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{{razlikovati|Bosanci}}
{{Glavno značenje|Bošnjaci}}
{{EtničkaInfokutija
| grupa         = Bošnjaci<br/>Бошњаци
| slika         = <table border=0 align="center">
 <tr>
    <td>[[Datoteka:Molnár Elisabeth and Mary on the coronation of Cherles II of Hungary (cropped).png|80x100px]]</td>
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(contracted; show full)ra   =  <small>većinska zastupljenost</small><br>[[islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|20px]]<br> <small>manjinska zastupljenost</small> <br>[[katoličanstvo]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]<br>[[pravoslavlje]] [[File:OrthodoxCross(black,contoured).svg|15px]]<br>[[judaizam]] [[File:Star of David.svg|15px]]<br>[[ateizam]] [[File:Atheismsymbol endorsed by AAI.svg|18px]]<br>[[agnosticizam]] [[File:Atom of Atheism-Zanaq.svg|20px]]

|vezano  =
  

Drugi [[Slaveni]], naročito [[Južni Slaveni]]<br><small>[[Hrvati]], [[Srbi]], [[Crnogorci]] i [[Slovenci]] su najviše vezani.</small><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=373-16|title=Ethnologue – South Slavic languages|publisher=www.ethnologue.com|accessdate=2011-02-08|last=|first=}}</ref><br /> </br>

Na temeljima genetičkih ([[DNK]]) studija bošnjačkog naroda, njegovi se korijeni prvenstveno mogu povezati s paleo-balkanskim doseljenicima (uglavnom [[Iliri|Ilirima]] i [[Slaveni|Slavenima]] koji su naselili područje Bosne tokom Seobe naroda).<ref>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups." Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Sarajevo. November 2005</ref><br /> </br>

<small>'''''Fusnote:''''' <sup>1</sup>Prema procjenama utvrđenim 2008. godine od strane Vijeća za nacionalnu sigurnost Turske (tur. ''Milli Güvenlik Kurulu'') oko 2.000.000 turskih državljana su bošnjačkog porijekla, te potječu uglavnom od bošnjačkih imigranata iz [[19. vijek|19. stoljeća]] i [[20. vijek|20. stoljeća]].</small>

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'''Bošnjaci''' su [[Južni Slaveni|južnoslavenski]] [[narod]] (/ [[etnička grupa]]) koji nastanjuje uglavnom svoju domovinu [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosnu i Hercegovinu]], te sa značajnim narodnim manjinama – i ostale države [[Balkanski poluotok|Balkanskog poluotoka]]; naročito [[Bošnjaci Sandžaka|regiju Sandžak]] u [[Srbija|Srbiji]] i [[Crna Gora|Crnoj Gori]] (gdje Bošnjaci čine regionalnu većinu), te [[Hrvatska|Hrvatsku]]. Bošnjaci su ponajviše okarakterizirani svojom historijskom povezanosti s [[Bosna (regija)|regijom Bosna]], tradicionalnom većinskom pripadnosti [[islam|islamu]] od [[15. vijek|15. stolvijećka]] i [[16. vijek|16. stolvijećka]], općom kulturom, te [[bosanski jezik|bosanskim jezikom]]. Kao narod pripadaju kako evropskom tako i islamskom civilizacijskom naslijeđu.

Na engleskim govornim područjima Bošnjaci se često nazivaju ''bosanski muslimani'' (tj. ''Muslimani''). Ovaj termin se smatra netačnim, jer nisu svi Bošnjaci pripadnici [[islam|islama]] ili – općenito – ijedne religije.

Više od dva miliona Bošnjaka danas živi na [[Balkan|Balkanu]], s procijenjenih dodatnih milion koji su se naselili i koji žive širom svijeta. Više slučajeva [[Genocid u Bosni i Hercegovini|etničkog čišćenja i genocida u BiH]], a koje su izvršili [[Srbi]] i [[Hrvati]] u BiH, su imali ogroman utjecaj na teritorijalni raspored stanovništva. Zbog ovoga, jednim dijelom,<ref>Odbor za vanjske poslove, Senat SAD-a, etničko čišćenje Bosne i Hercegovine (Ured američke Vlade, štampano 1992.)</ref>, veoma dobro primjećena [[bošnjačka dijaspora]] postoji i djeluje u velikom broju zemalja uključujući [[Austrija|Austriju]], [[Njemačka|Njemačku]], [[Australija|Australiju]], [[Švedska|Švedsku]], [[Turska|Tursku]], [[Kanada|Kanadu]] i [[Sjedinjene Američke Države]]. I u svom regionu i širom svijeta, Bošnjaci su često posebni zbog svoje jedinstvene kulture, koja je bila pod utjecajem i istočnjačke i zapadnjačke civilizacije (a time i načina obrazovanja) tokom svoje historije.




==Etnonim i definicija==
Prema Oxfordskom rječniku engleskog jezika, prva zabilježena upotreba riječi ''Bošnjak'' na [[engleski jezik|engleskom jeziku]] je od strane britanskog diplomatae i historičara Paula Rycauta 1680. godine, i to kao ''Bosnack'' što je srodno post-klasičnom latinskom ''Bosniacus'' (1682. g. ili ranije), francuskom ''Bosniaque'' (1695. g. ili ranije) ili njemačkom ''Bosniak'' (1737. g. ili ranije).<ref name=OED>{{cite book |chapterurl=http://oed.com/search?searchType=dictionary&q={{urlencode:Bosniak}} |chapter=Bosniak |title=Oxford English Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|edition=3rd|month=|date=September 2005|isbn=<!-- 0198611862 --> |ref=Reference-OED-Bosniak}}</ref> Moderna pravopisna tumačenja se mogu naći u ''Penny Cyclopaedia''-i iz 1836. godine (Vv. 231/1): "Stanovnici Bosne se sastoje od Bošnjaka, rase slavenskog porijekla."<ref name=OED/> U slavenskim jezicima, ''-ak'' je čest sufiks koji se dodaje riječima da bi se stvorila imenica muškog roda, što se, primjerice, također može naći i u etnonimima [[Poljaci|Poljak]] (''Polak'') i [[Slovaci|Slovak]] (''Slovák'').

Najranija potvrda za pojavu etnonima ''Bošnjanin'' je historijski pojam [[Bošnjani]]n (lat. ''Bosniensis''), koji označava ljude [[Bosansko kraljevstvo|srednjovjekovnog Bosanskog kraljevstva]].<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KQkXAQAAIAAJ&q=called+the+bosnjani&dq=called+the+bosnjani&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=tkCIUdTXJunj4QTz9oCIAg&redir_esc=y|title=''Mitovi i granice u jugoistočnoj Evropi''|author=Pål Kolstø |year=2005|work= |publisher=Hurst & Co. |accessdate=}}, str. 120: ''(...) srednjovjekovna Bosna je bila zemlja jednog naroda, jednog bosanskog naroda koji se zvao Bošnjani, a koji je pripadao trima konfesijama.''</ref> Prema ''Hrvatskoj enciklopediji'', u izdanju ''Leksigografskog zavoda Miroslav Krleža'', "''Bošnjaci'' je naziv za podanike bosanskih vladara u predosmanskom dobu, podanike sultana u osmansko doba, odnosno današnji naziv za najbrojniji od triju konstitutivnih naroda u BiH. ''Bošnjak'', kao i stariji naziv ''Bošnjanin'' (lat. ''Bosnensis''), je prvobitno je bilo ime koje je označavalo pripadnost srednjovjekovnoj [[Bbosanska država|Bbosanskoj državi]]."<ref>Hrvatska enciklopedija (LZMK) – [http://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=8952 Bošnjaci]; ''Bošnjaci, naziv za podanike bosanskih vladara u predosmansko doba, podanike sultana u osmansko doba, odnosno današnji naziv za najbrojniji od triju konstitutivnih naroda u BiH. ''Bošnjak'', kao i stariji naziv ''Bošnjanin'' (u lat. vrelima ''Bosnensis''), prvotno je ime koje označuje pripadništvo srednjovjekovnoj bosanskoj državi.''</ref> Do [[15. vijek|15. stolvijećka]],<ref name=OED/> sufiks (nastavak) ''-(n)in'' je bio zamijenjen sufiksom ''-ak'' da bi se stvorila trenutna forma ''Bošnjak'', što je prvi put potvrđeno u diplomaciji bosanskog kralja [[Tvrtko II|Tvrtka II]] koji je 1440. godine poslao delegaciju (''Apparatu virisque insignis'') do poljskog kralja [[Mađarska|Mađarske]], Władysława Warneńczyka (1440–1444), tvrdeći zajedničko slavensko porijeklo i sličnost između '&#(contracted; show full) poslao je odmah ovome kralju 'sjajno poslanstvo odličnih muževa'", veli Vladislavov biograf pa nastavlja: "Ovi su, ispričavši porijeklo svoga plemena isticali, da su Bošnjacima bili isti pradjedovi kao i Poljacima te da im je zajednički jezik kojim govore i da se radi te srodnosti jezika i porijekla njihov kralj Tvrtko II živo raduje, što je Vladislav – kako se je pronio glas – sretan u svojim pothvatima."</ref>

Bošnjaci izvode svoje etničko ime iz pojma ''[[Bosna
  (regija)|Bosna]]'', te istoimenog naziva rijeke ''[[Bosna (rijeka)|Bosne]]'', za što se vjeruje da je preslavenskog jezičkog porijekla<ref name=autogenerated2>Enver Imamović, Korijeni Bosne i bosanstva, Sarajevo 1995</ref><ref name="Imamovic">Imamović, Mustafa (1996). Historija Bošnjaka. Sarajevo: BZK Preporod. ISBN 9958-815-00-1</ref>, te da se možda i spominje po prvi put tokom [[1. vijek|1. stolvijećka]] od strane rimskog historičara Marcusa Velleiusa Paterculusa kao ''Bathinus Flumen''.<ref>Salmedin Mesihović: "Thallóczy und die Untersuchung der Bezeichnung „Bosna“." o. O. o. J.</ref> S druge strane, neki historičari<ref>Nikola Vulić, ''Glas Srp. Ak., CLV, drugi razred (78), str. 6, 7''</ref> su sugerirali da ​​izvod imena proizilazi iz rimskog ''Ad Basante'', što je prvi put spomenuto u [[5. vijek|5. stolvijećku]] u ''Tabula Peutingerianom''-u, gdje se također nalazi i predlagani izvor ''Bathinus''.<ref>''Tabula Peutingeriana''; Sjeverno od ''Narone'' i jugozapadno od ''Sirmiuma''.</ref> Odakle potječe samo ime ''Bosna'', s druge strane, nije poznato. Teorija koju je iznio filolog Anton Mayer u svom radu ''Die Sprache der Alten Illyrier'' je da bi ime moglo proizilaziti iz [[iIlirski jeziki|ilirskog]] ''Bas-ann-ass'' (''basinus''), što bi opet bilo ''zloupotreba'' proto-indoevropskog korijena ''bos'' ili ''bogh'' (u prijevodu: ''tekuća voda'').<ref><sup>'''a b'''</sup> Malcolm, Noel (1994). ''Bosnia A Short History, New York University Press'' ISBN 0-8147-5520-8.</ref> Ostale teorije uključuju rijedak latinski izraz ''Bosina'' (što znači granica), te moguće slavensko i tračko porijeklo.<ref>Imamović, Mustafa (1996). ''Historija Bošnjaka, Sarajevo: BZK Preporod'' ISBN 9958-815-00-1</ref><ref>I. Pašić, ''Predslavenski korijeni Bošnjaka, tračko ime Bosna i Tračani u Bosni'', p. 27 – 104</ref>
Kao takav, ''Bošnjak'' je etimološki ekvivalent svog ne-etničkog pojma ''bosanski'' (koji je ušao u engleski jezik otprilike u isto vrijeme, putem ''srednjofrancuskog'' ''Bosnien''): rodom iz Bosne.<ref name=OED2>{{cite book |chapterurl=http://oed.com/search?searchType=dictionary&q={{urlencode:Bosnian}} |chapter=Bosnian |title=Oxford English Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press |edition=3rd |month= |date=September 2005 |isbn=<!-- 0198611862 --> |ref=Reference-OED-Bosnian}}</ref>

S tačke gledišta Bošnjaka, ''bosanstvo'' i ''bošnjaštvo'' su blisko međusobno povezani, jer Bošnjaci vezuju svoj ​​identitet s Bosnom i Hercegovinom.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.se/books?id=AP7QCteb0o0C&pg=PA229|title=Imigranti u američkoj historiji: dolazak, prilagođavanje i integracije:  Bošnjaci (Muslimani) i bošnjački Amerikanci, 1870–1940|author=ed. Elliott Robert Barkan|year=2013|page=229|work= |publisher= ABC-CLIO |accessdate=17 November 2013}}</ref>

Za vrijeme trajanja osmanske vlasti, riječ ''Bošnjak'' se odnosila na sve stanovnike Bosne; turski pojmovi kao što su ''Boşnak milleti'', ''Boşnak kavmi'' i ''Boşnak taifesi'' (svi znače, otprilike, ''bosanski narod''), korišteni su u [[Osmansko carstvo|Carstvu]] za opisivanje Bosanaca u etničkom ili "plemenskom" smislu; i doista, osmanski putnik i pisac iz [[17. vijek|17. stolvijećka]], [[Evlija Čelebija]], u svom djelu ''[[Sejahatnama'' (tur. ''Seyahatnaâme]]'') govori da su ljudi u Bosni, kao narod, poznati pod imenom ''Bošnjaci''.<ref>Evlija Čelebi, Putopis: odlomci o jugoslavenskim zemljama, (Sarajevo: Svjetlost, 1967), str. 120</ref> Međutim, koncept [[nacija|nacije]] je bio stran [[Osmanlije|Osmanlijama]] u to vrijeme – ideju da su muslimani i kršćani neke vojne pokrajine mogli imati bilo koji zajednički ''sur-konfesionalni'' identitet po osjećaju pripadnosti istom i ne treba spominjati. Stanovnici Bosne sebe su nazivali različitim nazivima: od ''Bošnjaka'', u punom smislu značenja te riječi, s temeljima kao teritorijalnom oznakom, kroz niz regionalnih i vjerskih imena (''Bosanac'' i ''Musliman''), pa sve do suvremenih nacionalnih, tj. narodnih (ponovo ''Bošnjak''). U tom smislu, kršćanski Bosanci nisu opisivali sebe kao da su Srbi ili Hrvati prije [[19. vijek|19. stolvijećka]], ili tačnije – sve do [[Okupacioni period|Okupacije]] 1878. godine, kada je sadašnja ''troetnička'' stvarnost Bosne i Hercegovine konfigurirana indirektno na temelju religijske pripadnosti.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qJvbRP5KSq4C&pg=PA73|title=Bosna i Hercegovina: Prodana tradicija|author=Robert Donia, John VA Fine|year=2005 |work= |publisher= Columbia University Press |accessdate=30 October 2012}}, str. 73: ''Štaviše, prijevod nečije vjeroispovijesti u srpsku ili hrvatsku narodnost, nije imao važnost za stanovništvo tog područja, jer se Bošnjaci prije devetnaestog stoljeća nikada nisu opisivali kao Srbi ili Hrvati.''</ref>








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===Oživljavanje===
Bošnjaci su općenito definirani kao [[Južni Slaveni|južnoslavenski]] narod na području bivše [[Jugoslavija|Jugoslavije]] čiji se članovi identificiraju Bosnom i Hercegovinom kao matičnom državom i dijelom takvog zajedničkog naroda od kojeg je većina [[muslimani|muslimanske)]] vjeroispovijesti. Ipak, čelnici i intelektualci bošnjačke zajednice imaju različite stavove o tome što ta to tačno znači ''biti Bošnjak''. Neki mogu ukazivati na islamsko naslijeđe, dok drugi naglašavaju čisto sekularni i nacionalni karakter bošnjačkog identiteta i njegovu povezanost s bosanskom teritorijom i historijom.<ref>{{cite book|title=Religija i Hladni rat: Globalna perspektiva|editor=Philip Emil Muehlenbeck|page=183|publisher=Vanderbilt University Press|year=2012|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ytEC2bOstFUC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> Štaviše, pojedinci izvan Bosne i Hercegovine mogu imati svoje lične interpretacije, također. Neki ljudi, poput Crnogorca Abdula Kurpejovića, vide islamsku komponentu u bošnjačkom identitetu, ali takona taj način da se ona odnosi isključivo na slavenske muslimane u Bosni.<ref name=Dimitrovova>Dimitrovova, Bohdana. "[http://www.seep.ceu.hu/issue22/dimitrovova.pdf Bosniak or Muslim? Dilemma of one Nation with two Names]." ''Southeast European Politics, Vol. II, No. 2.'', Oktobar 2001.</ref> Ipak, drugi smatraju sve slavenske muslimane u bivšoj Jugoslaviji (– uključujući i ''Gorance'') – Bošnjacima.<ref name=Bajrami>Bajrami, Kerim. "[http://nasagora.info/reagovanje.html Reagovanje na članak: Uz 90 godina od slavne Bitke za Čanakkale]." ''Našagora.info''.</ref>
[[Slika:Bošnjačkis_institut.jpee.png|thumb|right|25340px|Bošnjački institut u [[Sarajevo|Sarajevu]], osnovan od strane jednog od najistaknutijih bošnjačkih intelektualaca [[20. vijek|20. stolvijećka]], – [[Adil Zulfikarpašić|Adila Zulfikarpašića]], je odiseja ogromne zbirke umjetničkih djela koja sažimaju širok spektar bošnjačke historije i kulture.]]

U [[Jugoslavija|Jugoslaviji]] u kojoj su [[Srbi]] dominirali,<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2wd30pXJxpYC&pg=PA476|title=''The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World 2nd. ed.''|author=J. Krieger (ed)|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|pages=476}}</ref> za razliku od prethodne [[Austro-Ugarska|Austro-Ugarske monarhije]],<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Rf8P-7ExoKYC&pg=PA134|title=Religijska razdvajanja i politička netolerancija u Bosni i Hercegovini|last=Velikonja |first=Mitja |year=2003 |publisher=Texas A&M University Press|page=134|isbn=1-58544-226-7}}</ref> mogućnost da se etnički izjasnite kao Bošnjak je odbijana (''neprihvatljiva'').<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3-qjT00IDIQC&pg=PA65|title=Ambivalentni mir: vanjska gradnja mira, prijetnja identitetu i rekoncilaciji u Bosni i Hercegovini|last=Kostic|first=Roland|year=2007|publisher=Uppsala univerzitet; Izvještaj br. 78, Odjel za istraživanje mira i sukoba i program studije holokausta i genocida|pages=65}}</ref> Kao politički kompromis, Ustav Jugoslavije bio je izmijenjen i dopunjen 1968. godine da bi se uveli ''[[Muslimani (narod)|Muslimani u narodnom (ne u vjerskom) smislu]]''; to je značilo samo prepoznavanje konstitutivnog naroda, ali ne i Bošnjaka i time i bosanskog imena. Prije toga, velika većina bosanskih muslimana se izjašnjavala kao ''etnički neopredijeljeni musliman'' ili – u manjoj mjeri – ''neopredijeljeni Jugoslaven'' u popisima koji su se odvijali u Jugoslaviji, jer su ostale dostupne opcije bile ''srpski musliman'' i ''[[hrvatski musliman]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Religion and the Cold War: A Global Perspective|editor=Philip Emil Muehlenbeck|page=184|publisher=Vanderbilt University Press|year=2012|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ytEC2bOstFUC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> Iako je postizanje priznanja kao zasebnog naroda pod alternativnim imenom ostvareno, upotreba riječi ''Musliman'' kao narodno ime je, ipak – odmah u početku – odbijenoana, jer je nastojaloa da se Bošnjaci označe kao vjerska grupa, umjesto etnička. Citat bosanskog predsjednika [[Hamdija Pozderac|Hamdije Pozderca]] u to vrijeme govori o indirektno uslovljenom prihvatanju pogrešnog imena ''Musliman'':

{{Citat32|Ne daju bosanstvo, nude muslimanstvo... Da prihvatimo i to što nude, makar i pogrješno ime ali ćemo otvoriti proces.|15px|15px|'''Hamdija Pozderac''', u razgovoru s [[Josip Broz Tito|Josipom Brozom Titom]] 1971. godine u vezi s konstitualnim promjenama koje prepoznaju ''Muslimane''u vezi s ustavnim reformama 1971. godine<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/79477 |title=AUTOHTONE NACIONALNE MANJINE I USTAVNE PROMJENE 2009.–2010. |last1=Horvat |first1=Ana |date=March 2010|publisher=Fakultet prava (Univerzitet u Zagrebu) |accessdate=2014-06-17|language=Bosnian|page=574}}</ref>}}

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Nakon proglašenja nezavisnosti Bosne i Hercegovine od Jugoslavije početkom 1990-ih, velika većina bosanskih muslimana / Muslimana se uskladila s imenom ''Bošnjak''. U septembru 1993. godine, u toku [[Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini|bBosanskog rata]], [[Drugi bošnjački sabor]] formirao je osnovu za službenu ponovnu uspostavu historijskog etničkog imena ''Bošnjak'' i negodovanja bivšeg termina ''Musliman'' koji je bio u upotrebi tokom [[SFRJ|SFR Jugoslavije]].<ref name="Imamovic" /> Danas, izborni zakon Bosne i Hercegovine, kao i [[Ustav Bosne i Hercegovine]], priznaju rezultate iz [[Popis stanovništva u Bosni i Hercegovini 1991.|Popisa stanovništva 1991. godine]] koji se odnose na Bošnjake koji su, pored Srba i Hrvata, jedan od tri konstitutivna naroda u poslijeratnoj Bosni i Hercegovini, i najveća etnička grupa u zemlji.

U ostalim [[Ex-Jugoslavija|ex-jugoslavenskim zemljama]] sa značajnom slavenskom muslimanskom populacijom usvajanje imena ''Bošnjak'' je manje dosljedno. Učinci tog fenomena najbolje se mogu vidjeti u cenzusima. Na  primjer, Crnogorski popis stanovništva iz 2003. godine zabilježio je 48.184 ljudi koji su registrirani kao ''Bošnjaci'' i 28.714 koji su registrirani kao ''Muslimani'' (u narodnom smislu). Iako crnogorski slavenski muslimani čine jednu etničku zajednicu sa zajedničkom kulturom i historijom, ova zajednica je podijeljena o tome hoće li se registrirati kao ''Bošnjaci'' (odnosno usvojiti bošnjački narodni identitet) ili kao ''Muslimani'' u narodnom smislu.<ref name=Dimitrovova/> Slično tome, Slovenski popis stanovništva 2002. godine bilježi 8.062 ljudi koji su registrirani kao Bosanci, vjerojvatno naglašavajući (velikim dijelom) odluku mnogih sekularnih Bošnjaka da se prvenstveno identificiraju na taj način (situacija koja se donekle može usporediti s [[Jugoslavija|jugoslavenskom]] opcijom tokom [[socijalizam|socijalističkog]] perioda). Međutim, takvi ljudi čine manjinu (čak i u zemljama poput [[Crna Gora|Crne Gore]], gdje je to značajan problem), dok je velika većina slavenskih muslimana u bivšoj Jugoslaviji usvojila bošnjačko narodno ime.

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{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"
|colspan="14" align=center style="background:#778899A1ACB8; color:white"|''' "Muslimani" u [[SFRJ|SFR Jugoslaviji]]'''
|-
! Republika || 1971 || 1981 || 1991
|-
| [[Bosna i Hercegovina]] || 1.482.430 (39,6%) || 1.630.033 (39,5%) || 1.902.956 (43,5%)<ref>Zabilješka: Dodatnih 242.682 ljudi, najviše vjerujući da su Muslimani, se registriralo kao Jugoslaveni u Cenzusu 1991. godine, potencijalno povećavajući stvarnu populaciju Bošnjaka na 2.145.683 (49%)</ref>
|-
| [[Crna Gora]] || 70.236 (13,3%) || 78.080 (13,4%) || 89.614 (14,6%)
|-
| [[Hrvatska]] || 18.457 (0,4%) || 23.740 (0,5%) || 43.469 (0,9%)
|-
| [[Makedonija]] || 1.248 (0,1%) || 39.512 (2,1%) || 35.256 (1,7%)
|-
| [[Slovenija]] || 3.197 (0,2%) || 13.425 (0,7%) || 26.867 (1,4%)
|-
| [[Srbija]] || 154.364 (1,8%) || 215.166 (2,3%) || 246.411 (2,5%)
|-
! [[SFRJ|SFR Jugoslavija]] || 1.729.932 (8,4%) || 1.999.957 (8,9%) || 2.344.573 (10,0%)
|}

⏎
⏎
==Historija==
{{Main|Historija Bosne i Hercegovine|Historija Bošnjaka}}

===Odnosi s susjednim nacionalizmom===
As a melting ground for confrontations between different religions, national mythologies, and concepts of statehood, much of the [[historiography]] of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] has since the 19th century been the subject of competing Serb and Croat nationalist claims part of wider Serbian and Croatian hegemonic aspirations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, inherently interwoven into the complex nature of the [[Bosnian War]] at the end of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iqtVESaJUgkC&pg=PA13|title=Being Muslim the Bosnian Way|first=Tone|last=Bringa|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1995|pages=13}}</ref>
As Andras Riedlmayers's meticulous research for the Hague Tribunal demonstrates: ''What happened in Bosnia is not just genocide, the willful destruction of the essential foundations of one particular community or group of people within a society'' ''[....]'' ''What happened in Bosnia is also described as sociocide, the murdering of a progressive, complex, and enlightened society in order that a regressive, simple, and bigoted society could replace it.''<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Vm_0jGbX72EC&pg=PA129|title= Understanding Evil: Lessons from Bosnia|first=Keith|last=Doubt|publisher=Fordham University Press|year=2006|pages=129–30.}}</ref>

Contrary to frequent Serb and Croat nationalist claims, Bosnia and Herzegovina constitutes a historical entity which has its own identity and its own history.<ref name=Velikonja2003>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Rf8P-7ExoKYC&pg=PA13|title=Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina|last=Velikonja|first=Mitja|year=2003|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|pages= 13}}</ref> These two neighbors have, indeed, occupied parts of its territory, but only for brief periods of time and, as such, neither Serbia nor Croatia has any serious historical claims to Bosnia.<ref name=Velikonja2003/><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0rIGA0rluO0C&pg=PA8|title=Bosnia and Hercegovina: A Tradition Betrayed|authors= Robert J. Donia and John VA Fine|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1995|pages=8}}</ref> Moreover, although Bosnia did interact with its Serb and Croat neighbors over the centuries, it had a very different history and culture from them.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qJvbRP5KSq4C&pg=PA7|title=Bosnia and Hercegovina: A Tradition Betrayed|authors=Robert J. and John VA Fine|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1995|pages=7}}</ref> [[John Kinnamos]], a late 12th-century Byzantine historian, reports that Bosnia was not subordinated; rather the Bosnians had their ''own distinct way of life and government''.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0rIGA0rluO0C&pg=PA16|title=Bosnia and Hercegovina: A Tradition Betrayed|authors=Robert J. Donia and John VA Fine|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1995|pages=16}}</ref> According to American professor [[John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.|John V.A. Fine]], prominent authority in the field,<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mQP4g8bAa5AC&pg=PA75|title=Stone Speaker: Medieval Tombs, Landscape, and Bosnian Identity in the Poetry of Mak Dizdar|first=Amila|last=Buturović|publisher=Palgrave|year=2002|pages=75}}</ref> the [[Bošnjani|Bosnians]] (''Bošnjani'') have been a distinct people since at least the 10th century.<ref name="lrb.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v16/n08/john-fine/what-is-a-bosnian|title=What is a Bosnian?|author=John VA Fine|publisher=London Review of Books; ''Vol.16 No.8. 28 April 1994''|pages= 9–10.}}</ref>

===Origins and Genetics===
:''See also'': ''[[Early history of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]''
The [[Early Slavs]], a people from northeastern Europe, settled the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina (and neighboring regions) in the sixth and early seventh century (amid the [[Migration Period]]), and were composed of small tribal units drawn from a single Slavic confederation known to the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] as the ''[[Sclaveni]]'' (whilst the related ''[[Antes people|Antes]]'', roughly speaking, colonized the eastern portions of the Balkans).<ref name=Donia2005/><ref>Hupchick, Dennis P. ''The Balkans from Constantinople to Communism'', pp. 28–30. Palgrave Macmillan (2004)</ref> Upon their arrival, the Slavs assimilated the Paleo-Balkan, mostly [[Romance languages|romanized]] tribes, generically known as the [[Illyrians]] on the territory of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, but also the [[Gallic invasion of the Balkans|Celtic population which had intermingled with these since the 4th century BC]], and to a lesser extent the [[Germanic languages|Germanic]]-speaking [[Ostrogoths]] which had entered the area in the late 4th century AD. Timothy Gregory writes:

{{quote box| align=center|size=100%|quote= "It is now generally agreed that the people who lived in the Balkans after the Slavic "invasions" were probably for the most part the same as those who had lived there earlier, although the creation of new political groups and arrival of small immigrants caused people to look at themselves as distinct from their neighbours, including the Byzantines".
|source= T E Gregory, ''A History of Byzantium''. Wiley- Blackwell, 2010. Pg 169
}}

With regard to a later time; it is highly likely, and in no way impossible that a small part of the ancestral origin of the Bosniak people can be traced back to other Islamized and related South-Slavic peoples, such as Croats (mainly the population of what was to become the [[Turkish Croatia]] and [[Slavonia|Slavonian Muslims]] whom migrated to Bosnia and Sandžak after 1687, when Ottomans lost all the lands north of Sava river in the [[Austro-Turkish war]]). Some Bosniaks also trace their roots from Serb and Montenegrin [[Muhacir]]s, but also to other non-South-Slavic individuals, which under the Ottoman rule converted to Islam and were assimilated into a common Bosniak unit; such as slavicized Bosnian [[Vlachs]],<ref name="Historija Bošnjaka p. 119">Mustafa Imamović – Historija Bošnjaka, Osmanska država i islamska civilizacija, p. 119</ref> [[Hungarians]],<ref name="Historija Bošnjaka p. 119"/> [[Albanians]]<ref name="Historija Bošnjaka p. 119"/> and German [[Saxons]].<ref name="Historija Bošnjaka p. 119"/>

Being a remote and mountainous region, Bosnia appears to have been settled by fewer Slavs than in general and perhaps served as an area of refuge for the native Illyrians.<ref>John VA Fine, Jr. (1983; 1991) ''The early medieval Balkans: A critical survey from the sixth to the late twelfth century'', pp. 37–38</ref> The [[toponym]] "Bosnia (Bosna)" – after the river [[Bosna (river)|''Bosna'']] around which it has been historically based – is most likely itself derived from the Illyrian ''Bosona'' ("flowing water") and a testament to the Illyrian heritage of the region.<ref name="Imamovic"/> Tribes recorded under the ethnonyms of "Serb" and "Croat" are described as a second, latter, migration of different people during the second quarter of the 7th century who do not seem to have been particularly numerous;<ref name=Donia2005/><ref name=Fine1991/> these early "Serb" and "Croat" tribes, whose exact identity is subject to scholarly debate,<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gbUlnaHlHS0C&pg=PA404|title=''Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe''|author=Heather, Peter|year=2010|work= |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |accessdate=}}, pp. 404–406</ref> came to predominate over the Slavs in the neighboring regions. Bosnia proper, however, appears to have been a territory outside of Serb and Croat rule and is not mentioned as one of the regions settled by those tribes. In time, Bosnia would come to form an independent unit under a ruler, [[Ban Kulin]], calling himself Bosnian.<ref name=Fine1991/>

In the 14th century a Bosnian kingdom centered on the river Bosna emerged. Its people, when not using a local name, called themselves Bosnians.<ref name="lrb.co.uk"/><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Yl3TAkJmztYC&pg=PA19|title=Pinson, Mark (1994). The Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina: Their Historic Development from the Middle Ages to the Dissolution of Yugoslavia. Harvard University Press. p. 19.}}</ref> However, it was not until the Ottoman occupation of the Balkans that the modern-day Bosniaks became distinct from surrounding Slavs, as Islam's self-identifying role for the Bosniaks was similar to that played by Catholicism for the Croats and Orthodoxy for the Serbs.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Coppieters | first=Bruno | title=Contextualizing Secession: Normative Studies in Comparative Perspective |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2003 |page=119 |isbn=0-19-925871-6}}</ref> Social anthropologist Tone Bringa concludes that "Neither Bosniak, nor Croat, nor Serb identities can be fully understood with reference only to [[Islam]] or [[Christianity]] respectively, but have to be considered in a specific Bosnian context that has resulted in a shared history and locality among Bosnians of Islamic as well as Christian backgrounds."<ref name=shatzmiller>{{cite book|last=Shatzmiller|first=Maya|title=Islam and Bosnia: Conflict Resolution and Foreign Policy in Multi-Ethnic States|year=2002|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press|isbn=978-0-7735-2413-2|page=32}}</ref>

;Genetics

As with all modern European nations, a large degree of 'biological continuity' exists between the Bosniaks and their ancient predecessors with Bosniak [[Y chromosome|Y chromosomal]] lineages testifying to predominantly Paleolithic European ancestry.<ref name=Geneticstudy>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16266413&dopt=Abstract The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups]." ''Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, [[University of Sarajevo]].'' November 2005</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Marijana | first1 = Peričić ''et al.'' | year = 2005 | title = High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations | url = | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 22 | issue = 10| pages = 1964–1975 | doi=10.1093/molbev/msi185}}</ref> A majority (>67%) of Bosniaks belong to one of the three major European Y-DNA [[haplogroup]]s:<ref name=Geneticstudy>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16266413&dopt=Abstract The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups]." ''Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, [[University of Sarajevo]].'' November 2005</ref> [[Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)|I]] (48.2%), [[Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA)|R1a]] (15.3%) and [[Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)|R1b]] (3.5%), while a minority belongs to less frequently occurring haplogroups [[Haplogroup E (Y-DNA)|E]] (12.9%), [[Haplogroup J2 (Y-DNA)|J2]] (9.5%), [[Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)|G]] (3.5%) and [[Haplogroup F (Y-DNA)|F]] (3.5%) along with other more rare lineages.<ref name=Geneticstudy>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16266413&dopt=Abstract The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups]." ''Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, [[University of Sarajevo]].'' November 2005</ref>

These studies have indicated the dominant Y-DNA [[Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)|haplogroup I]], and specifically its sub-haplogroup [[Haplogroup I-M438|I2]] found in Bosniaks, to be associated with [[paleolithic]] settlers as attributed to the ancient populations that expanded into the [[Balkans]] following the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] some 21 thousand years ago.<ref name=Geneticstudy/> Peričić ''et al.'' for instance places its expansion to have occurred "not earlier than the YD to Holocene transition and not later than the early Neolithic”.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Marijana | first1 = Peričić ''et al.'' | year = 2005 | title = High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations | url = | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 22 | issue = 10| pages = 1964–1975 | doi=10.1093/molbev/msi185}}</ref> Decidedly, the Slavic population can be divided into two genetically distinct groups: one encompassing all Western-Slavic (Poles, Slovaks etc.), Eastern-Slavic (Russians, Ukrainians etc.), and a few Southern-Slavic populations (north-western Croats and Slovenes), characterized by [[Haplogroup R-M420|Haplogroup R1a]], and one encompassing all remaining Southern Slavs (including Bosniaks), characterized by Haplogroup I2a2 (I-L69.2).  According to Rebała ''et al.'', this phenomenon is explained by "contribution to the Y chromosomes of peoples who settled in the Balkan region before the Slavic expansion to the genetic heritage of Southern Slavs.."<ref>Rebała K., ''et al.'' (2007). Y-STR variation among Slavs: evidence for the Slavic homeland in the middle Dnieper basin. J Hum Genet. 2007;52(5):406-14. Epub 2007 Mar 16.</ref>
[[File:I Distribution.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Distribution of the European Y-DNA Haplogroup I by region – predominant in Western Balkans, Sardinia, Northern Germany and Scandinavia (found in 48,3% of Bosniaks<ref name="ReferenceC">Damir Marjanović, The Peopling of Modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome Haplogroups in the Three Main Ethnic Groups. ''Annals of Human Genetics''</ref> – with 43.50%<ref name="ReferenceC"/> belonging to the western Balkanic subclade I2a1-P37.2 and 4.70%<ref name="ReferenceC"/> to the Nordic ([[Scandinavian prehistory|pre-Germanic]]) subclade I1-M253).]]

[[Y chromosome|Y-chromosom]]al [[haplogroup]]s identified among the Bosniaks from Bosnia and Herzegovina are the following:
*[[Haplogroup I2 (Y-DNA)|I2]], 43.50%.<ref name=Geneticstudy>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16266413&dopt=Abstract The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups]." ''Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, [[University of Sarajevo]].'' November 2005.</ref> The frequency of this haplogroup peaks in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (52.20% and 63.80%, by respective region<ref name="mbe.oxfordjournals.org">Oxford Journals – High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations. pdf: http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/22/10/1964.full.pdf</ref>), and its variance peaks over a large geographic area covering B-H, Croatia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Northern Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, Ukraine and Belarus. This haplogroup is associated with paleolithic<ref>Rootsi et al. Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I Reveals Distinct Domains
of Prehistoric Gene Flow in Europe. ''Am. J. Hum. Genet. 75:128–137, 2004''.</ref> settlement in the region and as a likely signature of a Balkan population re-expansion after the Last Glacial Maximum.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> 
**[[Haplogroup I1 (Y-DNA)|I1]], 4.70%.<ref name=Geneticstudy>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16266413&dopt=Abstract The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups]." ''Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, [[University of Sarajevo]].'' November 2005.</ref> Men belonging to this haplogroup all descend from a single ancestor who lived in Northern Europe between 10,000 and 7,000 years ago. It is the most common haplogroup in Northern Europe, reaching over 40% of the population in [[Scandinavia]], where it also evolved in isolation during the late Paleolithic and Mesolithic.<ref>Peter A. Underhill et al., New Phylogenetic Relationships for Y-chromosome Haplogroup I: Reappraising its Phylogeography and Prehistory, in Rethinking the Human Revolution (2007), pp. 33–42. P. Mellars, K. Boyle, O. Bar-Yosef, C. Stringer (Eds.) McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, UK.</ref> Traces of this paternal lineage appear in the areas the [[Germanic peoples|Germanic tribes]] were recorded as having invaded or migrated to.<ref name=genographic>[https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/atlas.html Genographic Project of National Geographic]</ref><ref name=newphylo>"New Phylogenetic Relationships for Y-chromosome Haplogroup I: Reappraising its Phylogeography and Prehistory," Rethinking the Human Evolution, Mellars P, Boyle K, Bar-Yosef O, Stringer C, Eds. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, UK, 2007, pp. 33–42 by Underhill PA, Myres NM, Rootsi S, Chow CT, Lin AA, Otillar RP, King R, Zhivotovsky LA, Balanovsky O, Pshenichnov A, Ritchie KH, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Kivisild T, Villems R, Woodward SR</ref> The frequency of haplogroup I1 in western Balkans (or Balkans in general) hints at had a particularly strong [[Goths|Gothic]] and [[Gepids|Gepid]] presence, which is concordant with the establishment of the [[Ostrogothic kingdom]] in the 5th century AD.
*[[R1a]]-M17, 15.30%.<ref name=Geneticstudy>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16266413&dopt=Abstract The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups]." ''Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, [[University of Sarajevo]].'' November 2005.</ref> The first major expansion of haplogroup R1a took place with the westward propagation of the [[Corded Ware culture|Corded Ware (or Battle Axe) culture]] (2800–1800 BCE) from the northern forest-steppe in the [[Yamna culture|Yamna homeland]]. R1a is thought to have been the dominant haplogroup among the northern and eastern Proto-Indo-European language speakers. The frequency of this haplogroup peaks today in Poland (56.4%) and Ukraine (54.0%), and its variance peaks in northern Bosnia and Herzegovina (with 24.60% and 12.06%, by respective region<ref name="mbe.oxfordjournals.org"/>). It is the most predominant Y-chromosomal haplogroup in the overall Slavic gene pool.<ref name=pericic/><ref name=marjanovic>Marjanovic, D., ''et al.'' (2005). "The Peopling of Modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome Haplogroups in the Three Main Ethnic Groups". ''Annals of Human Genetics'' '''69'''. {{doi|10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00190.x}} PMID 16266413.</ref> The variance of R1a1 in the Balkans might have been enhanced by infiltrations of [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] speaking peoples between 2000 and 1000 BC (probably [[Thraco-Illyrian|Proto-Illyro-Thracian]] speakers), and by the Slavic migrations to the region in the early Middle Ages.<ref name=pericic/><ref name=marjanovic/>
*[[Haplogroup E1b1b1a (Y-DNA)|E1b1b1a2]]-V13, 12.90%.<ref name=Geneticstudy>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16266413&dopt=Abstract The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups]." ''Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, [[University of Sarajevo]].'' November 2005.</ref> E-V13 is one of the major markers of the Neolithic diffusion of farming from the Balkans to rest of the Europe. Its frequency is now far higher in Greece, South Italy and the Balkans.<ref name=pericic>Peričić, Marijana, ''et al.'' (2005). "High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations". ''Molecular Biology and Evolution'' '''22'''(10). {{doi|10.1093/molbev/msi185}} PMID 15944443.<br/>N.B. The haplogroups' names in the section "Genetics" are according to the nomenclature adopted in 2008, as represented in Vincenza Battaglia (2008) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2947100/figure/fig2/ Figure 2], so they may differ from the corresponding names in Peričić (2005).</ref><ref name=battaglia>{{cite journal | last1 = Battaglia | first1 = Vincenza ''et al.''  | year = 2008 | title = Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe | url = | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 17 | issue = 6| page = 6 | doi = 10.1038/ejhg.2008.249 | pmid=19107149 | pmc=2947100}}</ref> The modern distribution of E-V13 hints at a strong correlation with the Neolithic and Chalcolithic cultures of [[Old Europe (archaeology)|Old Europe]], such as the [[Vinča culture|Vinča]] and [[Karanovo culture|Karanovo]], cultures. E-V13 was later associated with the ancient Greek expansion and colonisation. Outside of the Balkans and Central Europe, it is particularly common in southern Italy, Cyprus and southern France, all part of the [[Ancient Greece|Classical ancient Greek world]]. In Bosnia the haplogroup is probably linked to the ancient Illyrians and Greek settlers (see [[Daorson]]).
*[[Haplogroup J2 (Y-DNA)|J2a]]-M410, 7.10%<ref name=Geneticstudy>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16266413&dopt=Abstract The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups]." ''Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, [[University of Sarajevo]].'' November 2005.</ref> Various other lineages of haplogroup J2-M172 are found throughout the Balkans, all with low frequencies. [[Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup J]] and all its descendants originated in the Middle East. It is proposed that the Balkan [[Mesolithic]] foragers, bearers of I-P37.2 and E-V13, adopted farming from the initial J2 agriculturalists who colonized the region about 7000 to 8000 ybp, transmitting the [[Neolithic]] cultural package.<ref name=battaglia/>
*[[Haplogroup R1b1 (Y-DNA)|R1b]]-M269, 3.50%.<ref name=Geneticstudy>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16266413&dopt=Abstract The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups]." ''Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, [[University of Sarajevo]].'' November 2005.</ref> Haplogroup R1b is the most common haplogroup in Western Europe, reaching over 80% of the population in Ireland, western Wales and the Basque country. This haplogroup was probably introduced to Europe by farmers migrating from western Anatolia, probably about 7500 years ago and is present in low-to moderate frequencies in Balkan Slavs, and certain in Bosniaks and Bosnian Croats (2.20% and in Bosnia and Herzegovina in general approximately 4%).<ref>Marjanović, Damir; et al.</ref>
*[[Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)|G]]-M201, 3.50%<ref name=Geneticstudy>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16266413&dopt=Abstract The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups]." ''Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, [[University of Sarajevo]].'' November 2005.</ref> It has been proven by the testing of Neolithic remains in various parts of Europe that haplogroup G2a was one of the lineages of Neolithic farmers and herders who migrated from Anatolia to Europe between 9,000 and 6,000 years ago.<ref>http://www.eupedia.com/europe/ancient_european_dna.shtml#Neolithic</ref>
*[[Haplogroup F (Y-DNA)|F*]]-M89, 3.50%<ref name=Geneticstudy>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16266413&dopt=Abstract The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups]." ''Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, [[University of Sarajevo]].'' November 2005.</ref>
*[[Haplogroup J2 (Y-DNA)|J2b]]-M102, 2.40%<ref name=Geneticstudy>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16266413&dopt=Abstract The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups]." ''Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, [[University of Sarajevo]].'' November 2005.</ref> J2b seems to have a stronger association with the Neolithic and [[Chalcolithic]] cultures of Southeast Europe. It is particularly common in the Balkans, Central Europe and Italy, which is roughly the extent of the European Copper Age culture. Its maximum frequency is achieved around Albania, Kosovo, Montenegro and Northwest Greece&nbsp;– the part of the Balkans which best resisted the Slavic invasions in the Early Middle Ages.
*[[Haplogroup J1 (Y-DNA)|J1]]-M267, 2.40%<ref name=Geneticstudy>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16266413&dopt=Abstract The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups]." ''Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, [[University of Sarajevo]].'' November 2005.</ref> Haplogroup J1 is a Middle Eastern haplogroup, which probably originated in eastern Anatolia. This haplogroup is almost certainly linked to the expansion of pastoralist lifestyle throughout the Middle East and Europe. J1 is particularly common in mountainous regions of Europe (with the notable exception of the Alps and the Carpathians), like Caucasus, Greece, Albania, Italy, central France, and the most rugged parts of Iberia.
*[[Haplogroup T (Y-DNA)|T]]-M184, 1.20%<ref name=marjanovic/> The modern distribution T in Europe strongly correlates with a the Neolithic colonisation of Mediterranean Europe by Near-Eastern farmers, notably the [[Cardium Pottery]] culture (5000–1500 BCE).

===Middle Ages===
:''See also:'' ''[[Banate of Bosnia]]'' and ''[[Kingdom of Bosnia]]''

[[File:Map of the Western Balkans around 814 AD.png|thumb|right|185px|The Adriatic ''[[Sclavinia]]'' in the early 9th century. The greater part of the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina (centered around the river ''Bosna'') is geopolitically uncharted around this period and presumably inhabited by undifferentiated Slavs and Slavicized Paleo-Balkan peoples under local self-government]]

The period from the 6th to 10th centuries saw both external migrations and raids by Slavs and [[Eurasian Avars|Avars]], as well as internal political and cultural re-organization of the former [[Roman province of Dalmatia]]. It is only from the 9th century that Frankish and Byzantine sources begin to mention early Slavic polities in the region. In this regard, the earliest widely acknowledged reference to Bosnia dates from the 10th century ''[[De Administrando Imperio]]'' written by Byzantine emperor [[Constantine VII|Constantine Porphyrogenitus]],<ref>[[#refMalcolm1996|Malcolm 1996]], p. 10.</ref> during which period [[Bosnia]] is briefly a part of the short-lived [[Časlav of Serbia|Serbian state of Časlav]], after whose death in battle in about 960, much of Bosnia finds itself briefly incorporated into the Croatian state of [[Michael Krešimir II of Croatia|Krešimir II]]. Shortly thereafter, in 997, [[Samuel of Bulgaria]] marches through Bosnia and asserts his over-lordship in parts of it, however, only to be defeated by the Byzantine empire in 1018 which annexes Bulgaria and asserts its [[suzerainty]] in Bosnia. This lasted until later in the century when some parts of Bosnia are briefly incorporated into Croatia and others into [[Duklja]] from which the latter Bosnia appears to have seceded in about 1101. In the year of 1137, Hungary annexes most of Bosnia, then briefly losing her in 1167 to the Byzantine empire before regaining her in 1180. Thus, prior to 1180 (the reign of [[Ban Kulin]]) parts of Bosnia were briefly found in Serb or Croat units, but neither neighbor had held the Bosnians long enough to acquire their loyalty or to impose any serious claim to Bosnia.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.se/books?id=0rIGA0rluO0C&pg=PA14&dq=a+tradition+betrayed+early+history+foreign+rule&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=0b_9T57-HbOM4gT2u7HDBg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=a%20tradition%20betrayed%20early%20history%20foreign%20rule&f=false|title=Donia, Robert J. Bosnia and Hercegovina: A Tradition Betrayed. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994, p. 14-16}}</ref> Anto Babić notes that ''Bosnia is mentioned on several occasions as a land of equal importance and on the same footing as all other [South Slavic] lands of this area.''<ref>Anto Babić, Iz istorije srednjovjekovne Bosne, (Sarajevo:Svjetlost,1972), p. 64.</ref>

After frequent change of rule over the area between medieval Serb, Croatian, Bulgarian and Byzantine rule, a ''de facto'' independent Bosnian state known as the [[Banate of Bosnia]] arose in the 12th century, though nominally under Hungarian sway.

====Religion, the Bosnian Church and Statehood====
:''See also'': ''[[Bosnian Church]]''
[[File:BiH, Radimlja necropolis 2.jpg|thumb|180px|left|[[Stećci|Medieval monumental tombstones (''Stećci'')]] that lie scattered across Bosnia and Herzegovina are historically associated with the Bosnian Church movement]]
[[Image:Hvalov zbornik1.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Hval Manuscript|Hval's Miscellany]] is a 15th-century Bosnian Church [[codex]] and one of the best known medieval manuscripts written in ''[[Bosnian Cyrillic|bosančica]]''.]]
Christian missions emanating from Rome and Constantinople had since the ninth century pushed into the Balkans and firmly established Catholicism in Croatia and most of Dalmatia, while Orthodoxy came to prevail in Bulgaria, Macedonia, and eventually most of Serbia. Bosnia, lying in between, remained a no-man's land due to its mountainous terrain and poor communications. By the twelfth century most Bosnians were probably influenced by a nominal form of Catholicism characterized by a widespread illiteracy and, not least, lack of knowledge in Latin amongst Bosnian clergymen. Around this period, Bosnian independence from [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungarian overlordship]] was effected during the reign (1180–1204) of [[Kulin Ban]] whose rule marked the start of a religiopolitical controversy involving the native [[Bosnian Church]]. The Hungarians, frustrated by Bosnia's assertion of independence, successfully denigrated its patchy Christianity as [[heresy]]; in turn rendering a pretext to reassert their authority in Bosnia. Hungarian efforts to gain the loyalty and cooperation of the Bosnians by attempting to establish religious jurisdiction over Bosnia failed however, inciting the Hungarians to persuade the papacy to declare a crusade: finally invading Bosnia and warring their between 1235 and 1241. Experiencing various gradual success against stubborn Bosnian resistance, the Hungarians eventually withdrew weakened by a [[Tatars|Tatar]] attack on Hungary. On the request of the Hungarians, Bosnia was subordinated to an Hungarian archbishop by the pope, though rejected by the Bosnians, the Hungarian-appointed bishop was driven out of Bosnia. The Bosnians, rejecting ties with international Catholicism came to consolidate their own independent church, known as the [[Bosnian Church]], condemned as heretical by both the [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] churches. Though scholars have traditionally claimed the church to be of a [[dualist]], or neo-[[Manichaean]] or [[Bogomil]] nature (characterized by the rejection of an omnipotent God, the Trinity, church buildings, the cross, the cult of saints, and religious art), some, such as John Fine, have stressed domestic evidence indicating the retention of basic Catholic theology throughout the Middle Ages.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pinson |first=Mark |url=http://books.google.se/books?id=Yl3TAkJmztYC&pg=PA4&dq=mark+pinson+from+the+ninth+century+christian+missions&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=rSjuUPGDGrT74QTMooDQCg&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=mark%20pinson%20from%20the%20ninth%20century%20christian%20missions&f=false |title=The Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina: Their Historic Development from the Middle Ages to the Dissolution of Yugoslavia |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1994 |isbn=0-932885-09-8 |pages=4–7}}</ref>  Most scholars agree that adherents of the church referred to themselves by a number of names; ''dobri Bošnjani'' or ''Bošnjani'' ("good Bosnians" or simply "Bosnians"), ''Krstjani'' (Christians), ''dobri mužje'' (good men), ''dobri ljudi'' (good people) and ''boni homines'' (following the example of a dualist group in Italy). Catholic sources refer to them as ''patarini'' ([[Cathars|patarenes]]), while the Serbs called them ''Babuni'' (after Babuna Mountain), the Serb term for Bogomils. The Ottomans referred to them as ''kristianlar'' while the Orthodox and Catholics were called ''gebir'' or ''kafir'', meaning "unbeliever".<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Rf8P-7ExoKYC&pg=PA29&dq=Bo%C5%A1njani&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=NTWIUcvqMYqC4gT1uoHAAQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Bo%C5%A1njani&f=false|title=''Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina''|author=Mitja Velikonja |year=2003|work= |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |accessdate=}}, pp. 29–30.</ref> The majority of the knowledge about the church is retrieved from outside sources.

====Expansion and the Bosnian Kingdom====
[[File:TvrtkoIRevers.png|thumb|left|140px|The coat of arms of the [[House of Kotromanić|Kotromanić dynasty]] on a 14th-century reverse – with the [[fleur-de-lis]], which is today used as a Bosniak national symbol and was formerly featured on the flag of the [[Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]]]

[[File:Medieval Bosnian State Expansion-en.svg|thumb|190px|right|Territorial evolution of the [[Bosnian Kingdom]]]]
[[File:Queen Catherine of Bosnia.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Queen [[Catherine of Bosnia]] fled the Ottoman invasion, while her children, prince [[Ishak-bey Kraloglu|Sigismund]] and princess Catherine, were converted to Islam. Her daughter Catherine was erected the [[Kral Kızı Monument]] after her death, while Sigismund, or later ''Ishak-beg Kraljević'', was made Sanjak-bey of [[Bolu]] by [[Mehmed the Conqueror]].]]

The Bosnian state was significantly strengthened under the rule (ca. 1318–1353) of ban [[Stephen II, Ban of Bosnia|Stephen II of Bosnia]] who patched up Bosnia's relations with the Hungarian kingdom and expanded the Bosnian state, in turn incorporating Catholic and Orthodox domains to the west and south; the latter following the conquer of [[Zahumlje]] (roughly modern-day Herzegovina) from the Serbian [[Nemanjić dynasty]]. In the 1340s, [[Franciscan]] missions were launched against alleged "heresy" in Bosnia; prior to this, there had been no Catholics – or at least no Catholic clergy or organization – in Bosnia proper for nearly a century. By the year 1347, Stephen II was the first Bosnian ruler to accept Catholicism, which from then on came to be – at least nominally – the religion of all of Bosnia's medieval rulers, except for possibly [[Stephen Ostoja of Bosnia]] (1398–1404, 1409–18) who continued to maintain close relations with the Bosnian Church. The Bosnian nobility would subsequently often undertake nominal oaths to quell "heretical movements" – in reality, however, the Bosnian state was characterized by a religious plurality and tolerance up until the Ottoman invasion of Bosnia in 1463.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pinson |first=Mark |url=http://books.google.se/books?id=Yl3TAkJmztYC&pg=PA6&dq=mark+pinson+the+bosnian+state+became+stronger+under+ban&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=oUnuUJTqJKqg4gTjyoHYDA&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=mark%20pinson%20the%20bosnian%20state%20became%20stronger%20under%20ban&f=false|title=The Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina: Their Historic Development from the Middle Ages to the Dissolution of Yugoslavia |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1994 |isbn=0-932885-09-8 |pages=6–8}}</ref>

By the 1370s, the Banate of Bosnia had evolved into the powerful [[Kingdom of Bosnia]] following the coronation of [[Tvrtko I of Bosnia]] as the first Bosnian king in 1377, further expanding into neighboring Serb and Croat dominions. However, even with the emergence of a kingdom, no concrete Bosnian identity emerged; religious plurality, independent-minded nobility, and a rugged, mountainous terrain precluded cultural and political unity. As Noel Malcolm stated: "All that one can sensibly say about the ethnic identity of the Bosnians is this: they were the Slavs who lived in Bosnia."<ref>[[#refMalcolm1996|Malcolm 1996]], p. 12.</ref>

===Islamization and Ottoman era===
{{see also|History of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1463–1878)|Ottoman conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Islamization of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian uprising}}

{{Quote box |width=32em | bgcolor=#ffc999 |align=left | quote=[[File:Stjepan Tomašević.jpg|thumb|150px|left|<center>[[Stephen Tomašević of Bosnia]], in front of Christ, by [[Jacopo Bellini]] in c. 1460.]] <br><br><br><br>"[...] Equally, I am begging you; [...] If Bosniaks would know that they will not be alone in this war, braver they shall struggle, and neither the Turks would have the courage to attack on my lands [...] My father predicted to your predecessor, [[Nicholas V]], and the Venetians the fall of Constantinople. He was not believed. [...] Now I prophesy about myself. If you trust and aid me I shall be saved; if not, I shall perish and many will be ruined with me." |source= - Excerpts from [[Stephen Tomašević of Bosnia|Stephen Tomašević's]] letter to [[Pope Pius II]]<ref>Klaić, Vjekoslav, ''Povijest Hrvata''</ref>}}šnjaka|Historija Bosne i Hercegovine}}

===Odnosi s susjednim nacionalizmom===
Kao plodno tlo za konflikte između različitih religija, nacionalnih mitologija i koncepata državljanstva, veliki dio historiografije [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosne i Hercegovine]] je od [[19. vijek|19. vijeka]] bio predmet konkurentnih nacionalističkih tvrdnji za širenje srpskih i hrvatskih hegemonističkih težnji u Bosni i Hercegovini, inherentno se ispreplićući u složenoj prirodi [[Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini|Bosanskog rata]] na kraju [[20. vijek|20. vijeka]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iqtVESaJUgkC&pg=PA13|title=''Being Muslim the Bosnian Way'' (u prijevodu na bosanski: ''Biti musliman na bosanski način'')|first=Tone|last=Bringa|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1995|pages=13}}</ref>
Andras Riedlmayersovo podrobno istraživanje za [[Haaški tribunal|Haaški sud]] pokazuje sljedeće: "Ono što se dogodilo u Bosni nije samo genocid, namjerno razaranje osnovnih temelja jedne određene zajednice ili skupine ljudi unutar društva... (...) Ono što se dogodilo u Bosni je također opisano kao ''sociocid'' – ubijanje napredujućeg, složenog i prosvijećenog društva kako bi ga unazađeno, jednostavno i zadrto društvo moglo zamijeniti."<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Vm_0jGbX72EC&pg=PA129|title= ''Understanding Evil: Lessons from Bosnia'' (u prijevodu na bosanski: ''Razumijevanje zla: Lekcije iz Bosne'')|first=Keith|last=Doubt|publisher=Fordham University Press|year=2006|pages=129–30.}}</ref>

Za razliku od čestih srpskih i hrvatskih nacionalističkih tvrdnji, Bosna i Hercegovina predstavlja historijsku cjelinu koja ima svoj identitet i svoju historiju.<ref name=Velikonja2003>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Rf8P-7ExoKYC&pg=PA13|title=''Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina'' (u prijevodu na bosanski: ''Religijske separacije i politička netolerancija u Bosni i Hercegovini'')|last=Velikonja|first=Mitja|year=2003|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|pages= 13}}</ref> Ova dva susjeda su, doista, okupirali dijelove svog teritorija, ali samo za kratko vrijeme i, kao takve, ni Srbija ni Hrvatska nemaju bilo kakva ozbiljna historijska prava i pretenzije na Bosnu.<ref name=Velikonja2003/><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0rIGA0rluO0C&pg=PA8|title=''Bosnia and Hercegovina: A Tradition Betrayed'' (u prijevodu na bosanski: ''Bosna i Hercegovina: Iznevjerena tradicija'')|authors= Robert J. Donia and John VA Fine|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1995|pages=8}}</ref> Osim toga, iako je Bosna i Hercegovina u odnosima sa svojim susjedima Srbima i Hrvatima kroz vijekove, ona ima veoma različitu historiju i kulturu u odnosu na njih.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qJvbRP5KSq4C&pg=PA7|title=''Bosnia and Hercegovina: A Tradition Betrayed'' (u prijevodu na bosanski: ''Bosna i Hercegovina: Iznevjerena tradicija'')|authors=Robert J. and John VA Fine|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1995|pages=7}}</ref> John Kinnamos, historičar [[Bizantsko carstvo|Bizantskog carstva]] iz [[12. vijek|12. vijeka]], navodi da Bosna nije bila podređena; naime, Bosanci su imali "vlastiti poseban način života i vlasti".<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0rIGA0rluO0C&pg=PA16|title=''Bosnia and Hercegovina: A Tradition Betrayed'' (u prijevodu na bosanski: ''Bosna i Hercegovina: Iznevjerena tradicija'')|authors=Robert J. Donia and John VA Fine|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1995|pages=16}}</ref> Prema američkom profesoru Johnu van Antwerpu Fineu Mlađem (John V. A. Fine), istaknutim ''autoritetom'' na ovim područjima ispitivanja,<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mQP4g8bAa5AC&pg=PA75|title=''Stone Speaker: Medieval Tombs, Landscape, and Bosnian Identity in the Poetry of Mak Dizdar'' (u prijevodu na bosanski: ''Kameni Spavač: Srednjovjekovne grobnice, pejzaži i bošnjački identitet u poeziji Maka Dizdara'')|first=Amila|last=Buturović|publisher=Palgrave|year=2002|pages=75}}</ref> [[Bošnjani]] su bili zaseban narod od najmanje [[10. vijek|10. vijeka]].<ref name="lrb.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v16/n08/john-fine/what-is-a-bosnian|title=''What is a Bosnian?'' (u prijevodu na bosanski: ''Šta je Bošnjanin?'')|author=John VA Fine|publisher=London Review of Books; ''Vol.16 No.8. 28 April 1994''|pages= 9–10.}}</ref>

===Porijeklo i genetika===
:''Također pogledajte'': ''[[Historija srednjovjekovne Bosne]]''
Rani [[Slaveni]], ljudi iz sjeveroistočne Evrope, su naselili teritoriju Bosne i Hercegovine (i susjednih područja) u [[6. vijek|6. vijeku]] i početkom [[7. vijek|7. vijeka]] (u toku Seobe naroda), te su se sastojali od malih plemenskih jedinica proizašlih iz jedne slavenske konfederacije poznate Bizantincima kao ''[[Sklavinija|Sklaveni]]'' (dok su Anti, grubo rečeno, kolonizirali istočne dijelove [[Balkan]]a).<ref name=Donia2005/><ref>Hupchick, Dennis P. ''The Balkans from Constantinople to Communism'', pp. 28–30. Palgrave Macmillan (2004)</ref> Po njihovom dolasku, [[Slaveni]] su asimilirali / ''stopili se s(a)'' / prihvatili paleo-Balkan, i to većinom romanizirana plemena, općenito poznata kao [[Iliri]] na području današnje Bosne i Hercegovine, ali i [[Kelti|keltsko]] stanovništvo koje se pomiješalo s njima još od [[4. vijek|4. vijeka]] p. n. e., te u manjoj mjeri Ostrogoti, tj. Istočni [[Goti]], koji su pričali [[njemački jezik]] a koji su došli na ovo područje u kasnom [[4. vijek|4. vijeku]] n. e. Timothy Gregory piše:

{{Citat2|Sada se uglavnom slažemo da su ljudi koji su živjeli na Balkanu nakon slavenskih "invazija", vjerovatno – u najvećoj mjeri – isti kao i oni koji su tu ranije živjeli, iako su stvaranje novih političkih grupa i dolazak malog broja imigranata izazvali to da ljudi gledaju sebe kao različite od svojih susjeda, uključujući i Bizantince.|'''Timothy E. Gregory''', u svome djelu ''A History of Byzantium'' (u prijevodu na bosanski: ''Historija [[Bizantijum]]a''), Wiley-Blackwell 2010. godine, str. 169}}

S obzirom na nova vremena, vrlo je vjerovatno – i ni na koji način nemoguće – da je mali dio predaka bošnjačkog naroda moguće pratiti do drugih islamiziranih i srodnih [[Južni Slaveni|južnoslavenskih]] naroda, kao što su [[Hrvati]] (uglavnom ona populacija onoga što je postalo turska Hrvatska, te oni slavonski muslimani koji su migrirali u Bosnu i [[Sandžak]], nakon 1687. godine, kada su [[Osmanlije]] izgubile sve zemlje sjeverno od rijeke [[Sava|Save]] u tzv. ''Austro-turskom ratu''). Neki Bošnjaci vuku korijene i od srpskih i crnogorskih [[muhadžir]]a, ali i drugih ne-južnoslavenskih pojedinaca, koji su pod osmanskom vlašću bili ''prevedeni'' na islam i prihvaćeni u zajedničku bošnjačku zajednicu (to su, npr., slavenizirani bosanski [[Vlasi]],<ref name="Historija Bošnjaka, str. 119">Mustafa Imamović – Historija Bošnjaka, Osmanska država i islamska civilizacija, str. 119</ref> [[Mađari]],<ref name="Historija Bošnjaka, str.. 119"/> [[Albanci]],<ref name="Historija Bošnjaka, str. 119"/> i njemački [[Saksonija|Sasi]].<ref name="Historija Bošnjaka, str. 119"/>

U udaljenom planinskom području – u Bosni – se čini da je naseljeno manje [[Slaveni|Slavena]] uopćeno, a možda da je i ona samo služila kao područje utočišta za domaće [[Iliri|Ilire]].<ref>John VA Fine, Jr. (1983; 1991) ''The early medieval Balkans: A critical survey from the sixth to the late twelfth century'', str. 37–38</ref> Toponim ''Bosna'', nastao po imenu rijeke [[Bosna (rijeka)|Bosne]] po kojem se historijski temelji – najvjerovatnije je izveden od ilirskog ''Bosona'' (u prijevodu na bosanski: ''tekuća voda''), te je odraz ilirskog naslijeđa regije.<ref name="Imamovic"/> Plemena poznata pod etnonimima ''srpski'' i ''hrvatski'' se opisuju kao druga, kasnija / potonja, migracija različitih ljudi tokom druge četvrtine [[7. vijek|7. vijeka]] za koje se ne vjeruje da su bili posebno brojni;<ref name=Donia2005/><ref name=Fine1991/> ova rana ''srpska'' i ''hrvatska'' plemena, čiji je tačan identitet predmet naučnih rasprava,<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gbUlnaHlHS0C&pg=PA404|title=''Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe''|author=Heather, Peter|year=2010|work= |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |accessdate=}}, str. 404–406</ref> su ''došli da prevladaju'' nad Slavenima u susjednim regijama. Bosna, međutim, se čini da je teritorij izvan srpskog i hrvatskog upravljanja i ne spominje se kao jedno od područja koje je naseljeno od strane ovih plemena. Vremenom, Bosna će formirati nezavisnu jedinicu pod upravom vladara [[ban Kulin|bana Kulina]], koji je sebe nazivao Bošnjaninom.<ref name=Fine1991/>

U [[14. vijek|14. vijeku]] [[Bosansko kraljevstvo]] smješteno na rijeci Bosni se počinje uzdizati. Njegovi su se ljudi, ne-koristeći lokalno ime, nazivali Bošnjanima.<ref name="lrb.co.uk"/><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Yl3TAkJmztYC&pg=PA19|title=Pinson, Mark (1994), ''The Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina: Their Historic Development from the Middle Ages to the Dissolution of Yugoslavia'', Harvard University Press, str. 19.}}</ref> Međutim, sve do osmanske [[okupacija|okupacije]] Balkana nije bilo moguće da se ''moderni Bošnjaci'' počnu bitno razlikovati od okolnih Slavena, svojom samoidentificirajućom islamskom ulogom Bošnjaka, kao što je bila i ona koju je odigralo [[katoličanstvo]] za Hrvate i [[pravoslavlje]] za Srbe.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Coppieters | first=Bruno | title=''Contextualizing Secession: Normative Studies in Comparative Perspective'' |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2003 |page=119 |isbn=0-19-925871-6}}</ref> Socijalna antropologistkinja Tone Bringa zaključuje da "ni bošnjački, ni hrvatski, ni srpski identitet se ne može u potpunosti razumjeti uzimajući u obzir samo [[islam]] ili samo [[kršćanstvo]], respektivno, već se treba sagledati uzimajući u obzir specifični bosanski kontekst koji je rezultirao zajedničkom historijom i lokalitetom među Bošnjacima, kako islamskih – tako i kršćanskih sredina".<ref name=shatzmiller>{{cite book|last=Shatzmiller|first=Maya|title=''Islam and Bosnia: Conflict Resolution and Foreign Policy in Multi-Ethnic States''|year=2002|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press|isbn=978-0-7735-2413-2|page=32}}</ref>


;Genetika
{{Main|Genetika}}
Kao i sa svim modernim evropskim [[nacija|nacijama]], veliki stepen ''biološkog kontinuiteta'' postoji između Bošnjaka i njihovih drevnih predaka s bošnjačkom Y-[[hromozom|hromozomskom]] lozom, svjedočeći pretežno paleolitsko evropsko porijeklo.<ref name=Geneticstudy>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16266413&dopt=Abstract The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups]." ''Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Sarajevo.'' November 2005</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Marijana | first1 = Peričić ''et al.'' | year = 2005 | title = ''High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations'' | url = | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 22 | issue = 10| pages = 1964–1975 | doi=10.1093/molbev/msi185}}</ref> Većina (>67%) Bošnjaka pripada jednoj od tri glavne evropske Y-DNK haplogrupe / haploidne grupe:<ref name=Geneticstudy>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16266413&dopt=Abstract The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups]." ''Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, [[University of Sarajevo]].'' November 2005</ref> haplogrupa I (48,2%), haplogrupa R1a (15,3%) i haplogrupa R1b (3,5%), dok ostala manjina pripada rjeđe pojavljivanim haplogrupama (haplogrupa E (12,9%), haplogrupa J2 (9,5%), haplogrupa G (3,5%) i haplogrupa P (3,5%)), uz ostale još rjeđe loze.<ref name=Geneticstudy>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16266413&dopt=Abstract The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups]." ''Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, [[University of Sarajevo]].'' November 2005</ref>

Ova istraživanja su pokazala dominantnu Y-[[DNK]] haplogrupu I, a posebno njenu pod-haplogrupu I-M438, tj. I2, koja se može naći kod Bošnjaka, te povezati s [[Paleolit|paleolitskim]] naseljenicima kao takva da je pridonijela drevnim populacijama koje su se proširile na [[Balkan]]u nakon posljednjeg glacijalnog maksimuma prije nekih 21 000 godina ''(vidi članak [[Ledeno doba]])''.<ref name=Geneticstudy/> ''Peričić i sur.'', naprimjer, stavlja njihovo širenje u period koji "nije raniji od tranzicije ''YD–Holocene'' a nije kasniji od ranog [[neolitik]]a".<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Marijana | first1 = Peričić ''et al.'' | year = 2005 | title = ''High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations'' | url = | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 22 | issue = 10| pages = 1964–1975 | doi=10.1093/molbev/msi185}}</ref> Nedvojbeno, slavensko stanovništvo se može podijeliti u dvije različite grupe: prvu koja obuhvata sve Zapadne Slavene ([[Poljaci]], [[Slovaci]] itd.), Istočne Slavene ([[Rusi]], [[Ukrajinci]] itd.), te nekoliko populacija [[Južni Slaveni|Južnih Slavena]] (sjeverozapadni [[Hrvati]] i [[Slovenci]]), a koji se odlikuju haplogrupom R-M420, tj. R1a; te drugu koja obuhvata sve preostale [[Južni Slaveni|Južne Slavene]] (uključujući i Bošnjake), a koja se odlikuje haplogrupom I2a2, tj. I-L69.2. Prema stavu ''Rebała i sur.''-a, ovaj fenomen se objašnjava kao "doprinos Y-hromozoma od naroda koji su se naselili na Balkanu prije slavenskog širenja genetskom naslijeđu Južnih Slavena".<ref>Rebała K., ''et al.'' (2007). Y-STR variation among Slavs: evidence for the Slavic homeland in the middle Dnieper basin. J Hum Genet. 2007;52(5):406-14. Epub 2007 Mar 16.</ref>


Y-hromozomske haplogrupe identificirane među Bošnjacima iz [[Bosna i Hercegovina|Bosne i Hercegovine]] su sljedeće:
[[File:I Distribution.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Raspodjela evropske Y-DNK haplogrupe I po regijama – preovladava u zemljama zapadnog [[Balkan]]a, na [[Sardinija|Sardiniji]], u sjevernoj [[Njemačka|Njemačkoj]] i u [[Skandinavija|Skandinaviji]] (nalazi se kod 48,3% Bošnjaka<ref name="ReferenceC">Damir Marjanović, ''The Peopling of Modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome Haplogroups in the Three Main Ethnic Groups'', ''Annals of Human Genetics''</ref> – i to sa oko 43,50%<ref name="ReferenceC"/> pripadnosti u zapadno-balkanskim pod-grupama I2a1-P37.2 i oko 4,70%<ref name="ReferenceC"/> u nordijskoj pre-germanskoj I1-M253 pod-grupi)]]
*'''Haplogrupa I2 (43,50%)'''<ref name=Geneticstudy>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16266413&dopt=Abstract The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups]." ''Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, [[University of Sarajevo]].'' November 2005.</ref> – Učestalost ove haplogrupe je najviša u [[BiH|Bosni i Hercegovini]] (52,20% i 63,80%, respektivno po dvama regijama: [[Bosna (regija)|Bosne]], te [[Hercegovina|Hercegovine]]<ref name="mbe.oxfordjournals.org">Oxford Journals – High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations. pdf: http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/22/10/1964.full.pdf</ref>), dok je njen varijetet najviši u velikim geografskim područjima koje pokriva BiH, Hrvatska, Crna Gora, Makedonija, Sjeverna Albanija, Bugarska, Rumunija, Moldavija, Ukrajina i Bjelorusija. Ova haplogrupa je povezana s paleolitskim<ref>Rootsi et al. Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I Reveals Distinct Domains
of Prehistoric Gene Flow in Europe. ''Am. J. Hum. Genet. 75:128–137, 2004''.</ref> naseljavanjima u regiji i predstavlja veoma vjerovatan potpis ponovnog širenja balkanske populacije nakon posljednjeg glacijalnog maksimuma ''(vidi članak [[Ledeno doba]])''.<ref name="ReferenceC"/>
**'''Haplogrupa I1 (4,70%)'''<ref name=Geneticstudy>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16266413&dopt=Abstract The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups]." ''Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, [[University of Sarajevo]].'' November 2005.</ref> – Ljudi koji pripadaju ovoj haplogrupi svi potječu od jednog pretka koji je živio u sjevernoj Evropi prije 10.000–7.000 godina. To je najčešća haplogrupa u sjevernoj Evropi, dosežući više od 40% stanovništva u [[Skandinavija|Skandinaviji]], gdje je također evoluirala u izolaciji tokom kasnog paleolitika i mezolitika.<ref>Peter A. Underhill et al., New Phylogenetic Relationships for Y-chromosome Haplogroup I: Reappraising its Phylogeography and Prehistory, in Rethinking the Human Revolution (2007), pp. 33–42. P. Mellars, K. Boyle, O. Bar-Yosef, C. Stringer (Eds.) McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, UK.</ref> Tragovi ove očinske linije koji se pojavljuju u područjima germanskih plemena su zabilježeni kao takvi da su migacijski ili invazijski.<ref name=genographic>[https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/atlas.html Genographic Project of National Geographic]</ref><ref name=newphylo>"New Phylogenetic Relationships for Y-chromosome Haplogroup I: Reappraising its Phylogeography and Prehistory," Rethinking the Human Evolution, Mellars P, Boyle K, Bar-Yosef O, Stringer C, Eds. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, UK, 2007, pp. 33–42 by Underhill PA, Myres NM, Rootsi S, Chow CT, Lin AA, Otillar RP, King R, Zhivotovsky LA, Balanovsky O, Pshenichnov A, Ritchie KH, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Kivisild T, Villems R, Woodward SR</ref> Učestalost haplogrupe I1 na zapadnom Balkanu (ili Balkanu općenito) ukazuje na značajnu prisutnost [[Goti|Gota]] i Gepida, koja je sukladna uspostavi Ostrogotskog kraljevstva u [[5. vijek|5. vijeku]] nove ere.
*'''Haplogrupa R1a-M17 (15,30%)'''<ref name=Geneticstudy>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16266413&dopt=Abstract The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups]." ''Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, [[University of Sarajevo]].'' November 2005.</ref> – Prva velika ekspanzija haplogrupe R1a se dogodila s zapadnjačkim propagiranjem tzv. ''Battle Axe'' kulture (2.800–1.800 p. n. e.) iz sjevernih šumskih stepa u Yamni. Za R1a se vjeruje da je bila dominantna haplogrupa među sjevernim i govornicima istočnih proto-indoevropskih jezika. Učestalost haplogrupe je danas najviša u [[Poljska|Poljskoj]] (56,4%) i [[Ukrajina|Ukrajini]] (54,0%), dok je njen varijetet najviši na sjeveru [[BiH|Bosne i Hercegovine]] (s 24,60% i 12,06%, respektivno po dvama regijama: Bosne, te Hercegovine<ref name="mbe.oxfordjournals.org"/>). To je najviše preovladavana Y-hromozomska haplogrupa u sveukupnom slavenskom genetskom ''basenu''.<ref name=pericic/><ref name=marjanovic>Marjanovic, D., ''et al.'' (2005). "The Peopling of Modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome Haplogroups in the Three Main Ethnic Groups". ''Annals of Human Genetics'' '''69'''. {{doi|10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00190.x}} PMID 16266413.</ref> Varijetet R1a1 na Balkanu bi mogao biti pojačan infiltracijom govornika indoevropskih jezika između 2.000 i 1.000 godina p. n. e. (vjerovatno proto-ilirskotrački govornici), te slavenskom Seobom u regiju u ranom [[Srednji vijek|srednjem vijeku]].<ref name=pericic/><ref name=marjanovic/>
*'''Haplogrupa E1b1b1a-V13 (12,90%)'''<ref name=Geneticstudy>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16266413&dopt=Abstract The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups]." ''Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, [[University of Sarajevo]].'' November 2005.</ref> – E-V13 je jedno od glavnih obilježja neolitičke ekspanzije poljoprivrede s [[Balkan]]a u ostatak [[Evropa|Evrope]]. Njegova učestalost je sada daleko veća u [[Grčka|Grčkoj]], južnoj [[Italija|Italiji]] i na [[Balkan]]u.<ref name=pericic>Peričić, Marijana, ''et al.'' (2005). "High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations". ''Molecular Biology and Evolution'' '''22'''(10). {{doi|10.1093/molbev/msi185}} PMID 15944443.<br/>N.B. The haplogroups' names in the section "Genetics" are according to the nomenclature adopted in 2008, as represented in Vincenza Battaglia (2008) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2947100/figure/fig2/ Figure 2], so they may differ from the corresponding names in Peričić (2005).</ref><ref name=battaglia>{{cite journal | last1 = Battaglia | first1 = Vincenza ''et al.''  | year = 2008 | title = Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe | url = | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 17 | issue = 6| page = 6 | doi = 10.1038/ejhg.2008.249 | pmid=19107149 | pmc=2947100}}</ref> Moderna distribucija E-V13 ukazuje na snažnu korelaciju s neolitičkom i eneolitičkom / kalkolitičkom kulturom stare Evrope, kao što su ''vinčanska'' i ''karanovačka'' kultura. E-V13 je kasnije bio povezan s drevnim grčkim ekspanzijama i kolonizacijama. Izvan Balkana i centralne Evrope, naročito je čest u južnoj Italiji, na [[Kipar|Kipru]] i u južnoj [[Francuska|Francuskoj]], zemljama koje su sve bile dio klasičnog antičkog grčkog svijeta. U Bosni haplogrupa je vjerovatno povezana s starim [[Iliri]]ma i grčkim doseljenicima.
*'''Haplogrupa J2a-M410 (7,10%)'''<ref name=Geneticstudy>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16266413&dopt=Abstract The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups]." ''Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, [[University of Sarajevo]].'' November 2005.</ref> – Mnoge druge loze haplogrupe J2-M172 se mogu naći širom Balkana, ali sve s niskim učestalostima. Haplogrupa J i svi njeni potomci potječu s [[Srednji istok|Srednjeg istoka]]. Vjeruje se da su balkanski mezolitički doseljenici, ''vlasnici'' I-P37.2 i E-V13, ''usvojili'' poljoprivredu od prethodnih ''J2 poljoprivrednika'' koji su kolonizirali područje oko 7.000–8.000 godina p. n. e., prenoseći [[neolitik|neolitičku]] kulturnu baštinu.<ref name=battaglia/>
*'''Haplogrupa R1b-M269 (3,50%)'''<ref name=Geneticstudy>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16266413&dopt=Abstract The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups]." ''Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, [[University of Sarajevo]].'' November 2005.</ref> – Haplogrupa R1b je najčešća haplogrupa u [[Zapadna Evropa|Zapadnoj Evropi]], koja uključuje više od 80% stanovništva u [[Irska|Irskoj]], zapadnom [[Wales]]u i [[Baskija|Baskiji]]. Ova haplogrupa je vjerovatno ''uvedena'' u Evropu od strane poljoprivrednika koji su migrirali iz zapadne [[Anadolija|Anadolije]], vjerojatno prije oko 7.500 godina, a prisutna je u niskoj do umjerenoj učestalosti kod balkanskih [[Slaveni|Slavena]], te zasigurno i kod Bošnjaka i [[bosanski Hrvati|bosanskih Hrvata]] (2,20%, te u Bosni i Hercegovini kao cjelini oko 4%).<ref>Marjanović, Damir; et al.</ref>
*'''Haplogrupa G-M201 (3,50%)'''<ref name=Geneticstudy>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16266413&dopt=Abstract The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups]." ''Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, [[University of Sarajevo]].'' November 2005.</ref> – Postojanje grupe je dokazano ispitivanjem [[neolitik|neolitičkih]] ostataka u različitim dijelovima [[Evropa|Evrope]] gdje je haplogrupa G2a bila jedna od loza neolitičkih poljoprivrednika i stočara koji su migrirali iz Anadolije u Evropu prije 9.000–6.000 godina.<ref>http://www.eupedia.com/europe/ancient_european_dna.shtml#Neolithic</ref>
*'''Haplogrupa F*-M89 (3,50%)'''<ref name=Geneticstudy>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16266413&dopt=Abstract The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups]." ''Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, [[University of Sarajevo]].'' November 2005.</ref> Oko 3,50% Bošnjaka imaju Y-DNK haplogrupu F*-M89, kao 5. najzastupljeniju, zajedno s haplogrupama R1b-M269 i G-M201.
*'''Haplogrupa J2b-M102 (2,40%)'''<ref name=Geneticstudy>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16266413&dopt=Abstract The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups]." ''Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, [[University of Sarajevo]].'' November 2005.</ref> – J2b se čini da ima veliku vezu s neolitičkim i eneolitičkim / kalkolitičkim kulturama [[Jugoistočna Evropa|Jugoistočne Evrope]]. Djelimično je zastupljena na [[Balkan]]u, u [[Centralna Evropa|Centralnoj Evropi]] i u [[Italija|Italiji]], gdje se – grubo rečeno – proteže čak do evropske kulture bakarnog doba / eneolitika / kalkolitika. Njena najveća učestalost je na područjima [[Albanija|Albanije]], [[Kosovo|Kosova]], [[Crna Gora|Crne Gore]] i sjeverozapadne [[Grčka|Grčke]] – dijela Balkana koji se ponajbolje odupro slavenskim invazijama u ranom [[Srednji vijek|srednjem vijeku]].
*'''Haplogrupa J1-M267 (2,40%)'''<ref name=Geneticstudy>Marjanović, Damir; et al. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16266413&dopt=Abstract The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups]." ''Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, [[University of Sarajevo]].'' November 2005.</ref> – Haplogrupa J1 je srednjoistočna haplogrupa, koja najvjerovatnije vodi porijeklo iz istočne [[Anadolija|Anadolije]]. Ova haplogrupa je skoro sigurno povezana s ekspanzijom pastoralističkog stila života kroz [[Srednji istok]] i [[Evropa|Evropu]]. J1 je djelimično prisutna u planinskim regijama Evrope (s značajnim izuzetkom – [[Alpi]] i [[Karpati]]), kao što su, naprimjer, [[Kavkaz]], [[Grčka]], [[Albanija]], [[Italija]], centralna [[Francuska]], te neki najrazruđeniji dijelovi [[Iberijsko poluostrvo|Iberije]].
*'''Haplogrupa T-M184 (1,20%)'''<ref name=marjanovic/> – Moderna distribucija T grupe u [[Evropa|Evropi]] je usko povezana s neolitičkom kolonizacijom [[mediteran]]ske Evrope od strane bliskoistočnih poljoprivrednika, posebno tzv. ''cardium-potteranskom'' kulturom, tj. neolitičkim dekoracionim stilom ukrašavanja keramike (5.000–1.500 p. n. e.).


===Srednji vijek===
:''Također pogledajte:'' ''[[Bosansko kraljevstvo]]''

[[File:Map of the Western Balkans around 814 AD.png|thumb|right|200px|Jadranska Sklavinija početkom [[9. vijek|9. vijeka]]; veći dio teritorije Bosne i Hercegovine (smješten oko rijeke [[Bosna (rijeka)|Bosne]]) je geopolitički ''neucrtan'' oko tog razdoblja, a vjerovatno naseljen nediferenciranim [[Slaveni]]ma i slaveniziranim paleo-balkanskim narodima u lokalnoj samoupravi]]

Period od [[6. vijek|6. vijeka]] do [[10. vijek|10. vijeka]] je ''vidio'' kako vanjske migracije i napade [[Slaveni|Slavena]] i evroazijskih [[Avari|Avara]] tako i unutrašnju političku i kulturnu reorganizaciju bivše rimske provincije [[Dalmacija|Dalmacije]]. U [[9. vijek]]u franački i bizantski izvori počinju spominjati ranu [[Južni Slaveni|južnoslavensku]] politiku u regiji. U tom smislu, najranije široko-priznato spominjanje ''Bosne'' datira iz [[10. vijek|10. vijeka]] i to u djelu ''[[De administrando imperio]]'', koje je napisao bizantski car [[Konstantin Porfirogenet]],<ref>[[#refMalcolm1996|Malcolm 1996]], str. 10.</ref> tokom perioda u kojem je Bosna ne-dugo bila dio kratkotrajne srpske države [[Časlav Klonimirović|Časlava]], nakon čije se smrti u bitki odigranoj oko 960. godine veći dio Bosne našao opet ne-dugo dijelom hrvatske države [[Krešimir I|Krešimira II]]. Ubrzo nakon toga, 997. godine, Samuel od Bugarske maršira kroz Bosnu i utvrđuje svoju prevlast u njenim dijelovima; međutim, on biva poražen od [[Bizantsko carstvo|Bizantskog carstva]] 1018. godine, kada ono [[aneksija|anektira]] [[Bugarska|Bugarsku]] i ističe svoju vlast u Bosni. To je trajalo sve dok krajem vijeka jedni dijelovi Bosne nisu bili nakratko priključeni Hrvatskoj a drugi Duklji, od kojih se, čini se, kasna Bosna odcijepila oko 1101. godine. U godini 1137., [[Mađarska]] anektira većinu Bosne, a zatim je nakratko gubi 1167. godine od strane [[Bizantsko carstvo|Bizantskog carstva]] sve dok je ponovo ne vrati 1180. godine. Dakle, prije 1180. godine (vladavina [[ban Kulin|bana Kulina]]) dijelovi Bosne su se nakratko nalazili i u srpskim i / ili u hrvatskim jedinicama, ali ni jedan susjed nije zadržao Bošnjane dovoljno dugo kako bi im se ''nametnuo'' ili stekao neko ozbiljno pravo na Bosnu.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.se/books?id=0rIGA0rluO0C&pg=PA14&dq=a+tradition+betrayed+early+history+foreign+rule&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=0b_9T57-HbOM4gT2u7HDBg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=a%20tradition%20betrayed%20early%20history%20foreign%20rule&f=false|title=Donia, Robert J. ''Bosnia and Hercegovina: A Tradition Betrayed''. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994, str. 14-16}}</ref> [[Anto Babić]] bilježi da je "Bosna spominjana u nekoliko navrata kao zemlja jednake važnosti i na istom nivou kao i druge [[Južni Slaveni|južnoslavenske]] zemlje ovog područja".<ref>Anto Babić, Iz istorije srednjovjekovne Bosne, (Sarajevo:Svjetlost,1972), str. 64.</ref>

Nakon čestih promjena vlasti nad područjem, između srednjovjekovne srpske, hrvatske, bugarske i bizantske uprave, ''de facto'' nezavisna [[bosanska država]] poznata kao banovina Bosna nastaje u [[12. vijek|12. vijeku]], iako je nominalno pod mađarskom vlasti.








====Religija, Crkva bosanska i državljanstvo====
:''Također pogledajte'': ''[[Crkva bosanska]]''
[[File:BiH, Radimlja necropolis 2.jpg|thumb|425px|right|[[Stećci]] koji leže raštrkani širom Bosne i Hercegovine su historijski povezani s pokretom Crkve bosanske]]
[[Image:Hvalov zbornik1.jpg|thumb|left|160px|[[Hvalov zbornik]] je kodeks Crkve bosanske iz [[15. vijek|15. vijeka]] i jedna od najboljih poznatih srednjovjekovnih manuskripti napisanih na [[bosančica|bosančici]]]]
Kršćanske misije proizašle iz [[Rim]]a i [[Carigrad]]a još od [[9. vijek|9. vijeka]] su ''dostavljene'' i na Balkan čvrsto uspostavljajući [[katoličanstvo]] u Hrvatskoj i većem dijelu [[Dalmacija|Dalmacije]], a [[pravoslavlje]] u [[Bugarska|Bugarskoj]], [[Makedonija|Makedoniji]], i na kraju – i većem dijelu [[Srbija|Srbije]]. Bosna, ležeći u sredini, ostaje ''ničija zemlja'' zbog planinskog terena i loših komunikacija. Do [[12. vijek|12. vijeka]] većina Bosanaca je vjerovatno bila pod utjecajem nominalnog oblika katoličanstva okarakteriziranog rasprostranjenom nepismenosti i – ne manje važno – nedostatkom znanja [[latinski jezik|latinskog jezika]] među bosanskim svećenicima. Oko ovog perioda, bosanska nezavisnost od [[Mađarska|Kraljevine Mađarske]] je dobijena za vrijeme vladavine [[Kulin ban|Kulina bana]] (1180-1204) čija je vladavina obilježila početak religionalno-političkih kontroverzi koje prvenstveno uključuju autohtonu [[Crkva bosanska|Crkvu bosansku]]. [[Mađari]] su, isfrustrirani zahtjevima za bosansku nezavisnost, uspješno proširili svoje ​​djelimično kršćanstvo kao [[hereza|herezu]], ''uvodeći'' je kao izgovor ponovnog uspostavljanja svoje vlasti u Bosni. Mađarski napori da se dobije lojalnost i suradnja s Bosancima pokušavajući utvrditi vjersku jurisdikciju nad Bosnom nisu uspjeli, međutim; to je podstaklo Mađare da vjerujući u papinstvo proglase [[križarski ratovi|križarski rat]]: konačna invazija Bosne i ratovanje njome između 1235. godine i 1241. godine. Doživljavajući razne postupne uspjehe protiv tvrdoglavog bosanskog otpora, Mađari se na kraju povlače, oslabljeni i od strane [[Tatari|tatarskih]] napada na Mađarsku. Na zahtjev Mađara, Bosna je podređena jednom mađarskom nadbiskupu od strane popa, što je bilo odbačeno kod Bosanaca, te mađarski imenovani biskup biva protjeran iz Bosne. Bosanci, odbacujući veze s međunarodnim katoličanstvom, uspostavljaju svoju samostalnu crkvu, poznatu pod imenom [[Crkva bosanska]], osuđenu i viđenu heretičkom i od strane [[Rimokatolička crkva|Rimokatoličke crkve]] i [[Pravoslavna crkva|Pravoslavne crkve]]. Iako su naučnici tradicionalno tvrdili da je [[Crkva bosanska|Crkva]] dualističke, te neo-manihejske ili [[bogumili|bogumilske]] prirode (okarakterizirana odbacivanjem Svemogućeg Boga, Trojstva, crkvenih građevina, križa, kulta svetaca i religijske umjetnosti), neki, kao što je John Fine, ističu autohtone dokaze koji ukazuju na zadržavanje osnovne katoličke teologije tokom [[srednji vijek|srednjeg vijeka]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pinson |first=Mark |url=http://books.google.se/books?id=Yl3TAkJmztYC&pg=PA4&dq=mark+pinson+from+the+ninth+century+christian+missions&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=rSjuUPGDGrT74QTMooDQCg&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=mark%20pinson%20from%20the%20ninth%20century%20christian%20missions&f=false |title=''The Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina: Their Historic Development from the Middle Ages to the Dissolution of Yugoslavia'' |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1994 |isbn=0-932885-09-8 |pages=4–7}}</ref> Većina naučnika se slaže da su sljedbenici [[Crkva bosanska|Crkve]] sebe nazivali raznim imenima: ''dobri Bošnjani'' ili ''Bošnjani'', ''krstjani'' (kršćani), ''dobri mužje'', ''dobri ljudi'' i ''boni homines'' (po uzoru na dualističku grupu u Italiji). Katolički izvori ih nazivaju ''patarinima'', dok ih Srbi nazivaju ''babunima'' (po Babuna planini) kao srpskim izrazom za ''bogumile''. [[Osmanlije]] su koristile pojam ''kristianlar'' dok su se [[pravoslavci]] i [[katolici]] zvali ''gebir'' ili ''kafir'', što znači "nevjernik".<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Rf8P-7ExoKYC&pg=PA29&dq=Bo%C5%A1njani&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=NTWIUcvqMYqC4gT1uoHAAQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Bo%C5%A1njani&f=false|title=''Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina''|author=Mitja Velikonja |year=2003|work= |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |accessdate=}}, str. 29–30.</ref> Većina informacija o [[Crkva bosanska|Crkvi]] je dobijena iz vanjskih izvora.


====Ekspanzija i Bosansko kraljevstvo====
:''Također pogledajte'': ''[[Bosansko kraljevstvo]]''
[[File:TvrtkoIRevers.png|thumb|left|215px|Grb [[Kotromanići|dinastije Kotromanić]] na naličju kovanice iz [[14. vijek|14. vijeka]] s ljiljanom, koji se danas koristi kao nacionalni simbol Bošnjaka i koji se nalazio na zastavi bivše [[Republika Bosna i Hercegovina|Republike BiH]]]]
[[File:Medieval Bosnian State Expansion-en.svg|thumb|375px|right|Teritorijalna evolucija [[Bosansko kraljevstvo|Bosanskog kraljevstva]]]]

[[Bosanska država]] je znatno ojačala za vrijeme vladavine Stjepana II od Bosne (ca. 1318–1353) koji je ponovo uspostavio odnose Bosne s Mađarskim kraljevstvom i koji je proširio bosansku državu, te sjedinio katolička i pravoslavna područja na zapadu i jugu, kasnije nasljeđujući osvajača Zahumlja (otprilike današnja Hercegovina) iz srpske [[Nemanjići|dinastije Nemanjić]]. 1340-ih, [[franjevci|franjevačke]] misije protiv navodne [[hereza|hereze]] u Bosni su pokrenute; prije toga, nije bilo katolika – ili barem katoličkih svećenika ili organizacija – u Bosni za gotovo jedan vijek. Do 1347. godine, Stjepan II bio je prvi bosanski vladar koji je prihvatio [[katoličanstvo]], koje je od tada – barem nominalno – religija svih bosanskih srednjovjekovnih vladara, eventualno osim [[Stjepan Ostoja, kralj Bosne|Stjepana Ostoje od Bosne]] (1398–1404, 1409–1418) koji je nastavio održavati bliske odnose s [[Crkva bosanska|Crkvom bosanskom]]. Bosansko plemstvo bi se naknadno često obavezivalo na nominalne zakletve da uguši ''heretičke pokrete'' – u stvarnosti, međutim, bosanska država bila je obilježena vjerskim pluralizmom i tolerancijom sve do osmanske invazije Bosne 1463. godine.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pinson |first=Mark |url=http://books.google.se/books?id=Yl3TAkJmztYC&pg=PA6&dq=mark+pinson+the+bosnian+state+became+stronger+under+ban&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=oUnuUJTqJKqg4gTjyoHYDA&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=mark%20pinson%20the%20bosnian%20state%20became%20stronger%20under%20ban&f=false|title=''The Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina: Their Historic Development from the Middle Ages to the Dissolution of Yugoslavia'' |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1994 |isbn=0-932885-09-8 |pages=6–8}}</ref>

Do 1370-ih, Banovina Bosna se razvila u snažno [[Bosansko kraljevstvo|Kraljevstvo Bosne]] slijedeći krunidbu [[Tvrtko I, kralj Bosne|Tvrtka I od Bosne]] kao prvog bosanskog kralja 1377. godine, i dalje se šireći na susjedne srpske i hrvatske dominione. Međutim, čak i uz pojavu [[Bosansko kraljevstvo|Kraljevstva]], nema nastanka konkretnog bošnjačkog identiteta; religijski pluralizam, nezavisna mišljenja plemstva i robusni brdoviti teren sprječava kulturno i političko jedinstvo. Noel Malcolm je izjavio: "Sve što se može razumno reći o etničkom identitetu Bosanaca jest ovo: oni su bili Slaveni koji su živjeli u Bosni." <ref>[[#refMalcolm1996|Malcolm 1996]], str. 12.</ref>









===Islamizacija i Osmanski period===
:''Također pogledajte'': ''[[Historija Bosne i Hercegovine (1463–1878)]]''

{{Quote box |width=31em | bgcolor=#ffc999 |align=left | quote=[[File:Stjepan Tomašević.jpg|thumb|150px|left|[[Stjepan Tomašević]], kralj Bosne, ispred Hrista (Jacopo Bellini, ca. 1460. g.)]] <br>''(...) Isto tako, ja vas molim... (...) Kada bi Bošnjaci znali da neće biti sami u ovom ratu, hrabrije bi se borili, a ni Turci ne bi imali hrabrosti za napad na moju zemlju... (...) Moj otac je predvidio tvom prethodniku, Nicholasu V, i Mlečanima – pad Carigrada. On nije vjerovao. (...) Sada sam propovijedam o sebi. Ako mi vjerujete i želite pomoći ja ću se spasiti; ako ne, ja ću nestati, a mnogi će biti uništeni sa mnom.'' |source= - Dijelovi pisma Stjepana Tomaševića za popa Pia II<ref>Klaić, Vjekoslav, ''Povijest Hrvata''</ref>}}
[[File:Queen Catherine of Bosnia.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Kraljica [[Katarina Kosača|Katarina bosanska]] je izbjegla osmansku invaziju, dok su njena djeca, princ Sigismund i princeza Katarina, bili ''prevedeni'' na islam. Njenoj kćerci Katarini je podignut spomenik ''Kral Kızı'' nakon njene smrti, dok Sigismund, ili kasnije [[Ishak-beg Kraljević]], proglašen ''Sanjak-beyom od Bolua'' od strane [[Mehmed Osvajač|Mehmeda Osvajača]].]]

Upon his father's death in 1461, [[Stephen Tomašević of Bosnia|Stephen Tomašević]] succeeded to the throne of Bosnia, a kingdom whose existence was being increasingly threatened by the Ottomans. In same year, Stephen Tomašević made an alliance with the Hungarians and asked [[Pope Pius II]] for help in the face of an impending Ottoman invasion. In 1463, after a dispute over the tribute paid annually by the Bosnian Kingdom to the Ottomans, he sent for help from the [[Republic of Venice|Venetians]]. How(contracted; show full)[[Category:Ethnic groups in Montenegro]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Serbia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Croatia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the Republic of Macedonia]]
[[Category:Slavic ethnic groups]]
[[Category:South Slavs]]
[[Category:Muslim communities in Europe]]