sprache der Alten Illyrier'' je da bi ime moglo proizilaziti iz [[ilirski jezik|ilirskog]] ''Bas-ann-ass'' (''basinus''), što bi opet bilo ''zloupotreba'' proto-indoevropskog korijena ''bos'' ili ''bogh'' (u prijevodu: ''tekuća voda'').<ref><sup>'''a b'''</sup> Malcolm, Noel (1994). ''Bosnia A Short History, New York University Press'' ISBN 0-8147-5520-8.</ref> Ostale teorije uključuju rijedak latinski izraz ''Bosina'' (što znači granica), te moguće slavensko i tračko porijeklo.<ref>Imamović, Mustafa (1996). ''Historija Bošnjaka, Sarajevo: BZK Preporod'' ISBN 9958-815-00-1</ref><ref>I. Pašić, ''Predslavenski korijeni Bošnjaka, tračko ime Bosna i Tračani u Bosni'', p. 27 – 104</ref>
Kao takav, ''Bošnjak'' je etimološki ekvivalent svog ne-etničkog pojma ''bosanski'' (koji je ušao u engleski jezik otprilike u isto vrijeme, putem ''srednjofrancuskog'' ''Bosnien''): rodom iz Bosne.<ref name=OED2>{{cite book |chapterurl=http://oed.com/search?searchType=dictionary&q={{urlencode:Bosnian}} |chapter=Bosnian |title=Oxford English Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press |edition=3rd |month= |date=September 2005 |isbn=<!-- 0198611862 --> |ref=Reference-OED-Bosnian}}</ref>
S tačke gledišta Bošnjaka, ''bosanstvo'' i ''bošnjaštvo'' su blisko međusobno povezani, jer Bošnjaci vezuju svoj identitet s Bosnom i Hercegovinom.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.se/books?id=AP7QCteb0o0C&pg=PA229|title=Imigranti u američkoj historiji: dolazak, prilagođavanje i integracije: Bošnjaci (Muslimani) i bošnjački Amerikanci, 1870–1940|author=ed. Elliott Robert Barkan|year=2013|page=229|work= |publisher= ABC-CLIO |accessdate=17 November 2013}}</ref>
Za vrijeme trajanja osmanske vlasti, riječ ''Bošnjak'' se odnosila na sve stanovnike Bosne; turski pojmovi kao što su ''Boşnak milleti'', ''Boşnak kavmi'' i ''Boşnak taifesi'' (svi znače, otprilike, ''bosanski narod''), korišteni su u [[Osmansko carstvo|Carstvu]] za opisivanje Bosanaca u etničkom ili "plemenskom" smislu; i doista, osmanski putnik i pisac iz [[17. vijek|17. stoljeća]] [[Evlija Čelebija]] u svom djelu ''[[Seyahatname]]'' govori da su ljudi u Bosni, kao narod, poznati pod imenom ''Bošnjaci''.<ref>Evlija Čelebi, Putopis: odlomci o jugoslavenskim zemljama, (Sarajevo: Svjetlost, 1967), str. 120</ref> Međutim, koncept [[nacija|nacije]] je bio stran [[Osmanlije|Osmanlijama]] u to vrijeme – ideju da su muslimani i kršćani neke vojne pokrajine mogli imati bilo koji zajednički ''sur-konfesionalni'' identitet po osjećaju pripadnosti istom i ne treba spominjati. Stanovnici Bosne sebe su nazivali različitim nazivima: od ''Bošnjaka'', u punom smislu značenja te riječi, s temeljima kao teritorijalnom oznakom, kroz niz regionalnih i vjerskih imena (''Bosanac'' i ''Musliman''), pa sve do suvremenih nacionalnih, tj. narodnih (ponovo ''Bošnjak''). U tom smislu, kršćanski Bosanci nisu opisivali sebe kao da su Srbi ili Hrvati prije [[19. vijek|19. stoljeća]], ili tačnije – sve do [[Okupacioni period|Okupacije]] 1878. godine, kada je sadašnja ''troetnička'' stvarnost Bosne i Hercegovine konfigurirana indirektno na temelju religijske pripadnosti.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qJvbRP5KSq4C&pg=PA73|title=Bosna i Hercegovina: Prodana tradicija|author=Robert Donia, John VA Fine|year=2005 |work= |publisher= Columbia University Press |accessdate=30 October 2012}}, str. 73: ''Štaviše, prijevod nečije vjeroispovijesti u srpsku ili hrvatsku narodnost, nije imao važnost za stanovništvo tog područja, jer se Bošnjaci prije devetnaestog stoljeća nikada nisu opisivali kao Srbi ili Hrvati.''</ref>
===Oživljavanje===
Bošnjaci su općenito definirani kao [[Južni Slaveni|južnoslavenski]] narod na području bivše [[Jugoslavija|Jugoslavije]] čiji se članovi identificiraju Bosnom i Hercegovinom kao matičnom državom i dijelom takvog zajedničkog naroda od kojeg je većina [[muslimani|muslimanske)]] vjeroispovijesti. Ipak, čelnici i intelektualci bošnjačke zajednice imaju različite stavove o tome što to znači biti Bošnjak. Neki mogu ukazivati na islamsko naslijeđe, dok drugi naglašavaju čisto sekularni i nacionalni karakter bošnjačkog identiteta i njegovu povezanost s bosanskom teritorijom i historijom.<ref>{{cite book|title=Religija i Hladni rat: Globalna perspektiva|editor=Philip Emil Muehlenbeck|page=183|publisher=Vanderbilt University Press|year=2012|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ytEC2bOstFUC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> Štaviše, pojedinci izvan Bosne i Hercegovine mogu imati svoje lične interpretacije, također. Neki ljudi, poput Crnogorca Abdula Kurpejovića, vide islamsku komponentu u bošnjačkom identitetu, ali tako da se odnosi isključivo na slavenske muslimane u Bosni.<ref name=Dimitrovova>Dimitrovova, Bohdana. "[http://www.seep.ceu.hu/issue22/dimitrovova.pdf Bosniak or Muslim? Dilemma of one Nation with two Names]." ''Southeast European Politics, Vol. II, No. 2.'', Oktobar 2001.</ref> Ipak, drugi smatraju sve slavenske muslimane u bivšoj Jugoslaviji (uključujući i ''Gorance'') Bošnjacima.<ref name=Bajrami>Bajrami, Kerim. "[http://nasagora.info/reagovanje.html Reagovanje na članak: Uz 90 godina od slavne Bitke za Čanakkale]." ''Našagora.info''.</ref>
[[Slika:Bošnjački_institut.jpeg|thumb|right|250px|Bošnjački institut u [[Sarajevo|Sarajevu]], osnovan od strane jednog od najistaknutijih bošnjačkih intelektualaca [[20. vijek|20. stoljeća]], [[Adil Zulfikarpašić|Adila Zulfikarpašića]], je odiseja ogromne zbirke umjetničkih djela koja sažimaju širok spektar bošnjačke historije i kulture.]]
U [[Jugoslavija|Jugoslaviji]] u kojoj su Srbi dominirali,<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2wd30pXJxpYC&pg=PA476|title=''The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World 2nd. ed.''|author=J. Krieger (ed)|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|pages=476}}</ref> za razliku od prethodne [[Austro-Ugarska|Austro-Ugarske monarhije]],<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Rf8P-7ExoKYC&pg=PA134|title=Religijska razdvajanja i politička netolerancija u Bosni i Hercegovini|last=Velikonja |first=Mitja |year=2003 |publisher=Texas A&M University Press|page=134|isbn=1-58544-226-7}}</ref> mogućnost se etnički izjasnite kao Bošnjak je odbijana (''neprihvatljiva'').<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3-qjT00IDIQC&pg=PA65|title=Ambivalentni mir: vanjska gradnja mira, prijetnja identitetu i rekoncilaciji u Bosni i Hercegovini|last=Kostic|first=Roland|year=2007|publisher=Uppsala univerzitet; Izvještaj br. 78, Odjel za istraživanje mira i sukoba i program studije holokausta i genocida|pages=65}}</ref> Kao politički kompromis, Ustav Jugoslavije bio je izmijenjen i dopunjen 1968. godine da bi se uveli ''[[Muslimani (narod)|Muslimani u narodnom (ne u vjerskom) smislu]]''; to je značilo samo prepoznavanje konstitutivnog naroda, ali ne i Bošnjaka i time i bosanskog imena. Prije toga, velika većina bosanskih muslimana se izjašnjavala kao ''etnički neopredijeljeni musliman'' ili – u manjoj mjeri – ''neopredijeljeni Jugoslaven'' u popisima koji su se odvijali u Jugoslaviji, jer su ostale dostupne opcije bile ''srpski musliman'' i ''[[hrvatski musliman]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Religion and the Cold War: A Global Perspective|editor=Philip Emil Muehlenbeck|page=184|publisher=Vanderbilt University Press|year=2012|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ytEC2bOstFUC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> Iako je postizanje priznanja kao zasebnog naroda pod alternativnim imenom ostvareno, upotreba riječi ''Musliman'' kao narodno ime je, ipak – odmah u početku – odbijeno, jer je nastojalo da se Bošnjaci označe kao vjerska grupa, umjesto etnička. Citat bosanskog predsjednika [[Hamdija Pozderac|Hamdije Pozderca]] u to vrijeme govori o indirektno uslovljenom prihvatanju pogrešnog imena ''Musliman'':
{{Citat3|Ne daju bosanstvo, nude muslimanstvo... Da prihvatimo i to što nude, makar i pogrješno ime ali ćemo otvoriti proces.|15px|15px|'''Hamdija Pozderac''', u razgovoru s [[Josip Broz Tito|Josipom Brozom Titom]] 1971. godine u vezi s konstitualnim promjenama koje prepoznaju ''Muslimane''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/79477 |title=AUTOHTONE NACIONALNE MANJINE I USTAVNE PROMJENE 2009.–2010. |last1=Horvat |first1=Ana |date=March 2010|publisher=Fakultet prava (Univerzitet u Zagrebu) |accessdate=2014-06-17|language=Bosnian|page=574}}</ref>}}
Nakon proglašenja nezavisnosti Bosne i Hercegovine od Jugoslavije početkom 1990-ih, velika većina bosanskih muslimana se uskladila s imenom Bošnjak. U septembru 1993. godine, u toku [[Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini|bosanskog rata]], [[Drugi bošnjački sabor]] formirao je osnovu za službenu ponovnu uspostavu historijskog etničkog imena ''Bošnjak'' i negodovanja bivšeg termina ''Musliman'' koji je bio u upotrebi tokom [[SFRJ|SFR Jugoslavije]].<ref name="Imamovic" /> Danas, izborni zakon Bosne i Hercegovine, kao i Ustav Bosne i Hercegovine, priznaju rezultate iz Popisa stanovništva 1991. godine koji se odnose na Bošnjake koji su, pored Srba i Hrvata, jedan od tri konstitutivna naroda u poslijeratnoj Bosni i Hercegovini, i najveća etnička grupa u zemlji.
U ostalim [[Ex-Jugoslavija|ex-jugoslavenskim zemljama]] sa značajnom slavenskom muslimanskom populacijom usvajanje imena ''Bošnjak'' je manje dosljedno. Učinci tog fenomena najbolje se mogu vidjeti u cenzusima. Na primjer, Crnogorski popis stanovništva iz 2003. godine zabilježio je 48.184 ljudi koji su registrirani kao ''Bošnjaci'' i 28.714 koji su registrirani kao ''Muslimani'' (u narodnom smislu). Iako crnogorski slavenski muslimani čine jednu etničku zajednicu sa zajedničkom kulturom i historijom, ova zajednica je podijeljena o tome hoće li se registrirati kao Bošnjaci (odnosno usvojiti bošnjački narodni identitet) ili kao Muslimani u narodnom smislu.<ref name=Dimitrovova/> Slično tome, Slovenski popis stanovništva 2002. godine bilježi 8.062 ljudi koji su registrirani kao Bosanci, vjerojatno naglašavajući (velikim dijelom) odluku mnogih sekularnih Bošnjaka da se prvenstveno identificiraju na taj način (situacija koja se donekle može usporediti s [[Jugoslavija|jugoslavenskom]] opcijom tokom [[socijalizam|socijalističkog]] perioda). Međutim, takvi ljudi čine manjinu (čak i u zemljama poput Crne Gore, gdje je značajan problem), dok je velika većina slavenskih muslimana u bivšoj Jugoslaviji usvojila bošnjačko narodno ime.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"
|colspan="14" align=center style="background:#778899; color:white"|''' "Muslimani" u [[SFRJ|SFR Jugoslaviji]]'''
|-
! Republika || 1971 || 1981 || 1991
|-
| [[Bosna i Hercegovina]] || 1.482.430 (39,6%) || 1.630.033 (39,5%) || 1.902.956 (43,5%)<ref>Zabilješka: Dodatnih 242.682 ljudi, najviše vjerujući da su Muslimani, se registriralo kao Jugoslaveni u Cenzusu 1991. godine, potencijalno povećavajući stvarnu populaciju Bošnjaka na 2.145.683 (49%)</ref>
|-
| [[Crna Gora]] || 70.236 (13,3%) || 78.080 (13,4%) || 89.614 (14,6%)
|-
| [[Hrvatska]] || 18.457 (0,4%) || 23.740 (0,5%) || 43.469 (0,9%)
|-
| [[Makedonija]] || 1.248 (0,1%) || 39.512 (2,1%) || 35.256 (1,7%)
|-
| [[Slovenija]] || 3.197 (0,2%) || 13.425 (0,7%) || 26.867 (1,4%)
|-
| [[Srbija]] || 154.364 (1,8%) || 215.166 (2,3%) || 246.411 (2,5%)
|-
! [[SFRJ|SFR Jugoslavija]] || 1.729.932 (8,4%) || 1.999.957 (8,9%) || 2.344.573 (10,0%)
|}
==Historija==
{{Main|Historija Bosne i Hercegovine|Historija Bošnjaka}}
===Odnosi s susjednim nacionalizmom===
As a melting ground for confrontations between different religions, national mythologies, and concepts of statehood, much of the [[historiography]] of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] has since the 19th century been the subject of competing Serb and Croat nationalist claims part of wider Serbian and Croatian hegemonic aspirations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, inherently interwoven into the complex nature of the [[Bosnian War]] at the end of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iqtVESaJUgkC&pg=PA13|title=Being Muslim the Bosnian Way|first=Tone|last=Bringa|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1995|pages=13}}</ref>
As Andras Riedlmayers's meticulous research for the Hague Tribunal demonstrates: ''What happened in Bosnia is not just genocide, the willful destruction of the essential foundations of one particular community or group of people within a society'' ''[....]'' ''What happened in Bosnia is also described as sociocide, the murdering of a progressive, complex, and enlightened society in order that a regressive, simple, and bigoted society could replace it.''<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Vm_0jGbX72EC&pg=PA129|title= Understanding Evil: Lessons from Bosnia|first=Keith|last=Doubt|publisher=Fordham University Press|year=2006|pages=129–30.}}</ref>
Contrary to frequent Serb and Croat nationalist claims, Bosnia and Herzegovina constitutes a historical entity which has its own identity and its own history.<ref name=Velikonja2003>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Rf8P-7ExoKYC&pg=PA13|title=Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina|last=Velikonja|first=Mitja|year=2003|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|pages= 13}}</ref> These two neighbors have, indeed, occupied parts of its territory, but only for brief periods of time and, as such, neither Serbia nor Croatia has any serious historical claims to Bosnia.<ref name=Velikonja2003/><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0rIGA0rluO0C&pg=PA8|title=Bosnia and Hercegovina: A Tradition Betrayed|authors= Robert J. Donia and John VA Fine|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1995|pages=8}}</ref> Moreover, although Bosnia did interact with its Serb and Croat neighbors over the centuries, it had a very different history and culture from them.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qJvbRP5KSq4C&pg=PA7|title=Bosnia and Hercegovina: A Tradition Betrayed|authors=Robert J. and John VA Fine|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1995|pages=7}}</ref> [[John Kinnamos]], a late 12th-century Byzantine historian, reports that Bosnia was not subordinated; rather the Bosnians had their ''own distinct way of life and government''.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0rIGA0rluO0C&pg=PA16|title=Bosnia and Hercegovina: A Tradition Betrayed|authors=Robert J. Donia and John VA Fine|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1995|pages=16}}</ref> According to American professor [[John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.|John V.A. Fine]], prominent authority in the field,<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mQP4g8bAa5AC&pg=PA75|title=Stone Speaker: Medieval Tombs, Landscape, and Bosnian Identity in the Poetry of Mak Dizdar|first=Amila|last=Buturović|publisher=Palgrave|year=2002|pages=75}}</ref> the [[Bošnjani|Bosnians]] (''Bošnjani'') have been a distinct people since at least the 10th century.<ref name="lrb.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v16/n08/john-fine/what-is-a-bosnian|title=What is a Bosnian?|author=John VA Fine|publisher=London Review of Books; ''Vol.16 No.8. 28 April 1994''|pages= 9–10.}}</ref>
===Origins and Genetics===
:''See also'': ''[[Early history of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]''
The [[Early Slavs]], a people from northeastern Europe, settled the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina (and neighboring regions) in the sixth and early seventh century (amid the [[Migration Period]]), and were composed of small tribal units drawn from a single Slavic confederation known to the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] as the ''[[Sclaveni]]'' (whilst the related ''[[Antes people|Antes]]'', roughly speaking, colonized the eastern portions of the Balkans).<ref name=Donia2005/><ref>Hupchick, Dennis P. ''The Balkans from Constantinople to Communism'', pp. 28–30. Palgrave Macmillan (2004)</ref> Upon their arrival, the Slavs assimilated the Paleo-Balkan, mostly [[Romance languages|romanized]] tribes, generically known as the [[Illyrians]] on the territory of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, but also the [[Gallic invasion of the Balkans|Celtic population which had intermingled with these since the 4th century BC]], and to a lesser extent the [[Germanic languages|Germanic]]-speaking [[Ostrogoths]] which had entered the area in the late 4th century AD. Timothy Gregory writes:
{{quote box| align=center|size=100%|quote= "It is now generally agreed that the people who lived in the Balkans after the Slavic "invasions" were probably for the most part the same as those who had lived there earlier, although the creation of new political groups and arrival of small immigrants caused people to look at themselves as distinct from their neighbours, including the Byzantines".
|source= T E Gregory, ''A History of Byzantium''. Wiley- Blackwell, 2010. Pg 169
}}
With regard to a later time; it is highly likely, and in no way impossible that a small part of the ancestral origin of the Bosniak people can be traced back to other Islamized and related South-Slavic peoples, such as Croats (mainly the population of what was to become the [[Turkish Croatia]] and [[Slavonia|Slavonian Muslims]] whom migrated to Bosnia and Sandžak after 1687, when Ottomans lost all the lands north of Sava river in the [[Austro-Turkish war]]). Some Bosniaks also trace their roots from Serb and Montenegrin [[Muhacir]]s, but also to other non-South-Slavic individuals, which under the Ottoman rule converted to Islam and were assimilated into a common Bosniak unit; such as slavicized Bosnian [[Vlachs]],<ref name="Historija Bošnjaka p. 119">Mustafa Imamović – Historija Bošnjaka, Osmanska država i islamska civilizacija, p. 119</ref> [[Hungarians]],<ref name="Historija Bošnjaka p. 119"/> [[Albanians]]<ref name="Historija Bošnjaka p. 119"/> and German [[Saxons]].<ref name="Historija Bošnjaka p. 119"/>
Being a remote and mountainous region, Bosnia appears to have been settled by fewer Slavs than in general and perhaps served as an area of refuge for the native Illyrians.<ref>John VA Fine, Jr. (1983; 1991) ''The early medieval Balkans: A critical survey from the sixth to the late twelfth century'', pp. 37–38</ref> The [[toponym]] "Bosnia (Bosna)" – after the river [[Bosna (river)|''Bosna'']] around which it has been historically based – is most likely itself derived from the Illyrian ''Bosona'' ("flowing water") and a testament to the Illyrian heritage of the region.<ref name="Imamovic"/> Tribes recorded under the ethnonyms of "Serb" and "Croat" are described as a second, latter, migration of different people during the second quarter of the 7th century who do not seem to have been particularly numerous;<ref name=Donia2005/><ref name=Fine1991/> these early "Serb" and "Croat" tribes, whose exact identity is subject to scholarly debate,<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gbUlnaHlHS0C&pg=PA404|title=''Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe''|author=Heather, Peter|year=2010|work= |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |accessdate=}}, pp. 404–406</ref> came to predominate over the Slavs in the neighboring regions. Bosnia proper, however, appears to have been a territory outside of Serb and Croat rule and is not mentioned as one of the regions settled by those tribes. In time, Bosnia would come to form an independent unit under a ruler, [[Ban Kulin]], calling himself Bosnian.<ref name=Fine1991/>
In the 14th century a Bosnian kingdom centered on the river Bosna emerged. Its people, when not using a local name, called themselves Bosnians.<ref name="lrb.co.uk"/><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Yl3TAkJmztYC&pg=PA19|title=Pinson, Mark (1994). The Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina: Their Historic Development from the Middle Ages to the Dissolution of Yugoslavia. Harvard University Press. p. 19.}}</ref> However, it was not until the Ottoman occupation of the Balkans that the modern-day Bosniaks became distinct from surrounding Slavs, as Islam's self-identifying role for the Bosniaks was similar to that played by Catholicism for the Croats and Orthodoxy for the Serbs.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Coppieters | first=Bruno | title=Contextualizing Secession: Normative Studies in Comparative Perspective |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2003 |page=119 |isbn=0-19-925871-6}}</ref> Social anthropologist Tone Bringa concludes that "Neither Bosniak, nor Croat, nor Serb identities can be fully understood with reference only to [[Islam]] or [[Christianity]] respectively, but have to be considered in a specific Bosnian context that has resulted in a shared history and locality among Bosnians of Islamic as well as Christian backgrounds."<ref name=shatzmiller>{{cite book|last=Shatzmiller|first=Maya|title=Islam and Bosnia: Conflict Resolution and Foreign Policy in Multi-Ethnic States|year=2002|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press|isbn=978-0-7735-2413-2|page=32}}</ref>
;Genetics
As with all modern European nations, a large degree of 'biological continuity' exists between the Bosniaks and their ancient predecessors with Bosniak [[Y chromosome|Y chromosomal]] lineages testifying to predominantly Paleolithic European ancestry.<ref name=Geneticstudy>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16266413&dopt=Abstract The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups]." ''Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, [[University of Sarajevo]].'' November 2005</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Marijana | first1 = Peričić ''et al.'' | year = 2005 | title = High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations | url = | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 22 | issue = 10| pages = 1964–1975 | doi=10.1093/molbev/msi185}}</ref> A majority (>67%) of Bosniaks belong to one of the three major European Y-DNA [[haplogroup]]s:<ref name=Geneticstudy>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16266413&dopt=Abstract The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups]." ''Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, [[University of Sarajevo]].'' November 2005</ref> [[Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)|I]] (48.2%), [[Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA)|R1a]] (15.3%) and [[Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)|R1b]] (3.5%), while a minority belongs to less frequently occurring haplogroups [[Haplogroup E (Y-DNA)|E]] (12.9%), [[Haplogroup J2 (Y-DNA)|J2]] (9.5%), [[Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)|G]] (3.5%) and [[Haplogroup F (Y-DNA)|F]] (3.5%) along with other more rare lineages.<ref name=Geneticstudy>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16266413&dopt=Abstract The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups]." ''Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, [[University of Sarajevo]].'' November 2005</ref>
These studies have indicated the dominant Y-DNA [[Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)|haplogroup I]], and specifically its sub-haplogroup [[Haplogroup I-M438|I2]] found in Bosniaks, to be associated with [[paleolithic]] settlers as attributed to the ancient populations that expanded into the [[Balkans]] following the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] some 21 thousand years ago.<ref name=Geneticstudy/> Peričić ''et al.'' for instance places its expansion to have occurred "not earlier than the YD to Holocene transition and not later than the early Neolithic”.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Marijana | first1 = Peričić ''et al.'' | year = 2005 | title = High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations | url = | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 22 | issue = 10| pages = 1964–1975 | doi=10.1093/molbev/msi185}}</ref> Decidedly, the Slavic population can be divided into two genetically distinct groups: one encompassing all Western-Slavic (Poles, Slovaks etc.), Eastern-Slavic (Russians, Ukrainians etc.), and a few Southern-Slavic populations (north-western Croats and Slovenes), characterized by [[Haplogroup R-M420|Haplogroup R1a]], and one encompassing all remaining Southern Slavs (including Bosniaks), characterized by Haplogroup I2a2 (I-L69.2). According to Rebała ''et al.'', this phenomenon is explained by "contribution to the Y chromosomes of peoples who settled in the Balkan region before the Slavic expansion to the genetic heritage of Southern Slavs.."<ref>Rebała K., ''et al.'' (2007). Y-STR variation among Slavs: evidence for the Slavic homeland in the middle Dnieper basin. J Hum Genet. 2007;52(5):406-14. Epub 2007 Mar 16.</ref>
[[File:I Distribution.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Distribution of the European Y-DNA Haplogroup I by region – predominant in Western Balkans, Sardinia, Northern Germany and Scandinavia (found in 48,3% of Bosniaks<ref name="ReferenceC">Damir Marjanović, The Peopling of Modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome Haplogroups in the Three Main Ethnic Groups. ''Annals of Human Genetics''</ref> – with 43.50%<ref name="ReferenceC"/> belonging to the western Balkanic subclade I2a1-P37.2 and 4.70%<ref name="ReferenceC"/> to the Nordic ([[Scandinavian prehistory|pre-Germanic]]) subclade I1-M253).]]
[[Y chromosome|Y-chromosom]]al [[haplogroup]]s identified among the Bosniaks from Bosnia and Herzegovina are the following:
*[[Haplogroup I2 (Y-DNA)|I2]], 43.50%.<ref name=Geneticstudy>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16266413&dopt=Abstract The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups]." ''Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, [[University of Sarajevo]].'' November 2005.</ref> The frequency of this haplogroup peaks in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (52.20% and 63.80%, by respective region<ref name="mbe.oxfordjournals.org">Oxford Journals – High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations. pdf: http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/22/10/1964.full.pdf</ref>), and its variance peaks over a large geographic area covering B-H, Croatia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Northern Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, Ukraine and Belarus. This haplogroup is associated with paleolithic<ref>Rootsi et al. Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I Reveals Distinct Domains
of Prehistoric Gene Flow in Europe. ''Am. J. Hum. Genet. 75:128–137, 2004''.</ref> settlement in the region and as a likely signature of a Balkan population re-expansion after the Last Glacial Maximum.<ref name="ReferenceC"/>
**[[Haplogroup I1 (Y-DNA)|I1]], 4.70%.<ref name=Geneticstudy>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16266413&dopt=Abstract The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups]." ''Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, [[University of Sarajevo]].'' November 2005.</ref> Men belonging to this haplogroup all descend from a single ancestor who lived in Northern Europe between 10,000 and 7,000 years ago. It is the most common haplogroup in Northern Europe, reaching over 40% of the population in [[Scandinavia]], where it also evolved in isolation during the late Paleolithic and Mesolithic.<ref>Peter A. Underhill et al., New Phylogenetic Relationships for Y-chromosome Haplogroup I: Reappraising its Phylogeography and Prehistory, in Rethinking the Human Revolution (2007), pp. 33–42. P. Mellars, K. Boyle, O. Bar-Yosef, C. Stringer (Eds.) McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, UK.</ref> Traces of this paternal lineage appear in the areas the [[Germanic peoples|Germanic tribes]] were recorded as having invaded or migrated to.<ref name=genographic>[https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/atlas.html Genographic Project of National Geographic]</ref><ref name=newphylo>"New Phylogenetic Relationships for Y-chromosome Haplogroup I: Reappraising its Phylogeography and Prehistory," Rethinking the Human Evolution, Mellars P, Boyle K, Bar-Yosef O, Stringer C, Eds. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, UK, 2007, pp. 33–42 by Underhill PA, Myres NM, Rootsi S, Chow CT, Lin AA, Otillar RP, King R, Zhivotovsky LA, Balanovsky O, Pshenichnov A, Ritchie KH, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Kivisild T, Villems R, Woodward SR</ref> The frequency of haplogroup I1 in western Balkans (or Balkans in general) hints at had a particularly strong [[Goths|Gothic]] and [[Gepids|Gepid]] presence, which is concordant with the establishment of the [[Ostrogothic kingdom]] in the 5th century AD.
*[[R1a]]-M17, 15.30%.<ref name=Geneticstudy>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16266413&dopt=Abstract The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups]." ''Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, [[University of Sarajevo]].'' November 2005.</ref> The first major expansion of haplogroup R1a took place with the westward propagation of the [[Corded Ware culture|Corded Ware (or Battle Axe) culture]] (2800–1800 BCE) from the northern forest-steppe in the [[Yamna culture|Yamna homeland]]. R1a is thought to have been the dominant haplogroup among the northern and eastern Proto-Indo-European language speakers. The frequency of this haplogroup peaks today in Poland (56.4%) and Ukraine (54.0%), and its variance peaks in northern Bosnia and Herzegovina (with 24.60% and 12.06%, by respective region<ref name="mbe.oxfordjournals.org"/>). It is the most predominant Y-chromosomal haplogroup in the overall Slavic gene pool.<ref name=pericic/><ref name=marjanovic>Marjanovic, D., ''et al.'' (2005). "The Peopling of Modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome Haplogroups in the Three Main Ethnic Groups". ''Annals of Human Genetics'' '''69'''. {{doi|10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00190.x}} PMID 16266413.</ref> The variance of R1a1 in the Balkans might have been enhanced by infiltrations of [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] speaking peoples between 2000 and 1000 BC (probably [[Thraco-Illyrian|Proto-Illyro-Thracian]] speakers), and by the Slavic migrations to the region in the early Middle Ages.<ref name=pericic/><ref name=marjanovic/>
*[[Haplogroup E1b1b1a (Y-DNA)|E1b1b1a2]]-V13, 12.90%.<ref name=Geneticstudy>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16266413&dopt=Abstract The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups]." ''Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, [[University of Sarajevo]].'' November 2005.</ref> E-V13 is one of the major markers of the Neolithic diffusion of farming from the Balkans to rest of the Europe. Its frequency is now far higher in Greece, South Italy and the Balkans.<ref name=pericic>Peričić, Marijana, ''et al.'' (2005). "High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations". ''Molecular Biology and Evolution'' '''22'''(10). {{doi|10.1093/molbev/msi185}} PMID 15944443.<br/>N.B. The haplogroups' names in the section "Genetics" are according to the nomenclature adopted in 2008, as represented in Vincenza Battaglia (2008) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2947100/figure/fig2/ Figure 2], so they may differ from the corresponding names in Peričić (2005).</ref><ref name=battaglia>{{cite journal | last1 = Battaglia | first1 = Vincenza ''et al.'' | year = 2008 | title = Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe | url = | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 17 | issue = 6| page = 6 | doi = 10.1038/ejhg.2008.249 | pmid=19107149 | pmc=2947100}}</ref> The modern distribution of E-V13 hints at a strong correlation with the Neolithic and Chalcolithic cultures of [[Old Europe (archaeology)|Old Europe]], such as the [[Vinča culture|Vinča]] and [[Karanovo culture|Karanovo]], cultures. E-V13 was later associated with the ancient Greek expansion and colonisation. Outside of the Balkans and Central Europe, it is particularly common in southern Italy, Cyprus and southern France, all part of the [[Ancient Greece|Classical ancient Greek world]]. In Bosnia the haplogroup is probably linked to the ancient Illyrians and Greek settlers (see [[Daorson]]).
*[[Haplogroup J2 (Y-DNA)|J2a]]-M410, 7.10%<ref name=Geneticstudy>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16266413&dopt=Abstract The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups]." ''Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, [[University of Sarajevo]].'' November 2005.</ref> Various other lineages of haplogroup J2-M172 are found throughout the Balkans, all with low frequencies. [[Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup J]] and all its descendants originated in the Middle East. It is proposed that the Balkan [[Mesolithic]] foragers, bearers of I-P37.2 and E-V13, adopted farming from the initial J2 agriculturalists who colonized the region about 7000 to 8000 ybp, transmitting the [[Neolithic]] cultural package.<ref name=battaglia/>
*[[Haplogroup R1b1 (Y-DNA)|R1b]]-M269, 3.50%.<ref name=Geneticstudy>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16266413&dopt=Abstract The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups]." ''Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, [[University of Sarajevo]].'' November 2005.</ref> Haplogroup R1b is the most common haplogroup in Western Europe, reaching over 80% of the population in Ireland, western Wales and the Basque country. This haplogroup was probably introduced to Europe by farmers migrating from western Anatolia, probably about 7500 years ago and is present in low-to moderate frequencies in Balkan Slavs, and certain in Bosniaks and Bosnian Croats (2.20% and in Bosnia and Herzegovina in general approximately 4%).<ref>Marjanović, Damir; et al.</ref>
*[[Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)|G]]-M201, 3.50%<ref name=Geneticstudy>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16266413&dopt=Abstract The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups]." ''Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, [[University of Sarajevo]].'' November 2005.</ref> It has been proven by the testing of Neolithic remains in various parts of Europe that haplogroup G2a was one of the lineages of Neolithic farmers and herders who migrated from Anatolia to Europe between 9,000 and 6,000 years ago.<ref>http://www.eupedia.com/europe/ancient_european_dna.shtml#Neolithic</ref>
*[[Haplogroup F (Y-DNA)|F*]]-M89, 3.50%<ref name=Geneticstudy>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16266413&dopt=Abstract The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups]." ''Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, [[University of Sarajevo]].'' November 2005.</ref>
*[[Haplogroup J2 (Y-DNA)|J2b]]-M102, 2.40%<ref name=Geneticstudy>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16266413&dopt=Abstract The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups]." ''Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, [[University of Sarajevo]].'' November 2005.</ref> J2b seems to have a stronger association with the Neolithic and [[Chalcolithic]] cultures of Southeast Europe. It is particularly common in the Balkans, Central Europe and Italy, which is roughly the extent of the European Copper Age culture. Its maximum frequency is achieved around Albania, Kosovo, Montenegro and Northwest Greece – the part of the Balkans which best resisted the Slavic invasions in the Early Middle Ages.
*[[Haplogroup J1 (Y-DNA)|J1]]-M267, 2.40%<ref name=Geneticstudy>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16266413&dopt=Abstract The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups]." ''Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, [[University of Sarajevo]].'' November 2005.</ref> Haplogroup J1 is a Middle Eastern haplogroup, which probably originated in eastern Anatolia. This haplogroup is almost certainly linked to the expansion of pastoralist lifestyle throughout the Middle East and Europe. J1 is particularly common in mountainous regions of Europe (with the notable exception of the Alps and the Carpathians), like Caucasus, Greece, Albania, Italy, central France, and the most rugged parts of Iberia.
*[[Haplogroup T (Y-DNA)|T]]-M184, 1.20%<ref name=marjanovic/> The modern distribution T in Europe strongly correlates with a the Neolithic colonisation of Mediterranean Europe by Near-Eastern farmers, notably the [[Cardium Pottery]] culture (5000–1500 BCE).
===Middle Ages===
:''See also:'' ''[[Banate of Bosnia]]'' and ''[[Kingdom of Bosnia]]''
[[File:Map of the Western Balkans around 814 AD.png|thumb|right|185px|The Adriatic ''[[Sclavinia]]'' in the early 9th century. The greater part of the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina (centered around the river ''Bosna'') is geopolitically uncharted around this period and presumably inhabited by undifferentiated Slavs and Slavicized Paleo-Balkan peoples under local self-government]]
The period from the 6th to 10th centuries saw both external migrations and raids by Slavs and [[Eurasian Avars|Avars]], as well as internal political and cultural re-organization of the former [[Roman province of Dalmatia]]. It is only from the 9th century that Frankish and Byzantine sources begin to mention early Slavic polities in the region. In this regard, the earliest widely acknowledged reference to Bosnia dates from the 10th century ''[[De Administrando Imperio]]'' written by Byzantine emperor [[Constantine VII|Constantine Porphyrogenitus]],<ref>[[#refMalcolm1996|Malcolm 1996]], p. 10.</ref> during which period [[Bosnia]] is briefly a part of the short-lived [[Časlav of Serbia|Serbian state of Časlav]], after whose death in battle in about 960, much of Bosnia finds itself briefly incorporated into the Croatian state of [[Michael Krešimir II of Croatia|Krešimir II]]. Shortly thereafter, in 997, [[Samuel of Bulgaria]] marches through Bosnia and asserts his over-lordship in parts of it, however, only to be defeated by the Byzantine empire in 1018 which annexes Bulgaria and asserts its [[suzerainty]] in Bosnia. This lasted until later in the century when some parts of Bosnia are briefly incorporated into Croatia and others into [[Duklja]] from which the latter Bosnia appears to have seceded in about 1101. In the year of 1137, Hungary annexes most of Bosnia, then briefly losing her in 1167 to the Byzantine empire before regaining her in 1180. Thus, prior to 1180 (the reign of [[Ban Kulin]]) parts of Bosnia were briefly found in Serb or Croat units, but neither neighbor had held the Bosnians long enough to acquire their loyalty or to impose any serious claim to Bosnia.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.se/books?id=0rIGA0rluO0C&pg=PA14&dq=a+tradition+betrayed+early+history+foreign+rule&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=0b_9T57-HbOM4gT2u7HDBg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=a%20tradition%20betrayed%20early%20history%20foreign%20rule&f=false|title=Donia, Robert J. Bosnia and Hercegovina: A Tradition Betrayed. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994, p. 14-16}}</ref> Anto Babić notes that ''Bosnia is mentioned on several occasions as a land of equal importance and on the same footing as all other [South Slavic] lands of this area.''<ref>Anto Babić, Iz istorije srednjovjekovne Bosne, (Sarajevo:Svjetlost,1972), p. 64.</ref>
After frequent change of rule over the area between medieval Serb, Croatian, Bulgarian and Byzantine rule, a ''de facto'' independent Bosnian state known as the [[Banate of Bosnia]] arose in the 12th century, though nominally under Hungarian sway.
====Religion, the Bosnian Church and Statehood====
:''See also'': ''[[Bosnian Church]]''
[[File:BiH, Radimlja necropolis 2.jpg|thumb|180px|left|[[Stećci|Medieval monumental tombstones (''Stećci'')]] that lie scattered across Bosnia and Herzegovina are historically associated with the Bosnian Church movement]]
[[Image:Hvalov zbornik1.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Hval Manuscript|Hval's Miscellany]] is a 15th-century Bosnian Church [[codex]] and one of the best known medieval manuscripts written in ''[[Bosnian Cyrillic|bosančica]]''.]]
Christian missions emanating from Rome and Constantinople had since the ninth century pushed into the Balkans and firmly established Catholicism in Croatia and most of Dalmatia, while Orthodoxy came to prevail in Bulgaria, Macedonia, and eventually most of Serbia. Bosnia, lying in between, remained a no-man's land due to its mountainous terrain and poor communications. By the twelfth century most Bosnians were probably influenced by a nominal form of Catholicism characterized by a widespread illiteracy and, not least, lack of knowledge in Latin amongst Bosnian clergymen. Around this period, Bosnian independence from [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungarian overlordship]] was effected during the reign (1180–1204) of [[Kulin Ban]] whose rule marked the start of a religiopolitical controversy involving the native [[Bosnian Church]]. The Hungarians, frustrated by Bosnia's assertion of independence, successfully denigrated its patchy Christianity as [[heresy]]; in turn rendering a pretext to reassert their authority in Bosnia. Hungarian efforts to gain the loyalty and cooperation of the Bosnians by attempting to establish religious jurisdiction over Bosnia failed however, inciting the Hungarians to persuade the papacy to declare a crusade: finally invading Bosnia and warring their between 1235 and 1241. Experiencing various gradual success against stubborn Bosnian resistance, the Hungarians eventually withdrew weakened by a [[Tatars|Tatar]] attack on Hungary. On the request of the Hungarians, Bosnia was subordinated to an Hungarian archbishop by the pope, though rejected by the Bosnians, the Hungarian-appointed bishop was driven out of Bosnia. The Bosnians, rejecting ties with international Catholicism came to consolidate their own independent church, known as the [[Bosnian Church]], condemned as heretical by both the [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] churches. Though scholars have traditionally claimed the church to be of a [[dualist]], or neo-[[Manichaean]] or [[Bogomil]] nature (characterized by the rejection of an omnipotent God, the Trinity, church buildings, the cross, the cult of saints, and religious art), some, such as John Fine, have stressed domestic evidence indicating the retention of basic Catholic theology throughout the Middle Ages.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pinson |first=Mark |url=http://books.google.se/books?id=Yl3TAkJmztYC&pg=PA4&dq=mark+pinson+from+the+ninth+century+christian+missions&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=rSjuUPGDGrT74QTMooDQCg&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=mark%20pinson%20from%20the%20ninth%20century%20christian%20missions&f=false |title=The Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina: Their Historic Development from the Middle Ages to the Dissolution of Yugoslavia |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1994 |isbn=0-932885-09-8 |pages=4–7}}</ref> Most scholars agree that adherents of the church referred to themselves by a number of names; ''dobri Bošnjani'' or ''Bošnjani'' ("good Bosnians" or simply "Bosnians"), ''Krstjani'' (Christians), ''dobri mužje'' (good men), ''dobri ljudi'' (good people) and ''boni homines'' (following the example of a dualist group in Italy). Catholic sources refer to them as ''patarini'' ([[Cathars|patarenes]]), while the Serbs called them ''Babuni'' (after Babuna Mountain), the Serb term for Bogomils. The Ottomans referred to them as ''kristianlar'' while the Orthodox and Catholics were called ''gebir'' or ''kafir'', meaning "unbeliever".<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Rf8P-7ExoKYC&pg=PA29&dq=Bo%C5%A1njani&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=NTWIUcvqMYqC4gT1uoHAAQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Bo%C5%A1njani&f=false|title=''Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina''|author=Mitja Velikonja |year=2003|work= |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |accessdate=}}, pp. 29–30.</ref> The majority of the knowledge about the church is retrieved from outside sources.
====Expansion and the Bosnian Kingdom====
[[File:TvrtkoIRevers.png|thumb|left|140px|The coat of arms of the [[House of Kotromanić|Kotromanić dynasty]] on a 14th-century reverse – with the [[fleur-de-lis]], which is today used as a Bosniak national symbol and was formerly featured on the flag of the [[Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]]]
[[File:Medieval Bosnian State Expansion-en.svg|thumb|190px|right|Territorial evolution of the [[Bosnian Kingdom]]]]
[[File:Queen Catherine of Bosnia.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Queen [[Catherine of Bosnia]] fled the Ottoman invasion, while her children, prince [[Ishak-bey Kraloglu|Sigismund]] and princess Catherine, were converted to Islam. Her daughter Catherine was erected the [[Kral Kızı Monument]] after her death, while Sigismund, or later ''Ishak-beg Kraljević'', was made Sanjak-bey of [[Bolu]] by [[Mehmed the Conqueror]].]]
The Bosnian state was significantly strengthened under the rule (ca. 1318–1353) of ban [[Stephen II, Ban of Bosnia|Stephen II of Bosnia]] who patched up Bosnia's relations with the Hungarian kingdom and expanded the Bosnian state, in turn incorporating Catholic and Orthodox domains to the west and south; the latter following the conquer of [[Zahumlje]] (roughly modern-day Herzegovina) from the Serbian [[Nemanjić dynasty]]. In the 1340s, [[Franciscan]] missions were launched against alleged "heresy" in Bosnia; prior to this, there had been no Catholics – or at least no Catholic clergy or organization – in Bosnia proper for nearly a century. By the year 1347, Stephen II was the first Bosnian ruler to accept Catholicism, which from then on came to be – at least nominally – the religion of all of Bosnia's medieval rulers, except for possibly [[Stephen Ostoja of Bosnia]] (1398–1404, 1409–18) who continued to maintain close relations with the Bosnian Church. The Bosnian nobility would subsequently often undertake nominal oaths to quell "heretical movements" – in reality, however, the Bosnian state was characterized by a religious plurality and tolerance up until the Ottoman invasion of Bosnia in 1463.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pinson |first=Mark |url=http://books.google.se/books?id=Yl3TAkJmztYC&pg=PA6&dq=mark+pinson+the+bosnian+state+became+stronger+under+ban&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=oUnuUJTqJKqg4gTjyoHYDA&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=mark%20pinson%20the%20bosnian%20state%20became%20stronger%20under%20ban&f=false|title=The Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina: Their Historic Development from the Middle Ages to the Dissolution of Yugoslavia |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1994 |isbn=0-932885-09-8 |pages=6–8}}</ref>
By the 1370s, the Banate of Bosnia had evolved into the powerful [[Kingdom of Bosnia]] following the coronation of [[Tvrtko I of Bosnia]] as the first Bosnian king in 1377, further expanding into neighboring Serb and Croat dominions. However, even with the emergence of a kingdom, no concrete Bosnian identity emerged; religious plurality, independent-minded nobility, and a rugged, mountainous terrain precluded cultural and political unity. As Noel Malcolm stated: "All that one can sensibly say about the ethnic identity of the Bosnians is this: they were the Slavs who lived in Bosnia."<ref>[[#refMalcolm1996|Malcolm 1996]], p. 12.</ref>
===Islamization and Ottoman era===
{{see also|History of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1463–1878)|Ottoman conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Islamization of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian uprising}}
{{Quote box |width=32em | bgcolor=#ffc999 |align=left | quote=[[File:Stjepan Tomašević.jpg|thumb|150px|left|<center>[[Stephen Tomašević of Bosnia]], in front of Christ, by [[Jacopo Bellini]] in c. 1460.]] <br><br><br><br>"[...] Equally, I am begging you; [...] If Bosniaks would know that they will not be alone in this war, braver they shall struggle, and neither the Turks would have the courage to attack on my lands [...] My father predicted to your predecessor, [[Nicholas V]], and the Venetians the fall of Constantinople. He was not believed. [...] Now I prophesy about myself. If you trust and aid me I shall be saved; if not, I shall perish and many will be ruined with me." |source= - Excerpts from [[Stephen Tomašević of Bosnia|Stephen Tomašević's]] letter to [[Pope Pius II]]<ref>Klaić, Vjekoslav, ''Povijest Hrvata''</ref>}}
Upon his father's death in 1461, [[Stephen Tomašević of Bosnia|Stephen Tomašević]] succeeded to the throne of Bosnia, a kingdom whose existence was being increasingly threatened by the Ottomans. In same year, Stephen Tomašević made an alliance with the Hungarians and asked [[Pope Pius II]] for help in the face of an impending Ottoman invasion. In 1463, after a dispute over the tribute paid annually by the Bosnian Kingdom to the Ottomans, he sent for help from the [[Republic of Venice|Venetians]]. However, no help ever arrived to Bosnia from Christendom;<ref>Miller, Timothy S.; Nesbitt, John W. (1995), Peace and war in Byzantium: essays in honor of George T. Dennis, S.J, Catholic University of America Press, pp. 189–191</ref> King [[Matthias Corvinus|Matthias Corvinus of Hungary]], [[Skenderbeg]] of Albania and the [[Republic of Ragusa|Ragusans]] all failed to carry out their promises,<ref>Ljubez, Bruno (2009), Jajce Grad: prilog povijesti posljednje bosanske prijestolnice (in Croatian), HKD Napredak, pp. 148–150</ref> while the Venetians flatly refused the king's pleas.<ref>Babinger, Franz (1992). Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time. USA: Princeton University Press. pp. 163, 222–224.</ref> In 1463, Sultan [[Mehmed the Conqueror]] led an army into the country. The royal city of [[Bobovac]] soon fell, leaving Stephen Tomašević to retreat to [[Jajce]] and later to [[Ključ]]. Mehmed invaded Bosnia and conquered it very quickly, executing the last Bosnian king Stephen Tomašević and his uncle Radivoj. Bosnia officially fell in 1463 and became the westernmost province of the Ottoman Empire.
The Croatian [[Humanism|humanist]] and poet [[Marko Marulić]], known as the ''Father of the Croatian Renaissance,''<ref>Marulianum Center for study of [[Marko Marulić]] and his literary activity. – Retrieved on 28 November 2008</ref> wrote ''Molitva suprotiva Turkom'' (Prayer against the Turks) - a poem in 172 doubly rhymed [[Dodecasyllable|dodecasyllablic]] stanzas of anti-Turkish theme, written between 1493 and 1500, where he, among others, included Bosniaks as the one of peoples who resisted the Ottomans.<ref>{{cite book |title=''Molitva suprotiva Turkom'' |last=Marulić |first=Marko |quote=«Boj su bili š njimi Hrvati, Bošnjaci/Grci ter Latini, Srbli ter Poljaci».}}</ref>
The rise of Ottoman rule in the Balkans modified the religious picture of Bosnia and Herzegovina as the Ottomans brought with them a new religion, [[Islam]]. Throughout the entire Balkans people were sporadically converting in small numbers; Bosnia, by contrast, experienced a rapid and extensive conversion of the local population to Islam, and by the early 1600s approximately two thirds of the population of Bosnia were Muslim.{{sfn|Malcolm|1995|p=71}} Slovenian observer [[Benedikt Kuripečič]] compiled the first reports of the religious communities in the 1530s. According to the records for 1528 and 1529, there were a total of 42,319 Christian and 26,666 Muslim households in the ''[[Sanjak|sanjaks]]'' (Ottoman administrative units) of [[Sanjak of Bosnia|Bosnia]], [[Sanjak of Zvornik|Zvornik]] and [[Sanjak of Herzegovina|Herzegovina]]. In a 1624 report on Bosnia (excluding Herzegovina) by [[Pjetër Mazreku|Peter Masarechi]], an early-seventeenth-century [[apostolic visitor]] of the Roman Catholic Church to Bosnia, the population figures are given as 450,000 Muslims, 150,000 Catholics and 75,000 Orthodox Christians.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rqjLgtYDKQ0C&pg=PA66|title=Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina|author=Velikonja, Mitja|year=2003|work= |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |accessdate=}}, p. 56</ref> Generally, historians agree that the Islamization of the Bosnian population was not the result of violent methods of conversions but was, for the most part, peaceful and voluntary.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rqjLgtYDKQ0C&pg=PA66|title=Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina|author=Velikonja, Mitja|year=2003|work= |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |accessdate=}}, p. 66</ref> Scholars have long debated the reasons that made this collective acceptance of Islam possible among the Bosniaks, although the religious dynamic of medieval Bosnia is frequently cited.<ref name="ReferenceB">Mustafa Imamović – ''Historija Bošnjaka''</ref> Peter Masarechi, saw four basic reasons to explain the more intensive Islamization in Bosnia: the 'heretical past' of the Bosnians, which had left them confessionally weak and capable of transferring their allegiance to Islam; the example of many Bosnians who had attained high office through the [[devşirme]], and as powerful men were in a position to encourage their relatives and associates to convert; a desire to escape from the burdens of taxation and other services levied on non-Muslim citizens; and finally, an equally strong desire to escape the [[Proselytism|proselytizing]] importunities of Franciscan monks among the Orthodox population.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ltRWy32dG7oC&pg=PA580|title=The Poetics of Slavdom: The Mythopoeic Foundations of Yugoslavia, Vol. 2|author=Zlatar, Zdenko|year=2007|work= |publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]] |accessdate=}}, p. 580</ref>
Always on a purely religious ground, it is also said, by the orientalist [[Thomas Walker Arnold]] for instance, that because of the major heresy in the region at the time, oppressed by the Catholics and against whom [[Pope John XXII]] even launched a [[crusade]] in 1325, the people were more receptive to the Ottoman Turks. In fact, in the tradition of Bosnian Christians, there were several practices that resembled Islam; like for instance; praying five times a day (reciting the [[Lord's Prayer]]).<ref>Arnold (1913) p. 198—200</ref>
[[File:Mostar, Stari Most at night.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Stari Most]] was an 16th-century [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[bridge]] in the city of [[Mostar]]. The Old Bridge stood for 427 years, until it was destroyed on 9 November 1993 by Bosnian Croat forces during the [[Croat-Bosniak War]]. The bridge is considered as one of the most exemplary pieces of Islamic architecture in the [[Balkans]] and was designed by Mimar Hayruddin, a student and apprentice of the famous architect [[Mimar Sinan]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Kultura Bošnjaka: Muslimanska Komponenta |last=Balić |first=Smail |authorlink= |year=1973 |publisher= |location=Vienna |isbn= |pages=32–34 |accessdate=2012-09-03|url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= Razvitak i postanak grada Mostara |last= Čišić |first= Husein |authorlink= |coauthors= |year= |publisher= Štamparija Mostar |location= |isbn= |page=22 |pages= |url= |accessdate=2012-04-12}}</ref><ref name=Stratton>{{cite book |title=Sinan |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-684-12582-4 |last=Stratton |first=Arthur |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=New York}}</ref>]]
[[File:Ghazi of bosnia.jpg|thumb|right|190px|Habsburg delegation, Joseph Freiherr von Lamberg and [[Nikola Jurišić]], in front of [[Gazi Husrev-beg]], a Bosniak<ref name=bos>{{cite book |title= Bosnia: a Short History |last= Malcolm |first= Noel |year= 1996 |publisher= Papermac |location= London |isbn= 0-333-66215-6 |pages= 67–68}}</ref> [[B|sanjak-bey]] in the Ottoman Empire during the first half of the 16th century. He was an effective military strategist, and the greatest donor and builder of Sarajevo. By, [[Benedikt Kuripečič]], 1530.]]
Many children of Christian parents were separated from their families and raised to be members of the [[Janissary]] Corps (this practice was known as the [[devsirme|devşirme]] system, 'devşirmek' meaning 'to gather' or 'to recruit'). Owing to their education (for they were taught arts, science, maths, poetry, literature and many of the languages spoken in the Ottoman Empire. Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian became one of the diplomatic languages at the porte. The Ottoman period that followed was characterized by a change in the landscape through a gradual modification of the settlements with the introduction of bazaars, military garrisons and mosques. Converting to Islam brought considerable advantages, including access to Ottoman trade networks, bureaucratic positions and the army. As a result many Bosnians were appointed to serve as [[Beylerbey|beylerbeys]], [[Sanjak-bey|sanjak-beys]], [[Mullah|mullahs]], [[Pasha|pashas]], [[Mufti|muftis]], janissary commanders, writers, and so forth in [[Istanbul]], [[Jerusalem]] and [[Medina]]. Among these were important historical figures, including; prince [[Ishak Bey Kraloğlu|Sigismund of Bosnia]] (later Ishak Bey Kraloğlu), [[Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha]], [[Isa-Beg Isaković|Isa-beg Ishaković]], [[Gazi Husrev-beg]], [[Damat Ibrahim Pasha]], [[Ferhad Pasha Sokolović]], [[Lala Mustafa Pasha]] and [[Sarı Süleyman Pasha]]. At least seven viziers were of Bosnian origin, of which the most renowned was [[Sokollu Mehmed Pasha]] (who served as [[Grand Vizier]] under three sultans: [[Suleiman the Magnificent]], [[Selim II]], and [[Murad III]]<ref>Imamović, Mustafa (1996). Historija Bošnjaka. Sarajevo: BZK Preporod. ISBN 9958-815-00-1</ref>). The Ottoman rule also saw many architectural investments in Bosnia and the creation and development of many new cities including [[Sarajevo]] and [[Mostar]]. This is mostly because of the high esteem the Bosniaks held in the eyes of the Sultans and the Turks. Bosnia became also a strategic base from which the Ottomans launched their armies northward and westward on campaigns of conquest and pillage. The Turks regarded Bosnia as a "bastion of Islam" and its inhabitants served as frontier guards (''serhatlije'').<ref>Velikonja, Mitija, ''Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina'', Pp. 56.</ref> The presence of Bosnians in the Ottoman Empire had an important social and political effect on the country: it created a class of powerful state officials and their descendants which came into conflict with the feudal-military [[Sipahi|spahis]] and gradually encroached upon their land, hastening the movement away from the feudal tenure towards private estates and tax-farmers, creating an unique situation in Bosnia where the rulers where native inhabitants converted to Islam.<ref>Prof. Giacobelli, Francesco, ''Arthur J. Evans in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the 1875 revolt'', Pp. 27-28, Anno Accademico 2011 / 2012, Università degli Studi di Padova</ref>
[[File:Bosnia Eyalet, Central europe 1683.png|thumb|right|Unlike all other European regions that came under Ottoman control, Bosnia would retain its integrity as a distinct entity, first as the [[Sanjak of Bosnia]], and then as the [[Eyalet of Bosnia]], the borders of which were largely based on the preceding Bosnian Kingdom.<ref name=Riedlmayer>Riedlmayer, Andras (1993).[http://www.kakarigi.net/manu/briefhis.htm A Brief History of Bosnia-Herzegovina]. The Bosnian Manuscript Ingathering Project.</ref>]]
Ottoman rule affected the ethnic and religious make-up of Bosnia and Herzegovina in additional ways. A large number of Bosnian Catholics retreated to the still unconquered Catholic regions of Croatia, [[Dalmatia]] and Hungary, at the time controlled by [[Habsburg Monarchy|Habsburg Austria]] and the [[Republic of Venice]], respectively. To fill up depopulated areas of northern and western [[Eyalet of Bosnia]], the [[Ottomans]] encouraged the migration of large numbers of hardy settlers with military skills from [[Serbia]] and [[Herzegovina]]. Many of these settlers were [[Vlachs]], members of a nomadic pre-Slav [[Balkan]] population that had acquired a Latinate language and specialized in stock breeding, horse raising, long-distance trade, and fighting. Most were members of the [[Serbian Orthodox church]]. Before the [[Ottoman conquest of Bosnia|Ottoman conquest]], that church had very few members in the Bosnian lands outside Herzegovina and the eastern strip of the [[Drina]] valley; there is no definite evidence of any [[Orthodox church]] buildings in central, northern, or western Bosnia before 1463. With time most of the Vlach population adopted a Serb identity.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0rIGA0rluO0C&pg=PA38|title=Bosnia and Hercegovina: A Tradition Betrayed|author=Robert J. Donia and [[John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.|John Van Antwerp Fine]]|year=2005|work= |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|accessdate=}}, p. 38</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=|title=Bosnia: A Short History|author=[[Noel Malcolm]]|year=1996|work= |publisher=[[New York University Press]]|accessdate=}}, chapter 6: ''Serbs and Vlachs''</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Rf8P-7ExoKYC&pg=PA74|title=Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina|author=Mitja Velikonja|year=2003|work= |publisher=Texas A&M University Press|accessdate=}}, p. 74</ref>
The 17th century brought major defeats and military setbacks on the Ottoman Empire's western frontier. With major wars occurring every few decades, Bosnia was economically and militarily exhausted. For Bosnia and Bosniaks, the most critical conflict of all was the [[Great Turkish War]]. At its very start in the mid-1680s, the [[Habsburg Monarchy|Habsburgs]] conquered nearly all of Ottoman [[Hungary]], sending tens of thousands of Muslim refugees flooding into Bosnia. A similar process occurred with the Habsburg conquest of [[Lika]] and [[Slavonia]]. Thousands of Muslims from these parts fled eastward into the Bosnian pashaluk, while those who remained were forcibly converted to Catholicism. In total, it is estimated that more than 100,000{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} Muslims were expelled from the frontier regions and settled in Bosnia during this time. Many brought with them a new sense of hostility towards Christianity.
Ottoman military disasters continued into the next decade. In 1697, Habsburg [[Prince Eugene of Savoy]] conducted an extremely successful border raid which culminated in Sarajevo being put to the torch. The Great Turkish War was finally ended by the [[Treaty of Karlowitz]] in 1699. However, in the late 1710s yet another war between the Ottomans and the Habsburg-Venetian alliance ensued. It was ended by the [[Treaty of Passarowitz]] in 1718, but not before sending another wave of Muslim refugees fleeing to Bosnia proper.
These events created great unrest among Bosniaks. The sentiment of discontent was further magnified by war and an increased tax burden. As a result, Bosniak revolts sprang up in Herzegovina in 1727, 1728, 1729, and 1732. A large plague that resulted in the death of thousands during the early 1730s contributed to the general chaos. In 1736, seeking to exploit these conditions, The Habsburgs broke the Treaty of Passarowitz and crossed the [[Sava]] river boundary. In one of the most significant events in Bosniak history, local Bosniak nobility organized a defense and counterattack completely independent of the ineffective imperial authorities. On 4 August 1737, at the [[Battle of Banja Luka]], the outnumbered Bosniak forces routed the Habsburg army and sent them fleeing back to Slavonia.
[[File:Kula husein kapetan.jpg|thumb|left|160px|[[Gradačac Castle]], built in 1824 by Bosniak general [[Husein Gradaščević|Husein-kapetan Gradaščević]], who rallied the Bosnians against the Turkish occupation and drove the Ottomans out to Kosovo, winning Bosnia its sovereignty for the coming year.]]
The [[Ottoman military reform efforts]], that called for further expansion of the centrally controlled army (''nizam''), new taxes and more Ottoman bureaucracy would have important consequences in Bosnia and Herzegovina. These reforms weakened the special status and privileges for the Bosniak aristocracy and the formation of a modern army endangered the privileges of the Bosnian Muslim military men and of local lords, both were demanding greater independence from the Constantinople.<ref>Prof. Giacobelli, Francesco, Arthur J. Evans in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the 1875 revolt, Pp. 68-69, Anno Accademico 2011 / 2012, Università degli Studi di Padova</ref> [[Barbara Jelavich]] states: "The Muslims of Bosnia and Herzegovina [...] were becoming increasingly disillusioned with the Ottoman government. The centralizing reforms cut directly into their privileges and seemed to offer no compensating benefits. [...]"<ref>B. Jelavich, op. cit., p. 350</ref> The turning point for Gradaščević came with the end of the [[Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)|Russo-Ottoman War of 1828–1829]] and the [[Treaty of Adrianople]] in 1829. According to the provisions of the treaty, the Ottoman Empire granted suzerainty to Serbia as a result of the [[Serbian revolution]].<ref>English translation: Leopold Ranke, A History of Serbia and the Serbian Revolution. Translated from the German by Mrs Alexander Kerr (London: John Murray, 1847)</ref><ref>L. S. Stavrianos, The Balkans since 1453 (London: Hurst and Co., 2000), p. 248–250.</ref> In a move that outraged Bosniaks and launched numerous protests, newly autonomous Serbia was also given six districts (Bosnian: ''nahijas'') that had traditionally belonged to Bosnia. Following this move, seen as the confiscation of historically Bosnian lands, the Bosnian autonomy movement was born. In 1831 they joined together under the leader [[Husein Gradaščević|Husein-kapetan Gradaščević]] and formally demanded the autonomy of Bosnia and Herzegovina with an elected native ruler. Gradaščević made a call in May 1831, demanding that all Bosniak aristocrats immediately join his army, along with all from the general populace who wished to do so. Thousands rushed to join him, among them being numerous Bosnian Christians, who were said to comprise up to a third of his total forces. But the Ottoman government crushed the revolt, led by the local Herzegovinian [[Ali-paša Rizvanbegović]] of [[Stolac]], who was later given [[Pashaluk of Herzegovina]] as a reward by the sultan [[Mahmud II]]. Husein Gradaščević died in Constantinople, under controversial circumstances in 1834, and became a living legend in his own time. Upon his death, he also became something of a martyr for Bosnian pride. This positive sentiment was not exclusive to the Muslim population, as Christians from [[Posavina]] are thought to have shared a similar view for decades. Husein Gradaščević is still today considered a Bosniak national hero and one of the most revered figures in the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
====The rise of the ideas of united Bosniakdom====
{{see also|Bosnianism}}
With the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire, Serbia became independent from Ottoman control by the nineteenth century, it was the time of a concomitant "re-awakening" of Serb and Croat nationalism. Both Serbs and Croats claimed 'historical rights' to Bosnia. However, members of the 19th century [[Illyrian movement]], most notably franciscan [[Ivan Franjo Jukić]], whose Bosniakdom is apparent from his very ''nom de plume'' "Slavophile Bosniak" (''Slavoljub Bošnjak''),<ref>Kruševac, Todor, "Ivan Frano Jukić," in Godišnjak ''Istoriskog društva'', (Sarajevo, 1956), p. 171-184</ref> emphasized Bosniaks alongside Serbs and Croats as one of the "tribes" that constitute the "Illyrian nation".<ref name=okey>{{Cite book|last=Okey | first=Robin | title=Taming Balkan Nationalism: The Habsburg 'Civilizing Mission' in Bosnia 1878–1914 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2007 |page=14 |chapter= |isbn=0-19-921391-7}}</ref>
{{Quote box |width=32em | bgcolor=#ffc999 |align=right | quote=[[File:Ivan franjo jukic.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Although a Catholic, [[Ivan Franjo Jukić|Fra Ivan Franjo Jukić]] considered himself Bosniak and advocated the preservation of an unified Bosniak nation across all three denominations in Bosnia and Herzegovina.]] <br><br><br><br>"We Bosniaks, the once-famous people, now that we are barely alive, our friends of science see us as head detached from the Slavic tree and pity us [...] It is time to awake from a long lasting negligence; give us the cup, and from well of apprehension, inexhaustibly gain knowledge, wisdom; firstly let us try to cleanse our hearts from prejudice, reach for books and magazines, let's see what the others did, so that we can use the same means, that our nation of simple people from the darkness of ignorance to the light of truth we bring." |source= - [[Ivan Franjo Jukić]] – excerpt from his work<ref>{{cite book |title=Sabrana djela |last=Jukić |first=Ivan Franjo |quote=Mi Bošnjaci njekad slavni narod sad jedva da smo živi nas samo kao očenutu glavu od stabla slavjanskog gledaju priatelji naukah i žale nas…. Vrime je da se i probudimo od dugovične nemarnosti; dajte pehar, te carpite iz studenca pomnje mudrost, i nauk; nastojte da najpred naša serca očistimo od predsudah, fatajmo za knjige i časopise, vidimo što su drugi uradili, te i mi ista sredstva poprimimo, da naš narod prosti iz tminah neznanstva na svitlost isitne izvedmo.}}</ref>}}
Influenced by the ideas of the [[French Revolution]] and [[Illyrian Movement]], the majority of Bosnian Franciscans supported the freedom, brotherhood, and unity of all South Slavs, while at the same time stressing a unique Bosniak identity as separate from the Serb and Croat identities. In regards to that, Denis Bašić states, although, that being a Bosniak in 19th century was privileged social status, which was confirmed, prior to that, by Ivan Franjo Jukić, who wrote in 1851 that "the begs and other Muslim lords call [The Slavic-speaking Muslim peasants] ''Poturice'' [the Turkified ones] or ''Ćose'' [the beardless ones], while Christians call them ''Balije'' [a vulgar term that derives from the Ottoman period, and which applies to Bosniak occasional nomads who live in mountainous areas. Today it is the most derogatory term for Bosniaks]."<ref>Ivan Franjo Jukić, ''Zemljopis i povjestnica Bosne'', pp. 142–143, fn. 4</ref> Sometimes even the term 'Turčin' (Turk) was commonly used to describe the Bosniak and other Slavic Muslims. In Bosnia this term designated a religious, not an ethnic status, that is to say, a Muslim. The Italian diplomat M. A. Pigafetta, wrote in 1585 that Bosnian Christian converts to Islam refused to be identified as "Turks", but as "Muslims".<ref>Hadžijahić, Muhamed, ''Od tradicije do identiteta: geneza nacionalnog pitanja bosanskih muslimana'', (Sarajevo: Svjetlost, 1974), p. 43</ref> [[Conrad Malte-Brun]], a French-Danish geographer, states also in his ''Universal Geographic'', in 1829, that the term ''infidel'' is commonly used among the Muslims of Constantinople to depict the Muslims of Bosnia; further he states that Bosnians descended from the warriors of the northern race, and that their barbarism needs to be imputed to an intellectual separation from the rest of the Europe, because of their lack of the enlightenment of Christendom.<ref>Conrad Malte-Brun, "Universal Geography", 1828, p. 215.</ref> The Croatian 19th century writter Matija Mažuranić reports for the year 1842, that, "in Bosnia Christians do not dare to call themselves Bosniaks. Mohammedans consider only themselves Bosniaks and Christians are only the Bosniak serfs (''raya'') or, to use the other word, Vlachs."<ref>Mažuranić, Matija, Pogled u Bosnu ..., pp. 52–53, emphasis in ''Italics'' from Bašić, Denis, The roots of the religious, ethnic, and national identity of the Bosnian-Herzegovinan Muslims</ref> The Muslim city people, craftsmen and artisans, i.e., thoso who were not serfs but rather free, that is, tax-exempt, also called themselves Bosniaks and their language ''bošnjački'' (Tur. ''boşnakça'').<ref>Bašić, Denis, The roots of the religious, ethnic, and national identity of the Bosnian-Herzegovinan Muslims</ref> The French diplomat and scholar Massieu de Clerval, who visited Bosnia in 1855, states in his report that the "Bosnian Greeks [i.e. Orthodox Christians], Muslims and Catholics live together and frequently in very good harmony when foreign influences do not awake fanaticism and the question of religious pride".<ref>M. Massieu de Clerval, "Rapport adresse a Son Excellence Monsieur le Ministre de I'instruction publique sur une mission en Bosnie, accomplie en 1855", ''in Archives des mission scientifique and litteraires'', vol. 5, (Paris, 1855, p. 35); the original inaccessible.</ref>
Jukić's pupil and fellow friar [[Antun Knežević|Fra Antun Knežević]], was one of the main protagonists of the ''Bošnjak'' (Bosniak) identity as well, and even more vocal then Fra Jukić. He fiercely advocated against imminent ''[[Croatization]]'' of Bosnian Catholics on one side, as well as imminent ''[[Serbianization]]'' of Bosnian Orthodox people on the other, as he called it in his work. His position and doctrine was that all Bosnians are one people of three faiths, and that up to late 19th century, no Croats and Serbs lived in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Although Fra Antun Knežević was not a unique phenomenon in this sense, he certainly had strongest impact, next to Fra Jukić.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=t9xBAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Zemljopis i poviestnica Bosne |publisher=Google Books |accessdate=13 January 2012}}</ref><ref>Zemljopis i poviestnica Bosne by Ivan Frano Jukić as Slavoljub Bošnjak, Zagreb, 1851, UDC 911.3(497.15)</ref><ref>Putpisi i istorisko-etnografski radovi by Ivan Frano Jukić as Slavoljub Bošnjak ASIN: B004TK99S6</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stanak.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=194:antun-kneevi-bonjak-iz-varcara-kratka-povjest-kralja-bosanskih-dobra-knjiga-sarajevo-2009-319-str&catid=37:radovi-prikazi-i-osvrti&Itemid=99|title=Kratka povjest kralja bosanskih |publisher=Dobra knjiga |accessdate=13 January 2012}}</ref>
Prior to that, it was the Franciscan, Filip Lastrić (1700–1783), who first wrote on the geographic, historical and ethno-genetic integrity off all dwellers of the Bosnian ''eyalet'', regardless of their religious adherence. In his work ''Epitome vetustatum provinciae Bosniensis'', published in 1765 in Venice, Lastrić claimed that all inhabitants of the Bosnian province (''eyalet'') constituted "one people" of the same descent.<ref>Filip Lastrić, Pregled starina Bosanske provincije / comments wroten by Andrija Zirdum; from the Latin and Italian Ignacije Gavran and Simun Šimić, (Sarajevo, Zagreb: Synopsis, 2003), p. 148-149</ref><ref>Bašić, Denis, "The roots of the religious, ethnic, and national identity of the Bosnian Muslims, p. 323</ref>
[[File:Sarajevo 1878..jpg|thumb|right|185px|Bosniak resistance during the battle of Sarajevo in 1878 against the Austro-Hungarian occupation. Illustration from [[The Graphic]] (London newspapers), 1878.]]
{{cquote|''One-third of the Bosniaks are Mohammedans, and the remaining two-thirds pretty equally divided between the Greek and Latin Churches.''<ref>http://books.google.se/books?id=kYKzLpmWcMgC&pg=PA19&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>|4=''Thomas Gordon – The History of the Greek Revolution, p. 19, 1839''}}
===Austro-Hungarian rule===
{{see also|History of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1878–1918)|Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878|Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian crisis}}
The conflict rapidly spread and came to involve several Balkan states and Great Powers, which eventually forced the Ottomans to cede administration of the country to [[Austria-Hungary]] through the [[Treaty of Berlin (1878)|Treaty of Berlin]] in 1878.<ref name=Malcolm>Malcolm, Noel (1994). Bosnia A Short History. New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-5520-8.</ref>
After the [[Herzegovina Uprising (1875-1878)|Serb Uprising]] that was sparked in 1875 the population of Bosnian Muslims and Orthodox Christians in Bosnia decreased. The Orthodox Christian population (534,000 in 1870) decreased by 7 percent but the Muslims decreased far worse a loss of more than one third.<ref name="Bosnia-Herzegovina, Mark Pinson page 81">The Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Mark Pinson, page 81, 1996</ref>
The Austrian census in 1879 recorded altogether 449,000 Muslims and 496,485 Orthodox Christians in Bosnia. The losses were 245,000 Muslims and 37,500 Orthodox Christians.<ref name="Bosnia-Herzegovina, Mark Pinson page 81"/>
A large number of Bosniaks left Bosnia and Herzegovina following the Austrian occupation; official Austro-Hungarian records show that 56,000 people, mostly Bosniaks, emigrated between 1883 and 1920, but the number of Bosniak [[emigrant]]s is probably much greater, as the official record does not reflect emigration before 1883, nor include those who left without permits. Those who stayed were concentrated in towns and particularly proud of their urban culture, especially in the Bosnian capital, Sarajevo, which soon became one of the most multi-cultural cities in the former [[Yugoslavia]].
[[File:Muhajir.jpg|thumb|right|210px|The loss of almost all Ottoman territories during the late 19th and early 20th century, especially afer the Austro-Hungarian annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Balkan Wars, would come to result in a large number of Bosniak emigrants to [[Turkey]], known as "[[Muhacir]]s".]]
{| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-right: 0em; margin-right: 1em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:20em; max-width:40%" cellspacing="5"
| align="left"| "''Whereas the Croats argue that the Orthodox are our greatest enemies and that [[Serbdom]] is the same as Orthodoxy, the Serbs wear themselves out calling our attention to some bogus history, by which they have Serbianized the whole world. We shall never deny that we belong to the [[South Slavs|South Slav]] family; but we shall remain Bosniaks, like our forefathers, and nothing else."
|-
| align="left"| [[Mehmed-beg Kapetanović Ljubušak]]<ref name="Jack David Eller 1999. Pp. 263"/>
|}
During the 20th century Bosnian Muslims founded several cultural and welfare associations in order to promote and preserve the cultural identity of the Bosniaks. The most prominent Bosnian Muslim cultural and welfare associations were ''Gajret'', ''Merhamet'', ''Narodna Uzdanica'' and later ''Preporod''. The Bosniak Muslim intelligentsia also gathered around the magazine ''Bosnia'' in the 1860s to promote the idea of a unified ''Bosniak nation''. This Bosniak group would remain active for several decades, with the continuity of ideas and the use of the ''Bosniak name''. From 1891 until 1910, they published a magazine titled ''Bošnjak'' (Bosniak), printed in the Latin alphabet. His work promoted the concept of ''Bosniakism'' (Bošnjaštvo) and openness toward European culture. Since that time the Bosniaks adopted European culture under the broader influence of Habsburg Monarchy. At the same time they kept the peculiar characteristics of their Bosnian Islamic lifestyle.<ref>Karčić 1999:148-9)</ref> These initial, but important initiatives were followed by a new magazine named Behar whose founders were [[Safvet-beg Bašagić]] (1870–1934), Ethem Mulabdić (1862–1954) and [[Osman Nuri Hadžić]] (1869–1937).<ref>Džavid Haverić, ''History of the Bosnian Muslim Community in Australia: Settlement Experience in Victoria'', Institute for Community, Ethnicity and Policy Alternatives, ICEPA, Victoria University, p. 27</ref>
After the occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878, the Austrian administration of [[Benjamin Kallay]], the Austro-Hungarian governor of Bosnia and Herzegovina, officially endorsed ''Bošnjaštvo'' ('Bosniakhood') as the basis of a multi-confessional Bosnian nation that would include Christians as well as Muslims. The policy attempted to isolate Bosnia and Herzegovina from its irredentist neighbors (Orthodox Serbia and Catholic Croatia, but also the Muslims of the Ottoman Empire) and to negate the concepts of Croatian and Serbian nationhood which had already begun to take ground among Bosnia and Herzegovina's Catholic and Orthodox communities, respectively.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Rf8P-7ExoKYC&pg=PA130|title=Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina, pp. 130–135 |last=Velikonja |first=Mitja |year=2003 |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |isbn=1-58544-226-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qJvbRP5KSq4C&pg=PA73|title=Bosnia and Hercegovina: A Tradition Betrayed |author=Robert Donia, John VA Fine|year=2005 |work= |publisher= Columbia University Press |accessdate=30 October 2012}}</ref><ref name=europa>{{Cite book|last= | first= | title=Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=1999 |page=214 |chapter= |isbn=1-85743-058-1}}</ref> The notion of Bosnian nationhood was, however, firmly established only among the Bosnian Muslims, while fiercely opposed by Serb and Croat nationalists who were instead seeking to claim Bosnian Muslims as their own, a move that was rejected by most of them.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5J_gAU8c9NIC&pg=PA110|title=Central and South-Eastern Europe 2004, Volume 4, p 110}}</ref>
[[File:Die Gartenlaube (1894) 140.jpg|thumb|right|170px|Bosniaks in the German newspaper ''[[Die Gartenlaube|Die Gartenlaube – Illustrirtes Familienblatt]]'' (1894).]]
After Kallay's death in 1903, the official policy slowly drifted towards accepting the three-ethnic reality of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Ultimately, the failure of Austro-Hungarian ambitions to nurture a Bosniak identity amongst the Catholic and Orthodox led to almost exclusively Bosnian Muslims adhering to it, with 'Bosniakhood' consequently adopted as a Bosnian Muslim ethnic ideology by nationalist figures.<ref>Jack David Eller. ''From culture to ethnicity to conflict: an anthropological perspective on international ethnic conflict''. University of Michigan Press, 1999. Pp. 262.</ref> Beginning in 1891, [[Mehmed-beg Kapetanović Ljubušak]] declared that Bosnian Muslims were neither Croats nor Serbs but a distinct, though related people.<ref name="Jack David Eller 1999. Pp. 263">Jack David Eller. ''From culture to ethnicity to conflict: an anthropological perspective on international ethnic conflict''. University of Michigan Press, 1999. Pp. 263.</ref>
{{Multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| width = 170
| image1 = Archduke Eugen Bosniaks.jpg
| caption1 = Bosniaks were [[Bosnian-Herzegovinian Infantry|recruited into elite units]] of the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]] as early as 1879 and were commended for their bravery in service of the Austrian emperor, winning more medals than any other unit.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XkLDVyYZPBYC&pg=PA264| title=The Enemy at the Gate: Habsburgs, Ottomans and the Battle for Europe, p. 264 |first=Andrew |last=Wheatcroft}}</ref>
| image2 = Die Bosniaken Kommen.jpg
| caption2 = The jaunty military march ''[[Die Bosniaken Kommen (March)|Die Bosniaken Kommen]]'' was composed by [[Eduard Wagnes]] in their honor.
}}
In November 1881, upon introducing a [[Bosnian-Herzegovinian Infantry|Bosnian-Herzegovinian unit within the Austro-Hungarian army]], the Austro-Hungarian government passed a Military Law (''Wehrgesetz'') imposing an obligation upon all Bosniaks to serve in the [[Austro-Hungarian Army|Imperial Army]]."<ref>Fikret Karčić, ''The Bosniaks and the Challenges of Modernity: Late Ottoman and Hapsburg Times'' (1995), page.118.</ref> This led to widespread riots over December 1881 and throughout 1882 – which could only be defeated and suppressed by military means. The [[Austrians]] appealed to the [[Mufti]] of [[Sarajevo]], [[Mustafa Hilmi Hadžiomerović]] (born 1816) and he soon issued a [[Fatwa]] "calling on the Bosniaks to obey military Law."<ref>Fikret Karčić, ''The Bosniaks and the Challenges of Modernity: Late Ottoman and Hapsburg Times'' (1995), page.119.</ref> Other important Muslim community leaders such as Mehmed-beg Kapetanović Ljubušak, later Mayor of [[Sarajevo]], also appealed to young Muslim men to serve in the Habsburg military.
At the outbreak of World War I, Bosniaks were conscripted to serve in the Austro-Hungarian army, some chose to desert rather than fight against fellow Slavs, whilst some Bosniaks attacked Bosnian Serbs in apparent anger after the assassination of [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria|Archduke Ferdinand]]. Neven Anđelić writes ''One can only guess what kind of feeling was dominant in Bosnia at the time. Both animosity and tolerance existed at the same time''.<ref name=andjelic>{{Cite book|last=Andjelic |first=Neven |title=Bosnia-Herzegovina: The End of a Legacy |publisher=Frank Cass |year=2003 |pages=13, 14, 17 |isbn=0-7146-5485-X}}</ref>
===Yugoslavia and World War II===
:''See also: [[History of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1918-1941)]], [[History of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1941–1945)]] and [[History of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1945–1992)]]
[[File:BosniakPoliticianSpahoMehmed.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Mehmed Spaho]] was one of the most important members of the Bosniak Muslim community at the time. Mehmed Spaho became also the first Bosniak to have an important political influence during the time when Bosnia and Herzegovina was part of the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]].]]
After World War I, the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] (later known as the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]) was formed. In it, Bosniaks alongside Macedonians and Montenegrins were not acknowledged as a distinct ethnic group.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Klemenčič|first=Matjaž|title=The Former Yugoslavia's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook|year=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=1-57607-294-0|page=113}}</ref> However; the first provisional cabinet included a Muslim.<ref name="ReferenceA">[[#refRamet2006|Ramet 2006]], p. 49.</ref>
[[File:Pavle Đurišić 13 February 1943 Muslim massacre report.jpg|thumb|right|165px|Report of the Serb [[Chetnik]] [[voivode]] [[Pavle Đurišić]] of 13 February 1943 detailing the massacres of thousands of Bosnian Muslims in the counties of [[Čajniče]] and [[Foča]] in southeastern Bosnia and in the county of [[Pljevlja]] in [[Sandžak]].]]
Politically, Bosnia and Herzegovina was split into four [[Subdivisions of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia|banovinas]] with Muslims being the minority in each.<ref name=Banac>{{cite book |last=Banac |first=Ivo |title=The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1988 |isbn=0-8014-9493-1 |page= 376}}</ref> After the [[Cvetković-Maček Agreement]] 13 counties of Bosnia and Herzegovina were incorporated into the [[Banovina of Croatia]] and 38 counties into the projected Serbian portion of Yugoslavia.<ref name=Banac/> In calculating the division, the Muslims were discounted altogether<ref name=Banac/> which prompted the Bosniaks into creating the ''Movement for the Autonomy of Bosnia-Herzegovina''.<ref name=djokic>{{Cite book|last=Djokić |first=Dejan | title=Yugoslavism: Histories of a Failed Idea, 1918–1992 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=2003 |page=104 |isbn=1-85065-663-0}}</ref> Moreover, land reforms proclaimed in the February 1919 affected 66.9 per cent of the land in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Given that the old landowning was predominantly Bosniak, the land reforms were resisted. Violence against Muslims and the enforced seizure of their lands shortly ensued. Bosniaks were offered compensation but it was never fully materialized. The regime sought to pay 255,000,000 dinars in compensation per a period of 40 years with an interest rate of 6%. Payments began in 1936 and were expected to be completed in 1975; however in 1941 World War Two erupted and only 10% of the projected remittances were made.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
During World War II, Bosniak elite and notables issued resolutions or memorandums in various cities that publicly denounced Croat-Nazi collaborationist measures, laws and violence against Serbs: [[Prijedor]] (23 September), Sarajevo (the [[Resolution of Sarajevo Muslims]] of 12 October), [[Mostar]] (21 October), [[Banja Luka]] (12 November), [[Bijeljina]] (2 December) and [[Tuzla]] (11 December). The resolutions condemned the [[Ustaše]] in Bosnia and Herzegovina, both for their mistreatment of Muslims and for their attempts at turning Muslims and Serbs against one another.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hoare|first=Marko Attila|title=The History of Bosnia: From the Middle Ages to the Present Day|year=2007|publisher=SAQI|isbn=0-86356-953-6|page=227}}</ref>
One memorandum declared that since the beginning of the Ustaše regime, that Muslims dreaded the lawless activities that some Ustaše, some Croatian government authorities, and various illegal groups perpetrated against the Serbs.<ref>[[#refTomasevich2001|Tomasevich 2001]], p. 492.</ref> At this time [[Chetniks#Against Muslims|several massacres]] against Bosniaks were carried out by Serb and Montenegrin [[Chetniks]].<ref>[[#refMalcolm1996|Malcolm 1996]], p. 188.</ref><ref name=lampe>{{Cite book|last=Lampe |first=John R. |title=Yugoslavia as History |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2000 |pages=206, 209, 210 |isbn=0-521-77401-2}}</ref><ref name=glenny>{{Cite book|last=Glenny |first=Misha |title=The Balkans: Nationalism, War & the Great Powers, 1804–1999 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2001 |pages=494–495 |isbn=0-14-023377-6}}</ref> It is estimated that 75,000 Muslims died in the war,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Malcolm |first=Noel| title=Bosnia: A Short History| publisher=New York University Press| year=1994| isbn=978-0-8147-5561-7| page=192}}</ref> although the number may have been as high as 86,000 or 6.8 percent of their pre-war population.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pinson |first=Mark |title=The Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina: Their Historic Development from the Middle Ages to the Dissolution of Yugoslavia |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1994 |isbn=0-932885-09-8 |page=143}}</ref> A number of Muslims joined the [[Yugoslav Partisan]] forces, "making it a truly multi-ethnic force".<ref name=andjelic /> In the entirety of the war the Yugoslav Partisans of Bosnia and Herzegovina were 23 percent Muslim.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hoare |first=Marko Attila |title=Genocide and Resistance in Hitler's Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-726380-1 |page=10}}</ref> Even so, Serb-dominated Yugoslav Partisans would often enter Bosniak villages killing Bosniak intellectuals and other potential opponents.{{sfn|Malcolm|2002|p=157}} In February 1943 the Germans approved the [[13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian)]] and began recruitment. Muslims composed approximately 12 percent of the civil service and armed forces of the [[Independent State of Croatia]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina |last=Velikonja |first=Mitja |year=1992 |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |isbn=1-58544-226-7 |page=179}}</ref>
During the socialist Yugoslav period, the Muslims continued to be treated as a religious group instead of an ethnic group.<ref name=Banac>{{cite book |last=Banac |first=Ivo |title=The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1988 |isbn=0-8014-9493-1 |pages=287–288 }}</ref> In the 1948 census Bosnia and Herzegovina's Muslims had three options in the census: "Serb-Muslim", "Croat-Muslim", and "ethnically undeclared Muslim".<ref name=Banac/> In the 1953 census the category "Yugoslav, ethnically undeclared" was introduced and the overwhelming majority of those who declared themselves as such were Muslims.<ref name=Banac/> The Bosniaks were recognized as an ethnic group in 1961 but not as a nationality and in 1964 the Fourth Congress of the Bosnian Party assured the Bosniaks the right to [[self-determination]].<ref name=Banac/> On that occasion, one of the leading communist leaders, [[Rodoljub Čolaković]], stated that "our Muslim brothers" were equal with Serbs and Croats and that they would not be "forced to declare themselves as Serbs and Croats." He guaranteed them "full freedom in their national determination"<ref>Duraković, ''Prokletstvo Muslimana'', Pp. 165.</ref> In 1971, the Muslims were fully recognized as a nationality and in the census the option "[[Muslims by nationality]]" was added.<ref name=Banac/>
===Bosnian War===
:''See also:'' ''[[Bosnian War]]'', ''[[Srebrenica massacre]]'', ''[[Rape in the Bosnian War]]'', ''[[Siege of Sarajevo]]'', and ''[[Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War]]''
[[File:Goran Jelisić committing murder.jpg|thumb|right|140px|Serb policeman [[Goran Jelisić]] murdering a Bosniak civilian during the Bosnian War, 1992.]]
[[File:Srebrenica massacre memorial gravestones 2009 1.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Gravestones at the [[Srebrenica Genocide Memorial|Potočari genocide memorial]] near Srebrenica. Around 8,000 Bosniak men and boys were killed by the units of the [[Army of the Republika Srpska|Bosnian Serb Army]] during the [[Srebrenica massacre]] in July 1995.]]
During the war, the Bosniaks were subject to [[Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War|ethnic cleansing]] and [[Bosnian Genocide|genocide]] carried out by both [[Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian Croats]] and [[Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian Serbs]], primarily the latter. The war caused hundreds of thousands of Bosniaks to flee the nation. The war also caused many drastic demographic changes in Bosnia. Bosniaks were prevalent throughout almost all of Bosnia in 1991, a year before the war officially broke out. As a result of the war, Bosniaks in Bosnia were concentrated mostly in areas that were held by the Bosnian government during the war for independence. Today Bosniaks make up the absolute majority in [[Sarajevo]] and its [[Sarajevo Canton|canton]], most of northwestern Bosnia around [[Bihać]], as well as central Bosnia, [[Brčko District]], [[Goražde]], [[Podrinje]] and parts of Herzegovina.
[[File:Sarajevo Red Line 3.jpeg|thumb|right|230px|The [[Sarajevo Red Line]], a memorial event of the [[Siege of Sarajevo]]'s 20th anniversary. 11,541 empty chairs symbolized 11,541 victims of the war which, according to [[Research and Documentation Center in Sarajevo|Research and Documentation Center]] were killed during the Siege of Sarajevo.<ref>[http://www.city.ba/puls/1172-sarajevska-crvena-linija-11541/ City.ba: ''Sarajevo Red Line – 11541'' – In Bosnian[cited April 04, 2012]]</ref><ref>[http://www.e-novine.com/srbija/61616-Crvena-linija-rtve-opsade-Sarajeva.html/ E-News: ''Red Line for the victims of the Siege of Sarajevo'' – In Bosnian[cited April 04, 2012]]</ref>]]
At the outset of the Bosnian war, [[Serb]] forces attacked the Bosnian Muslim civilian population in eastern Bosnia. Once towns and villages were securely in their hands, the Serb forces – military, police, the paramilitaries and, sometimes, even Serb villagers – applied the same pattern: houses and apartments were systematically ransacked or burnt down, civilians were rounded up or captured, and sometimes beaten or killed in the process. Men and women were separated, with many of the men massacred or detained in the camps. The women were kept in various detention centers where they had to live in intolerably unhygienic conditions, where they were mistreated in many ways including being raped repeatedly. Serb soldiers or policemen would come to these detention centres, select one or more women, take them out and rape them.<ref name="ICTY: Stanković and Janković judgement">{{cite web|url=http://www.icty.org/x/cases/stankovic/cis/en/cis_jankovic_stankovic_en.pdf|title=ICTY: Blagojevic and Jokic judgement}}</ref><ref name="ICTY: Kunarac, Kovač and Vuković judgement">{{cite web|url=http://www.icty.org/x/cases/kunarac/acjug/en/kun-aj020612e.pdf|title=ICTY: Kunarac, Kovač and Vuković judgement}}</ref>
The Serbs had the upper hand due to heavier weaponry (despite less manpower) that was given to them by the Yugoslav People's Army and established control over most areas where Serbs had relative majority but also in areas where they were a significant minority in both rural and urban regions excluding the larger towns of Sarajevo and [[Mostar]].The Serb military and political leadership received the most accusations of [[war crimes]] by the [[International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia]] (ICTY) many of which have been confirmed after the war in ICTY trials.
Most of the capital [[Sarajevo]] was predominantly held by the Bosniaks. In the 44 months of the siege, terror against Sarajevo residents varied in intensity, but the purpose remained the same: inflict suffering on civilians to force the Bosnian authorities to accept Serb demands.<ref name="ICTY: Greatest suffering at least risk">{{cite web|url=http://www.sense-agency.com/en/stream.php?sta=3&pid=9043&kat=3|title=ICTY: Greatest suffering at least risk}}</ref> The VRS surrounded it (alternatively, the Serb forces situated themselves in the areas surrounding Sarajevo the so-called Ring around Sarajevo), deploying troops and artillery in the surrounding hills in what would become the longest siege in the history of modern warfare lasting nearly 4 years.
==Language==
{{Main|Bosnian language}}
[[File:Povelja Kulina bana.jpg|thumb|165px|The Charter of [[Kulin Ban]] from 1189, written in [[Bosnian Cyrillic]] is the oldest document of its kind among the [[South Slavic languages]] and is currently in a [[Saint Petersburg]] museum.<ref name=liotta>{{cite book|last=Liotta|first=P.H.|title=Dismembering the State: The Death of Yugoslavia and Why It Matters|publisher=Lexington Books |year=2001|page=27|chapter=|isbn=0-7391-0212-5}}</ref>]]
[[File:Gramatika bosanskog jezika.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Bosnian grammar from 1890; written by the unsigned author Frano Vuletić.]]
[[File:Bosnian dictionary by Muhamed Hevaji Uskufi Bosnevi in 1631.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Bosnian language dictionary ''Magbuli ’arif'' or ''Potur Šahidija'', written by [[Muhamed Hevaji Uskufi Bosnevi]] in 1631 using a [[Arebica|Bosnian variant]] of the Perso-Arabic script.]]
Bosniaks speak the [[Bosnian language]], a [[Slavic languages|South Slavic]] language of the of the Western South Slavic subgroup. Standard Bosnian is considered a [[Variety (linguistics)#Standard varieties|variety]] of "[[Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]]",<ref>David Dalby, ''Linguasphere'' (1999/2000, Linguasphere Observatory), pg. 445, 53-AAA-g, "Srpski+Hrvatski, Serbo-Croatian".</ref><ref>Benjamin W. Fortson IV, ''Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction'', 2nd ed. (2010, Blackwell), pg. 431, "Because of their mutual intelligibility, Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian are usually thought of as constituting one language called Serbo-Croatian."</ref><ref>Václav Blažek, "On the Internal Classification of Indo-European Languages: Survey" [http://www.phil.muni.cz/linguistica/art/blazek/bla-003.pdf retrieved 20 Oct 2010], pp. 15–16.</ref> as [[mutually intelligible]] with the [[Croatian language|Croatian]] and [[Serbian language]]s (see [[Differences in standard Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian]]) which are all based on the [[Shtokavian dialect]]. As such, ''Serbo-Croatian'' is an arbitrary term applied to a language spoken by several ethnicities, including the Bosniaks, and is for various reasons controversial for native speakers who do not use the term.<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/content/Serbian_Croatian_Bosnian_or_Montenegrin_Many_In_Balkans_Just_Call_It_Our_Language_/1497105.html Radio Free Europe – Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Or Montenegrin? Or Just 'Our Language'?] Živko Bjelanović: Similar, But Different, Feb 21, 2009, accessed Oct 8, 2010</ref> As result, paraphrases such as ''Serbo-Croat-Bosnian (SCB)'' or ''Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (BCS)'' tend to be used in English on occasion.
At the vernacular level, Bosniaks are more linguistically homogeneous than Serbs or Croats which also speak non-standard dialects beside Shtokavian. With respect to lexicon, Bosnian is characterized by its acceptance of a number of Ottoman Turkish (as well as Persian and Arabic) loanwords (called ''Orientalisms'') and [[Germanism (linguistics)|German]] loanwords, which are in Croatian and Serbian often substituted with native Slavic coinages.
The first official dictionary in the Bosnian language, authored by [[Muhamed Hevaji Uskufi]], was printed in the early 1630s,<ref>[http://www.arhivsa.ba/graz/g_38.htm Sarajevo archiv]</ref> while, comparatively, the first dictionary in Serbian was printed only in the mid-19th century.<ref>{{cite web | title = Gammel ordbok i ny drakt |date = 2012-04-10 | publisher = [[University of Oslo]] | language = Norwegian | url = http://www.hf.uio.no/ilos/for-ansatte/aktuelt/saker/2012/bosnisk-ordbok.html}}</ref> Written evidence and records point to the Bosnian language being the official language of the country since at least the [[Kingdom of Bosnia]], as further corroborated by the declaration of the [[Ban Kulin#Charter of Ban Kulin|Charter of Ban Kulin]], one of the oldest written South Slavic state documents and one of the earliest to be written in [[Bosnian Cyrillic]] (Bosančica).<ref>{{cite book |title= Razvitak i postanak grada Mostara |last= Čišić |first= Husein |authorlink= |coauthors= |year= |publisher= Štamparija Mostar |location= |isbn= |page= |pages= |url= |accessdate=12 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="Franz Miklosich 1858, p. 8-9">Franz Miklosich, Monumenta Serbica, Viennae, 1858, p. 8-9.</ref>
{{cquote|''The inhabitants (Bosniacks) are of Sclavonian origin and use the purest dialect of the Sclavonian language. ''|4=''The Edinburgh Gazetteer, or Geographical Dictionary p. 564, 1822''}}
The modern Bosnian language principally uses the [[Gaj's Latin Alphabet|Latin alphabet]]. However, scripts other than Latin were employed much earlier, most notably the indigenous [[Bosnian Cyrillic]] script known as ''Bosančica'' (literally "Bosnian script"), dating back to the late 10th and early 11th centuries.<ref name="Franz Miklosich 1858, p. 8-9"/> The [[Humac tablet]], venerated as one of the oldest Bosnian literary monuments, is made out in this historic script which is also abound in numerous royal state documents (''povelje'') dating from medieval Bosnia alongside inscriptions on monumental tombstones known as ''[[stećak]]s'' found scattered throughout the Bosnian and Herzegovinian landscape. One of the most important documents and diplomatic achievements in Balkan history was the signing of the [[Ban Kulin#Charter of Ban Kulin|Charter of Ban Kulin]], which is also one of the oldest official recorded documents to be written in Bosančica.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sarajevo essays: politics, ideology, and tradition |last= Mahmutćehajić |first= Rusmir |authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 2003 |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany, NY |isbn=9780791456378 |page=252 |pages= |accessdate=June 15, 2012|url=}}</ref><ref>Franz Miklosich, Monumenta Serbica, Viennae, 1858</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Die Kultur der Bosniaken, Supplement I: Inventar des bosnischen literarischen Erbes in orientalischen Sprachen |last=Balić |first=Smail |authorlink= |year=1978 |publisher=Adolf Holzhausens, Vienna |location=Vienna |isbn= |page= |pages=111 |accessdate=August 12, 2012 |url=}}</ref> The use of ''Bosančica'' was largely replaced by [[Arebica]] (''Matufovica''), a Bosnian variant of the [[Perso-Arabic script]], as a successor script for the Bosnian language upon the introduction of Islam in the 15th century, first among the elite, then amongst the public, and was commonly used up until the 19th century.<ref>{{cite book |title=Katalog Arapskih, Turskih i Perzijskih Rukopisa (Catalogue of the Arabic, Turkish and Persian Manuscripts in the Gazihusrevbegova Library, Sarajevo) |last=Dobraća |first=Kasim |authorlink= |year=1963 |publisher= |location= Sarajevo |isbn= |page= |pages= |accessdate=August 12, 2012 |url=}}</ref>
===Historical usage===
*18th century Bosniak chronicler [[Mula Mustafa Bašeskija]], which in his yearbook added a collection of poems in Bosnian language, argued that the Bosnian language is much richer than the Arabic, because there are 45 words for the verb "to go" in Bosnian language.
*The 17th century Benedictine abbot from Dubrovnik, [[Mavro Orbin]] stated in his chronic ''The Realm of the Slavs'' (in Italian version Il regno degli Slavi), printed in Pesaro in 1601, that "off all people who speak Slavic language, Bosnians have the most elegant language and they are proud of the fact that they are now only who pays attention to the cleanliness of the Slavic language".<ref>Mavro Orbin, De regno Sclavorum, Pesaro, 1601.</ref>
*One early "international" mentioning of the Bosnian language is from the 15th century – found in the work of "Skazanie iziavlieno o pismenah" (History of written languages), by the most well known traveling Eastern Roman author at the time, [[Constantine of Kostenets]].
*Another early mentioning of Bosnian language is from July 3, 1436 where in the notary books of the town of Kotor, a duke bought a girl that is described as: "Bosnian woman, heretic and in Bosnian language called Djevena".<ref>Imamović, Mustafa, ''Historija Bošnjaka'', p. 15</ref>
*The Italian linguist [[Jakov Mikalja|Jacobus Micalia]] (1601–1654) states in his dictionary "Blagu jezika slovinskoga" (To the treasure of the Slavic language) from 1649 that he wants to include "the most beautiful words" adding that "of all [[Illyrian movement|Illyrian]] languages the Bosnian is the most beautiful" ("Ogn'un dice che la lingua Bosnese sia la piu bella"), and that all Illyrian writers should try to write in that language.
*One of the first grammarians, the Jesuit clergyman [[Bartol Kašić|Bartolomeo Cassio]] called the language used in his work from 1640 ''Ritual rimski'' (Roman Rite) as ''naški'' ("our language") or ''bosanski'' ("Bosnian"). He used the term "Bosnian" even though he was born in a [[Chakavian]] region: instead he decided to adopt a "common language" (''lingua communis''), a version of [[Shtokavian]] [[Ikavian]].<ref>Ritual rimski (Roman Rite), 1640</ref>
*In the work which went under the title "''Thesaurus Polyglottus''", published in [[Frankfurt]] in 1603 by the German 16th and 17th century historian and linguist [[Hieronymus Megiser]] the Bosnian dialect is mentioned alongside the Dalmatian, Croatian and Serbian.
*The Bosnian Franciscan [[Matija Divković]], considerded to be the founder of the literature of Bosnia and Herzegovina,<ref name=Lovrenovic>{{cite web|title=DIVKOVIĆ: OTAC BOSANSKE KNJIŽEVNOSTI, PRVI BOSANSKI TIPOGRAF|url=http://ivanlovrenovic.com/2012/01/divkovic-otac-bosanske-knjizevnosti-prvi-bosanski-tipograf/|publisher=http://ivanlovrenovic.com|accessdate=30 August 2012|author=Ivan Lovrenović|date=2012-01-30}}</ref><ref name=hrvatska-rijec>{{cite web|title=Matija Divković – otac bosanskohercegovačke i hrvatske književnosti u BiH|url=http://www.hrvatska-rijec.com/2011/04/matija-divkovic-otac-bosansko-hercegovacke-i-hrvatske-knjizevnosti-u-bih/|publisher=http://www.hrvatska-rijec.com|accessdate=30 August 2012|author=hrvatska-rijec.com|language=Croatian/Bosnian|date=17 April 2011}}</ref> confirmed in his work from 1611, "Nauk krstjanski za narod slovinski" (The Christian doctrine for the Slavic peoples), at the end of the first part his translation to the real and true Bosnian language; "''A privideh iz dijačkog u pravi i istinit jezik bosanski.''"
*The Croatian writer and lexicographer [[Matija Petar Katančić]] published year 1831 six books of translations of the [[bible]], describing on the front page: "Transferred from Slavo-Illyrian to the pronunciation of the Bosnian language".<ref>http://katalog.hazu.hr/web%5Cslike%5Cstr165.JPG</ref>
==Culture==
===Folklore===
[[File:Medresa Sarajevo.JPG|thumb|left|190px|''Gazi Husrev-begova medresa'' or ''Kuršumli medresa'', [[madrasa]] founded in 1537 in honor to Gazi Husrev Bey's mother Seldžuklija, in the old part of Sarajevo.]]
[[File:Blagaj Ceilings.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Buna river, near the town of Blagaj in southern Herzegovina. Blagaj is situated at the spring of the [[Buna river]] and a historical [[khanqah|tekke]] (''tekija'' or [[Dervish]] monastery). The [[Vrelo Bune|Blagaj Tekija]] was built around 1520, with elements of [[Ottoman architecture]] and [[Mediterranean]] style<ref name="The natural and architectural ensemble of Blagaj">{{cite web|title=The natural and architectural ensemble of Blagaj |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5280/ |publisher=[http://whc.unesco.org/ UNESCO World Heritage Centre] |accessdate=2009-05-21 Tentative List of Bosnia and Herzegovina}}</ref><ref name="Tekke in Blagaj on the Buna Spring, the natural and architectural ensemble of Blagaj">{{cite web|title=Tekke in Blagaj on the Buna Spring, the natural and architectural ensemble of Blagaj |url=http://www.aneks8komisija.com.ba/main.php?mod=galerija&action=spomenici&do=view&id_spomenika=1867&lang=4 |publisher=[http://www.aneks8komisija.com.ba/ Commission to Preserve National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina] |accessdate=2009-05-22 "Tekke in Blagaj on the Buna Spring, the natural and architectural ensemble of Blagaj"}}</ref> and is considered a national monument.]]
Like many other elements of Bosniak culture, Bosniak folklore is derived from [[Culture of Europe|European]], [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] influences, typically taking place prior to the 19th century. Generally, folklore also varies from region to region and city to city. Cities like [[Sarajevo]] and [[Mostar]] have a rich tradition all by themselves. Many man-made structures such as bridges and fountains, as well as natural sites, also play a significant role. At the very roots of the Bosniak folk soul are the national music genres called [[Sevdalinka]] and [[Music of Bosnia and Herzegovina#Ilahije i Kaside (Religious Songs)|Ilahije]].
Slavic traditions such as dragons, fairies and ''[[Slavic fairies|Vila]]'', are also present. Pre-Slavic influences are far less common but nonetheless present. Certain elements of [[Illyrians|Illyrian]], and [[Celts|Celtic]] beliefs have been found.<ref>Glasnik zemaljskog muzeja, 01/07/1894 – ''Vjerske starine iz Bosne i Hercegovine'' Scridb: http://www.scribd.com/doc/75692611/Glasnik-Zemaljskog-Muzeja-1894-god-6-knj-1</ref><ref>http://www.idoconline.info/digitalarchive/public/index.cfm?fuseaction=serve&ElementId=515831</ref>
''Djevojačka pećina'', or the ''Maiden's Cave'', is a traditional place of the 'Rain Prayer' near [[Kladanj]] in north-eastern Bosnia, where Bosnian Muslims gather to pray for the soul of the maiden who's grave is said to be at the entrance to the cave. This tradition is of pre-Islamic origin and is a place where the followers of the medieval [[Bosnian Church]] held their [[pilgrimage]].
National heroes are typically historical figures, whose lives and skills in battle are emphasized. These include figures such as [[Ban Kulin]], the founder of medieval Bosnia who has come to acquire a legendary status. The historian [[William Miller (historian)|William Miller]] wrote in 1921 that "even today, the people regard him as a favorite of the fairies, and his reign as a golden age.";<ref>{{cite journal|last=Miller|first=William|title=Bosnia before the Turkish Conquest|journal=The English Historical Review|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=October 1898|volume=13|issue=52|pages=643–666|doi=10.1093/ehr/xiii.lii.643}}</ref> King [[Tvrtko I of Bosnia]], King during the peak of the [[Bosnian kingdom]]; [[Gazi Husrev-beg]], the second Ottoman governor of Bosnia who conquered many territories in [[Dalmatia]], Northern Bosnia, and [[Croatia]]; [[Gjergj Elez Alia|Đerzelez Alija]], an almost mythical character who even the Ottoman Sultan was said to have called "A Hero", [[Ajvatovica|Ajvaz-dedo]], [[Sokollu Mehmed Pasha]] (Mehmed-paša Sokolović), the Bosnian Ottoman [[Grand Vizier]], whose heroism was depicted in the Bosnian poetry and folk songs and [[Husein Gradaščević]], known as "The Dragon of Bosnia" who led the [[Bosnian uprising]] against the Ottomans in the 19th century.
===Traditions and customs===
{{Expand section|date=September 2012}}
{{Further|Culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
{{Further|Music of Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
[[File:Sevdah - (Gitarre) Zute Dunje.ogg|noicon|thumb|180px|An instrumental composition of the famous Bosnian folk song ([[sevdalinka]]) named ''Žute dunje'' (yellow quinces).]]
[[File:Tuzla-Mesa Selimovic Ismet Mujezinovic.jpg|thumb|left|170px|Statues of writer [[Meša Selimović]] and painter Ismet Mujezinović in [[Tuzla]].]]
The nation takes pride in the native melancholic folk songs ''[[sevdalinka]]'', the precious medieval [[filigree]] manufactured by old [[Sarajevo]] craftsmen, and a wide array of [[tradition]]al [[wisdom]] transmitted to newer generations by word of mouth, but in recent years written down in numerous books. Another prevalent tradition is "''Muštuluk''", whereby a gift is owed to any bringer of good news.
Rural folk traditions in Bosnia include the shouted, [[polyphony|polyphonic]] [[ganga (music)|ganga]] and ravne pjesme (''flat song'') styles, as well as instruments like a wooden [[flute]] and [[šargija]]. The [[gusle]], an instrument found throughout the [[Balkans]], is also used to accompany ancient [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] [[epic poetry|epic]] [[poems]]. The most versatile and skillful gusle-performer of Bosniak ethnicity was the [[Montenegro|Montenegrin]] Bosniak [[Avdo Međedović]] (1875–1953).
Bosniaks have also at an international level left behind a musical legacy to the rest of Europe, and some examples of this is the 16th century lutenist-composer from [[Venice]], [[Franciscus Bossinensis]], and the Austrian-Jewish opera composer [[Alexander von Zemlinsky]] who was partly of Bosnian Muslim origin.
[[File:Bosnian dance.png|thumb|right|270px|Girls dancing a traditional Bosniak [[kolo (dance)|kolo]].]]
Probably the most distinctive and identifiably Bosniak of music, ''Sevdalinka'' is a kind of emotional, melancholic folk song that often describes sad subjects such as love and loss, the death of a dear person or heartbreak. Sevdalinkas were traditionally performed with a [[Bağlama|saz]], a Turkish [[string instrument]], which was later replaced by the accordion. However the more modern arrangement, to the derision of some purists, is typically a vocalist accompanied by the [[accordion]] along with [[snare drum]]s, [[upright bass]], [[guitar]]s, [[clarinet]]s and [[violin]]s. Sevdalinkas are unique to Bosnia and Herzegovina. They arose in Ottoman Bosnia as urban Bosnian music with often oriental influences. In the early 19th century, Bosniak poetess [[Umihana Čuvidina]] contributed greatly to sevdalinka with her poems about her lost love, which she sang. The poets which in large has contributed to the rich heritage of Bosniak people, include among others Derviš-paša Bajezidagić, [[Abdullah Bosnevi]], [[Hasan Kafi Pruščak]], Abdurrahman Sirri, [[Abdulvehab Ilhamija]], [[Mula Mustafa Bašeskija]], Hasan Kaimija, [[Ivan Franjo Jukić]], [[Safvet-beg Bašagić]], [[Musa Ćazim Ćatić]], [[Mak Dizdar]], as many prominent prose writers, such as [[Enver Čolaković]], [[Skender Kulenović]], [[Meša Selimović]] (although he declared himself as a Serb<ref>Večernje Novosti: Pronašao mir u Beogradu, Dragan BOGUTOVIĆ, 9 July 2010 (Serbian)</ref>), [[Abdulah Sidran]] and [[Nedžad Ibrišimović]]. Historical journals as ''Gajret'', ''Behar'' and ''Bošnjak'' are some of the most prominent publications, which in a big way contributed to the preservation of the Bosniak identity in late 19th and early 20th century. The Bosnian literature, are generally known for their ballads; ''The Mourning Song of the Noble Wife of the Hasan Aga''<ref>Naimark, Norman M.; Case, Holly (2003). Yugoslavia and Its Historians: Understanding the Balkan Wars of the 1990s. Stanford University Press. pp. 44–45.</ref> (or better known as [[Hasanaginica]]), ''Smrt Omera in Merime'' (Omer and Merimas death) and ''Smrt Braće Morića'' (The death of brothers Morić). Hasanaginica were told from generation to generation in oral form, until it was finally written and published in 1774 by an Italian anthropologist, [[Alberto Fortis]], in his book ''Viaggio in Dalmazia'' ('A travel across Dalmatia').<ref>Wolff, Larry (2003). Venice and the Slavs: The Discovery of Dalmatia in the Age of Enlightenment. Stanford University Press. pp. 191–192. ISBN 0-8047-3946-3.</ref> Hasanaginica is considered as the one of the most beautiful ballads ever written, and were subsequently translated to German ([[Johann Wolfgang Goethe]], 1775), English ([[Walter Scott]], 1798), Russian ([[Aleksandr Pushkin]], 1835), French ([[Prosper Mérimée]], 1827, and [[Adam Mickiewicz]], 1841) and other world's languages, becoming an integral part of the world literary heritage already in the 18th century.
===Religion===
{{Further|Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
[[File:Bruner-Dvorak, Rudolf - Bosna, medresa 2 (ca 1906).jpg|thumb|Bosnian [[Madrasa]], ca. 1906]]
[[File:Pocitelj.PNG|thumb|left|The Hadži-Alija Mosque, [[Počitelj]], constructed in 1562/63]]
Most Bosniaks are [[Sunni Muslim]], though historically [[Sufism]] has also played a significant role among the Bosniaks who tended to favor more mainstream Sunni orders such as the [[Naqshbandi]]yya, [[Rifa'i]] and [[Qadiriyya]]. The Bosnian Islamic community has also been influenced by other currents within Islam than the one in Bosnia and Herzegovina prevailing [[Hanafi]] school, especially since the 90s war.<ref>Gaši, Ašk, Melamisufism i Bosnien, ''En dold gemenskap'', Lund Studies in History of Religions. Volume 45., p. 38. Department of History and Anthropology of Religions, Lund University, Lund, Sweden</ref>
The position of Sufism in Bosnia during the Ottoman era was legally the same as in other parts of the empire. Bosniak Sufis produced literature, often in oriental languages (Arabic, Turkish and Persian), although a few also wrote in Bosnian,<ref>Šabanović 1973</ref> such as Abdurrahman Sirri (1785-1846/47) and [[Abdulvehab Ilhamija|Abdulwahāb Žepčewī]] (1773–1821). Another Sufi from Bosnia was Sheikh Hali Hamza, whose doctrines were considered to contradict the official interpretation of Islam. His supporters ''hamzevije'' formed a religious movement that is often described as a sect closely related to the [[tariqa]] of ''bajrami-melami''.<ref>Ćehajić 1986:69ff; Hadžijahić 1977:91ff.</ref> Another prominent Bosniak Sufi was [[Hasan Kafi Pruščak]], a Sufi thinker and the most prominent figure of the scientific literature and intellectual life of the 16th century Bosniaks.
In a 1998 public opinion poll, 78.3% of Bosniaks in the [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] declared themselves to be religious.<ref>{{cite book|title=Religious separation and political intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina|last1=Velikonja|first1=Mitja|authorlink=|coauthors=|year=2003|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|location=|isbn=1-58544-226-7|page=261|page=365|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Rf8P-7ExoKYC&pg=PA261|accessdate=6 January 2011}}</ref> Bosnian Muslims tend to often be described as moderate, secular and European-oriented compared to other Muslim groups.<ref>Bringa 2002:24; Bringa 1995:7.</ref>
Kjell Magnusson points out that religion played a major role in the processes that shaped the national movements and the formation of the new states in the Balkans after the Ottoman retreat, since the Ottomans distinguished peoples after their religious affiliations.<ref>Magnusson 1994:336; Olsson 1994:24.</ref> Although religion only plays a minor role in the daily lives of the ethnic groups of Bosnia and Herzegovina today, the following stereotypes are still rather current, namely, that the Serbs are Orthodox, the Croats Catholic and the Bosniaks Muslim. Still, however, there are individuals who violate the aforementioned pattern and practice other religions actively.<ref>Gaši, Ašk, Melamisufism i Bosnien, ''En dold gemenskap'', Lund Studies in History of Religions. Volume 27., p. 38. Department of History and Anthropology of Religions, Lund University, Lund, Sweden</ref>
===Surnames and names===
Bosniak surnames, as is typical among the South Slavs, often end with "ić" or "ović". This is a [[patronymic]] which basically translates to "son of" in English and plays the same role as "son" in English surnames such as [[Johnson]] or [[Wilson (surname)|Wilson]]. What comes prior to this can often tell a lot about the history of a certain family.
Most Bosniak surnames follow a familiar pattern dating from the period of time that surnames in Bosnia and Herzegovina were standardized. Some Bosniak Muslim names have the name of the founder of the family first, followed by an [[Islamic]] profession or title, and ending with ić. Examples of this include Izetbegović (Son of Izet [[bey]]), and Hadžiosmanović ("son of Osman [[Hajji]]"). Other variations of this pattern can include surnames that only mention the name, such as Osmanović ("son of Osman"), and surnames that only mention profession, such as Imamović ("son of the [[Imam]]"). Some even mention religion as well such as "Muslimović" ("meaning son of a Muslim").
Quite a few Bosniak names don't necessarily have Islamic roots to them, but end in -ović and -ić; common amongst Slavic surnames. These names have probably stayed the same since medieval times, and typically come from old Bosnian nobility, or come from the last wave of converts to Islam. Examples of such names include Tvrtković and Kulenović.
There are also other surnames that do not end in ić at all. These surnames are typically derived from place of origin, occupations, or various others such factors in the family's history. Examples of such surnames include Zlatar ("goldsmith") Kovač ("blacksmith") or Kolar ("wheelwright").
There are some Bosniak names of foreign origin, indicating that the founder of the family came from a place outside of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Many such Bosniak surnames have [[Hungarians|Hungarian]], [[Albanians|Albanian]], [[Vlachs|Vlach]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]] or [[Turkish language|Turkish]] origins. Examples of such surnames include Vlasić, Arnautović and Arapović. There are also some surnames which are presumed to be of pre-Slavic origin. Some examples of such surnames may be of Celto-Illyrian origin<ref>E. Çabej, Ilirishtja dhe Shqipja, Studime gjuhesore IV, Prishtine l987., p. 202.</ref> (Mataruga and Motoruga), Gothic<ref>I. Pašić, Predslavenski korijeni Bošnjaka – Ilirsko-gotski korijeni bosanske vladarske dinastije, stećaka i Crkve Bosanske, p. 469</ref> (Manigoda), or of any other origin.
Many Bosniak surnames are also common as Croatian and Serbian surnames: Puškar, Jašić, Sučić, Subašić, [[Begić]], Hadžić.
First names among Bosniaks have mostly [[Arabic]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], or [[Persian language|Persian]] roots such as Osman, Mehmed, Ismet, Kemal, Hasan, Ibrahim, Mustafa. South Slavic names such as "Zlatan" are also present primarily among non-religious Bosniaks. What is notable however is that due to the structure of the Bosnian language, many of the Muslim names have been altered to create uniquely Bosniak names. Some of the Oriental names have been shortened. For example: Huso short for Husein, Ahmo short for Ahmed, Meho short for Mehmed. One example of this is that of the Bosniak humorous characters Mujo and Suljo, whose names are actually Bosniak short forms of Mustafa and Sulejman. More present still is the transformation of names that in Arabic or Turkish are confined to one gender to apply to the other sex. In Bosnian, simply taking away the letter "a" changes the traditionally feminine "Jasmina" into the popular male name "Jasmin". Similarly, adding an "a" to the typically male "Mahir" results in the feminine "Mahira".<ref>Muslimanska licna imena: sa etimologijom, etimoloskom grafijom i sematikom Trece izdanje. Author: Senad Agic; El-Kalem; 7/1/1999 (Muslim personal names with etimology and semantics)</ref>
===Symbols===
[[File:Coat of Arms of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1998).svg|thumb|right|100px|The coat of arms with the [[Fleur-de-lis]], a common symbol of Bosniaks.]]
[[File:Bosniak national flag.svg|thumb|left|150px|The Bosniak religious flag, used together with the national medieval coat of arms with the [[Fleur-de-lis]] during the 1990s.]]
The traditional symbol of the Bosniak people is a [[fleur-de-lis]] coat of arms, decorated with six golden lilies, also referred to [[Lilium bosniacum]], a native lily of the region.<ref>"Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1992–1998". Flagspot.net. Retrieved 3 February 2012.</ref> This Bosniak national symbol is derived from the coat of arms of the medieval Kingdom of Bosnia, and was particularly used in the context of the rule of Bosnian King [[Tvrtko I of Bosnia]]. According to some sources, the Bosnian coat of arms, with six golden lilies, originated from the French descended [[Capetian House of Anjou]].<ref>http://www.nato.int/sfor/indexinf/articles/030512a/t030512a.htm</ref> The member of this dynasty, [[Louis I of Hungary]], was married to [[Elizabeth of Bosnia]], daughter of the ban [[Stephen II of Bosnia]], with [[Tvrtko I of Bosnia|Tvrtko I]] consequently embracing the heraldic lily as a symbol of the Bosnian royalty in token of the familial relations between the Angevins and the Bosnian royal family. It is also likely that the Bosnians adopted, or were granted, the fleur-de-lis on their coat of arms as a reward for taking the Angevin side.
This emblem was revived in 1992 as a symbol of Bosnian nationhood and represented the flag of the [[Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] between 1992 and 1998. Although the state insignia was replaced in 1999 on request of the other two ethnic groups, the [[flag of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] still features a fleur-de-lis alongside the [[Variations of the field|Croatian chequy]]. The Bosnian fleur-de-lis also appears on the flags and arms of many cantons, municipalities, cities and towns. It is still used as official insignia of the Bosniak regiment of the [[Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina]].<ref>http://www.mpr.gov.ba/userfiles/file/Biblioteka/zakoni/hr/ZAKON%20O%20ZASTAVI%20BiH/Zakon%20o%20zastavi%20BiH%20-%2019%20-%2001.pdf</ref> The Fleur-de-lis can also be commonly found as ornament in mosques and on Muslim tombstones.
Another Bosniak flag dates from the Ottoman era, and is a white crescent moon and star on a green background. The flag was also the symbol of the short-lived independent Bosnia in the 19th century and of the [[Bosnian uprising]] against the Turks led by [[Husein Gradaščević]].
==Communities==
[[Image:Bosniak population in Serbia and Montenegro.jpg|thumb|right|Bosniaks in Serbia and Montenegro according to population censuses held in 2002 and 2003, respectively.]]
[[Image:Coat of arms of Bosniaks in Serbia and Montenegro.gif|100px|left|thumb|National emblem of the [[Bosniaks of Serbia]] and [[Bosniaks of Montenegro]].]]
National consciousness has also spread to most Bosniaks in the neighboring countries and increasingly around the world after the [[Bosnian war|Bosnian war for independence]]. The largest number of Bosniaks outside of Bosnia and Herzegovina are found in Serbia and Montenegro (specifically in the [[Sandžak]] region). The city of [[Novi Pazar]] is home to the largest Bosniak population outside of Bosnia. Another 40,000 Bosniaks are found in [[Croatia]] and 38,000 in [[Slovenia]]. However, some of them still identify themselves as "Muslims" or "Bosnians", according to latest estimates. In [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]] there are estimated to be about 17,000 Bosniaks.
Due to warfare and [[ethnic cleansing]] during the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a large part of the world's estimated 3–4 million Bosniaks are found in countries outside of [[the Balkans]]. The highest Bosniak populations outside of the ex-[[Yugoslavia]]n states are found in the [[Bosnian American|United States]], [[Sweden]], [[Austria]], [[Germany]], [[Switzerland]], [[Australia]], [[Canada]], and [[Turkey]]. Prior generations of Bosniak immigrants to some of these countries have by now been mostly integrated.
In [[Western countries]], a large majority of the Bosniaks are war [[refugee]]s who only arrived in these countries beginning in the 1990s. They still speak Bosnian, and maintain cultural and religious communities, visit their mother country regularly and send remittances to families back home.
===Diaspora===
{{Main|Bosnian diaspora}}
;United States
The diaspora community in the USA has a long and distinguished history dating back more than a century. One of the first Bosnian arrivals to any country in the New World was to the United States, and is estimated to have been around the 1860s. According to Embassy estimates there are some 350,000 people of Bosnian origin living in the United States.<ref>[http://www.everyculture.com/multi/A-Br/Bosnian-Americans.html]</ref><ref name="The 2000 USA census">[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-state=dt&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_PCT019&-redoLog=true&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=01000US&-geo_id=NBSP&-format=&-_lang=en The 2000 USA census]</ref>
The traditional centers of residence and culture for people from Bosnia and Herzegovina are situated on the East Coast (Atlanta, Jacksonville, New York and Nashville), in Mid-West (St. Louis, Chicago and Detroit) and on the West Coast. Bosnians live in all 50 states.<ref name="The 2000 USA census"/>
Bosniaks were early leaders in the establishment of Chicago’s Muslim community. In 1906, they established Džemijetul Hajrije (The Benevolent Society) of [[Illinois]] to preserve the community’s religious and national traditions as well as to provide mutual assistance for funerals and illness. The organization established chapters in Gary, [[Indiana]], in 1913, and Butte, [[Montana]], in 1916, and is the oldest existing Muslim organization in the United States.
The United States has numerous Bosnian cultural, sport and religious associations. Bosnian language newspapers and other periodicals are published in many states; the largest in the United States is the St. Louis based [http://sabahusa.com/ Bosnian-American Newspaper Sabah].
;Canada
According to the 2001 [[Canada 2001 Census|Canadian census]], there are 25,665 people who have claimed [[Bosnians|Bosnian]] ancestry.<ref name="immigration-online.org">http://immigration-online.org/41-bosnian-immigration.html</ref> A large majority of [[Bosnian Canadian]]s emigrated to [[Canada]] during and after the [[Bosnian war]] which lasted from 1992–1995. History of Bosnian arrivals to Canada, however, dates back to as far as the 19th century.<ref name="immigration-online.org"/>
The Bosnian Community in Canada has a long and distinguished history dating back more than one hundred years.<ref name="immigration-online.org"/> After the [[Bosnian war]], between 1992 and 1995, many [[Bosniak]] and [[Bosnian Croats]] fled to Canada as [[refugee]]s.
According to 2001 [[Canada 2001 Census|Canadian census]], estimates say there are 25,665 people of Bosnian origin living in Canada.<ref name="immigration-online.org"/>
The traditional centers of residence and culture for people from Bosnia and Herzegovina are situated in [[Toronto]], [[Montreal]] and [[Vancouver]]. Numerous Bosnian cultural, sport and religious associations, [[Bosnian language]] newspapers and other periodicals are published in many states. The largest Bosnian organisation in Canada is the [[Congress of North American Bosniaks]].<ref>http://www.bosniak.org/</ref>
;Turkey
[[File:Hedo Turkoglu point guard 11-27-08.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hidayet Türkoğlu]] is a Turkish [[ National Basketball Association]] player of Bosniak origin.]]
The Bosniak community in Turkey has its origins predominantly in the exodus of Bosniaks from the [[Bosnia Eyalet]] taking place in the 19th and early 20th century as result of the collapse of Ottoman rule in the Balkans. According to estimates commissioned in 2008 by the [[National Security Council (Turkey)|National Security Council of Turkey]] (''Milli Güvenlik Kurulu'') as many as 2,000,000 Turkish citizens are of Bosniak ancestry.<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Milliyet]]|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/default.aspx?aType=SonDakika&Kategori=yasam&ArticleID=873452&Date=07.06.2008&ver=16 |title=Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı!|publisher=http://www.milliyet.com.tr |date=2008-06-06|accessdate=2013-05-05}}</ref> Bosniaks mostly live in the [[Marmara Region]] which is in other words the north-west Turkey. The biggest Bosniak community in Turkey is in [[Istanbul]].
[[Yenibosna]] is a borough, located on the western part of the Istanbul district of Bahçelievler, bordering with the neighbor district Küçükçekmece. The district saw rapid migration from the former Ottoman Empire after the founding of the Republic of Turkey.<ref>http://belediyeden.com/156/bahcelievler-belediyesi/1103414/nufus-durumu.html</ref>
The origin of the borough's name comes from the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo. The settlement was initially named [[Saraybosna]], which is the Turkish equivalent of [[Sarajevo]] before it was renamed [[Yenibosna]] with the formation of the Republic of Turkey.
There are notable Bosniak communities in [[İzmir]], [[Karamürsel]], [[Yalova]], [[Bursa]] and [[Edirne]].
==Gallery==
<center><gallery>
File:Bosniaks vranduk.jpg|Painting by Carl Ebert (1821-1885) of 18th century Bosniaks, at the [[Vranduk]] mountain
File:Preziosi - Dervish - from Bosnia.jpg|A [[dervish]] from Bosnia. Painting by [[Amedeo Preziosi]] (1816-1882)
File:Girl of Sarajevo, Bosnia, Austro-Hungary WDL2637.png|Young Bosniak female of [[Sarajevo]], during the [[Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Austro-Hungarian rule]]
File:Mostar Mahomedan woman Herzegowina Austro-Hungary.jpg|Muslim woman from [[Mostar]], during the [[Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Austro-Hungarian period]]
File:Sarajcvo (i.e. Sarajevo) Turkenviertal Bosnia Austro-Hungary.jpg|Bosniaks in a Sarajevo market, during the Austro-Hungarian period
File:Prenjalpe between Mostar and Sarajewo Herzegowina Austro-Hungary.jpg|Children on the slopes of the [[Prenj|Prenj mountain]] in [[Herzegovina]]
File:Bosniak peasant.jpg|A Bosniak peasant from 'The Human Race', by [[Louis Figuier]] (1872)
File:Bosniak merchant.png|A Bosniak merchant from 'The Human Race', by [[Louis Figuier]] (1872)
File:Bosniaks. Босняки. Bošnjaci 1869.jpg|Girl dancing (1869)
File:Bošnjak.jpg|Illustration of a Bosniak from the ''Illustrated calendar'' from 1879
File:Knötel II, 38.jpg|Bosniaks [[Hussars]] in [[Prussia|Prussian army]], 1786. ''Uniformenkunde'', by [[Richard Knötel]] from 1890.
File:Bosniaks in Danish army (R. Knötel).jpg|Bosniak cavalry units in [[Denmark|Danish]] army, 1791–1808 (by Richard Knötel, 1890)
File:Bruner-Dvorak, Rudolf - Bosna, modlitba (ca 1906).jpg|Bosniaks praying in an open field, c. 1906
File:Turbe Gazi Husrev-bega.jpg|[[Türbe]] of [[Gazi Husrev-beg]] in Sarajevo
File:Alifakovac cemetery.jpg|The old Muslim [[Alifakovac]] cemetery in Sarajevo
File:Inside Blagaj tekke.jpg|Traditional Bosnian furniture inside the Blagaj [[tekke]]
File:Ferhadija-Moschee, Banja Luka April 1941.jpg|[[Ferhat Pasha Mosque]], built in 1579 in [[Banja Luka]], was one of the greatest achievements of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s 16th century Islamic architecture in Europe.
File:Bosnyák ház 1896-32.JPG|''Bosnyák lakóház'' (the Bosniak house) from the Hungarian Millenium Exhimbition, 1896
File:Militärfriedhof Lebring 3.JPG|WW I. military cemetery of the [[Bosnian-Herzegovinian Infantry|Bosnian-Herzegovinian II. infantery regiment]] of [[K.u.K]], near [[Lebring-Sankt Margarethen]] in [[Austria]]
File:Bascarsija Market Sarajevo.jpg|Traditional Bosnian [[filigree]] in Sarajevo's old bazaar and historical center of the city, [[Baščaršija]] - manufactured by old craftsmen of [[Sarajevo]].
File:Bosnian mosque in Caesarea.JPG|The Bosnian mosque in [[Caesarea]], Israel (see [[Bushnak]])
File:Mostar - Bosnia and Herzegovina - Waitress.jpg|A waitress in national clothing in the Old City of Mostar
File:43. TKB - Seljo z Sarajewa (Bośnia i Hercegowina) 10.JPG|Bosniaks dancing a traditional [[Kolo (dance)|Kolo]]
File:Sarajevo Siege Children 3.jpg|Children on the streets of [[Sarajevo]], winter 1992-1993, during the siege of the city
File:Defense.gov News Photo 980130-F-8748C-019.jpg|Bosniak children from [[Srebrenica]] at the Mother and Child Refugee Center in Simin Han, Tuzla
File:Eurovision Song Contest 1976 - Ambasadori.jpg|Ismeta Dervoz-Krvavac from [[Ambasadori]] at the [[1976 Eurovision Song Contest|Eurovision Song Contest 1976]]
File:Alen Islamović.jpg|Bosniak [[Rock and Roll]] singer, [[Alen Islamović]] playing at the concert
File: Natpis dubrovačkog Vijeća bošnjačke nacionalne manjine.JPG|A sign near the building of the council of the Bosniak national minority in [[Dubrovnik]], Croatia
</gallery></center>
==See also==
{{Portal|Europe|Islam}}
{{columns |width=320px
|col1=
*[[Bosniaks of Croatia]]
*[[Bosniaks of Montenegro]]
*[[Bosniaks of Serbia]]
*[[Bosnian American]]
*[[Bosnian Australian]]
*[[Bosnian Austrian]]
*[[Bosniaks in Kosovo]]
|col2=
*[[Bosnian Croat War]]
*[[Bosnian–Serbian War]]
*[[Bushnak]]
*[[Constitutional nations of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
*[[List of Bosnia and Herzegovina patriotic songs]]
*[[List of Bosniaks]]
}}
==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|last=Fritz |first=Hans |title=Bosniak |publisher=Verl. d. Druckerei Waidhofen a.d.Ybbs |year=1931}}
* {{Cite book|last=Karčić |first=Fikret |title=The Bosniaks and the Challenges of Modernity: Late Ottoman and Hapsburg Times |publisher=El-Kalem |year=1999 |isbn=9958-23-021-6}}
* {{Cite book|last=Pinson |first=Mark |title=The Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina: Their Historic Development from the Middle Ages to the Dissolution of Yugoslavia |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1994 |isbn=0-932885-09-8}}
* {{Cite book|last=Zulfikarpašić |first=Adil |title=The Bosniak |publisher=C. Hurst & Co |year=1998}}
==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}
==References==
{{reflist|3|refs=
<ref name=Donia2005>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qJvbRP5KSq4C&pg=PA14 |title=Bosnia and Hercegovina: A Tradition Betrayed |author=Robert Donia and John VA Fine|year=2005 |work= |publisher= [[Columbia University Press]]|year=1995|pages=14–16}}</ref>
<ref name=Fine1991>{{cite web|url=http://img411.imageshack.us/img411/5600/fine53.jpg|title=The early Medieval Balkans: A critical survey from the sixth to the late twelfth century|author=Fine, John V.A|year=1991|publisher=The University of Michigan Press|pages=53}}</ref>
}}
* <cite id=refMalcolm1996>{{Cite book|last=Malcolm |first=Noel |title=Bosnia: A Short History |publisher=New York University Press |year=1996 |isbn=0-8147-5561-5}}</cite>
* <cite id=refRamet2006>{{Cite book|last=Ramet |first=Sabrina P. |title=The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2004 |year=2006 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=0-271-01629-9}}</cite>
* <cite id=refTomasevich2001>{{Cite book|title=War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration |last=Tomasevich |first=Jozo |year=2001 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=0-8047-0857-6}}</cite>
==External links==
{{commons category|Bosniaks}}
*[http://www.baic-detroit.com/news.php Bosniaks in United States]
*[http://www.igbd.eu/ IGBD – Bosniaks in Germany] {{bs icon}} {{de icon}}
*[http://www.bosniak.org Congress of North American Bosniaks]
*[http://www.baacbh.org/ BAACBH.org – Bosniak American Advisory Council for Bosnia-Herzegovina]
*[[wikt:bosniak|Bosniaks]] – Wiktionary entry for Bosniaks <!-- Wiktionary entry needs improvement -->
*[http://www.bosnjaci.net/ BOSNJACI.net] {{bs icon}}
*[https://www.facebook.com/pages/Bosniaks/115081885174428?nr=108743032492432 Facebook page]
{{Bosniak diaspora}}
{{Ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
{{European Muslims}}
{{Slavic ethnic groups}}
[[Category:Bosniak people| ]]
[[Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina society]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Turkey]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Kosovo]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Montenegro]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Serbia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Croatia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the Republic of Macedonia]]
[[Category:Slavic ethnic groups]]
[[Category:South Slavs]]
[[Category:Muslim communities in Europe]]All content in the above text box is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license Version 4 and was originally sourced from https://bs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=2468593.
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