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{{Otherpeople|David Horowitz}}

'''David Joel Horowitz''' (born [[January 10]], [[1939]]) is an American [[American conservatism|conservative]] writer and activist.  The son of two life-long members of the Communist Party and once a prominent supporter of [[Marxism]] as well as a member of the [[New Left]] in the [[1960s]], Horowitz later rejected [[Leftism]] and is now a prominent advocate  for [[right-wing]] causes. He is a founder of the [[David Horowitz Freedom Center]] (formerly the Center for the Study of Popular Culture), and has served as president of that organization for many years. He is the editor of the conservative website [[FrontPage Magazine]], and his writings can also be read on prominent news sites and publications, including the conservative magazine ''[[NewsMax]]''.<ref>[http://www.newsmaxstore.com/nm/newsmax_pundits.cfm NewsMax Pundits<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> He founded the activist group [[Students for Academic Freedom]] and is affiliated with [[Campus Watch]]. He occasionally appears on [[Fox News Channel]] as an analyst.

==Early life and career==

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Horowitz was a confidant of [[Black Panthers]] leader [[Huey P. Newton]], and provided legal and financial assistance to the black revolutionary organization. He would later cite experiences with his involvement in the Panthers as the primary catalyst for reassessing his views. In December 1974, his close friend [[Betty Van Patter]], a bookkeeper for the Panthers, was murdered.<ref>
[http://www.thenation.com/docprint.mhtml?i=20000703&s=sherman David Horowitz's Long March<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> While the case officially went unsolved, Horowitz has maintained that the Panthers were responsible for her murder, which, he alleges, they committed in order to silence Van Patter from revealing the organization's financial corruption, and thereafter covered up the killing.

(contracted; show full)

He has voiced support for the [[Euston Manifesto]], but has suggested that it has little chance of reforming the Left and that its signatures have more in common with [[Tony Blair]] than with what Horowitz calls "the anti-American left."<ref>
[http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/Read.aspx?GUID={7404B5CA-0BA1-445C-A5FE-F4FB8D41CB22} FrontPage Magazine<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

Horowitz purchased, or attempted to purchase, advertising space in school publications in order to get his views and arguments across. Many of these offers were refused and at some schools papers which carried the ads were stolen or destroyed.<ref name="whyreparations"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.salon.com/news/feature/2001/03/09/horowitz/ |title=Who's afraid of the big, bad Horowitz? |accessdate=2007-02-01 |first=Joan |last=Walsh |date=2001-03-09 |publisher(contracted; show full)

==Criticism==
===Academia===
Some stories Horowitz has used as evidence that U.S. colleges and universities are bastions of liberal indoctrination have been disputed.<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/education/2006-05-31-horowitz-cover_x.htm
]</ref> For example, Horowitz told the story of a [[University of Northern Colorado]] student who received a failing grade on a final exam for refusing to write an essay arguing that George W. Bush is a [[war crimes|war criminal]].<ref>[http://www.frontpagemag.com/articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=15043]</ref><ref>[http://www.studentsforacademicfreedom.org/archive/2005/March2005/UNColoradostorydetails031405.htm]</ref> A spokeswoman for the university said that the test question was not as described by Horowitz and that there were non-political reasons for the grade, which was not an F.<ref>[http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2005/03/15/horowitz3_15]</ref> Horowitz responded that the student had indeed received an "F" on the exam but had appealed her grade on the course and been awarded a "B", and that the questions as supplied by UNC were evidence of indoctrination, not education, as claimed.<ref>[http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2005/03/15/horowitz3_15]</ref><ref>[http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=17621]</ref>

Horowitz also claimed that a [[Pennsylvania State University]] biology professor showed his students the film ''[[Fahrenheit 9/11]]'' just before the [[United States presidential election, 2004|2004 election]] in an attempt to influence their votes.<ref>The [[Students for Academic Freedom]] report [http://www.studentsforacademicfreedom.org/literature/CFAF_v23gz.pdf "The Campaign for Academic Freedom,"] p. 38</ref><ref>[http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/Printable.asp?ID=18947]</ref> Horowitz later acknowledged that he had not been able to confirm this story.<ref>[http://insidehighered.com/news/2006/01/11/retract]</ref><ref>[http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=21998]</ref>

Finally, Horowitz has referred to the case of a student named Ahmad al-Qloushi, whose professor allegedly responded to an "irrational[ly]" "pro-American" essay by failing him and threatening to visit the Dean of International Admissions (who had the power to take away student visas) to make sure he received regular psychological treatment.<ref>[http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=16550]</ref><ref>[http://www.studentsforacademicfreedom.org/archive/December2004/Foothillchronology121304.htm]</ref> His professor admits suggesting al-Qloushi visit a counselor, but for anxiety resulting from events that had happened to al-Qloushi in [[Kuwait]] 10 years before rather than for his politics, and denies mentioning the Dean.<ref>[http://www.studentsforacademicfreedom.org/archive/2005/March2005/AhmadFoothillDefendingPatArabsRights033105.htm]</ref><ref>[http://mediamatters.org/items/200502220005]</ref><ref>[http://hereswhatsleft.typepad.com/home/2005/02/on_january_26_2.html]</ref><ref>[http://www.thefire.org/index.php/article/5425.html]</ref>

Horowitz has also come under fire for material in his books, particularly ''[[The Professors: The 101 Most Dangerous Academics in America|The Professors]]''.<ref>[http://www.tpmcafe.com/node/26850]</ref><ref>[http://www.nyu.edu/classes/siva/archives/002808.html]</ref> For example, [[Media Matters for America]] claims that only 48 of the 100 (not 101) professors listed were criticized for in-class behavior and activities,<ref>[http://mediamatters.org/items/200604180011]</ref> despite Horowitz's claim that he makes "a very clear distinction between what's done in the classroom" and "what professors say as citizens."<ref>[http://mediamatters.org/items/200604100003]</ref> The group [[Free Exchange on Campus]] issued a 50-page report in May of 2006 in which they take issue with many of Horowitz's assertions in the book and describe what they see as factual errors, unsubstantiated assertions, and quotations which appear to be either misquoted or taken out of context.<ref>[http://www.freeexchangeoncampus.org/index.php?option=com_docman&Itemid=25&task=view_category&catid=12&order=dmdate_published&ascdesc=DESC]</ref><ref>[http://insidehighered.com/news/2006/05/09/report]</ref><ref>[http://hnn.us/roundup/entries/24935.html]</ref> 

Jacob Laksin has since issued a lengthy, three-part response to this report on FrontPageMag.com.<ref>[http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=22870]</ref><ref>[http://www.frontpagemag.com/articles/readarticle.asp?ID=22871&p=1]</ref><ref>[http://www.studentsforacademicfreedom.org/archive/2006/June2006/ProfessorsDiscountingtheFactsIII061206.htm?ID=22872&p=1]</ref><ref>[http://hnn.us/roundup/entries/26622.html]</ref>
which, among other things, claims that Free Exchange on Campus misrepresents itself as being "disinterested observers".  According to Laskin, "The groups comprising the Free Exchange coalition are chiefly distinguished by their partisan commitment to left-wing political causes and their support for the politicized and one-sided academic status quo."   Laskin cites member organizations, [[Campus Progress]] (which Laskin claims is funded by [[George Soros]]), the [[American Civil Liberties Union]] and [[People for the American Way]] as examples.  Laskin also claims the report "misrepresents and distorts the arguments of ''[[The Professors: The 101 Most Dangerous Academics in America|The Professors]]'' in order to attack the book and its author, and is not above fabricating evidence to make its case," and that while the report does identify some errors in Horowitz's book, they are trivial and "in no way affect the substantive arguments of the book or the conclusions drawn in the individual profiles of the professors included."<ref>[http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=22870]</ref>

===Allegations of bigotry===

[[Chip Berlet]], writing for the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] (SPLC), identified Horowitz's Center for the Study of Popular Culture as one of 17 "right-wing foundations and think tanks support[ing] efforts to make bigoted and discredited ideas respectable". Berlet accused Horowitz of blaming [[slavery]] on "'black [[Africa]]ns … abetted by dark-skinned [[Arab]]s'" and of "attack[ing] minority 'demands for special treatment' as 'only necessary because some blacks can't seem to locate the ladder of opportunity within reach of others,' rejecting the idea that they could be the victims of lingering racism."<ref>{{cite web|last = Berlet|first = Chip|year = 2003|url = http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?pid=105|title = Into the Mainstream|work = Intelligence Report|publisher = [[Southern Poverty Law Center]]|accessdate = 2006-04-23}}</ref> Responding with an open letter to [[Morris Dees]], president of the SPLC, Horowitz stated that his reminder that the slaves transported to America were bought from African and Arab slavers was a response to demands that only whites pay blacks reparations, not to hold Africans and Arabs solely responsible for slavery, and that the statement that he had denied lingering racism was "a calculated and carefully constructed lie." The letter said that Berlet's work was "so tendentious, so filled with transparent misrepresentations and smears that if you continue to post the report you will create for your Southern Poverty Law Center a well-earned reputation as a hate group itself."<ref>{{cite web | last = Horowitz | first = David | authorlink = David Horowitz (conservative writer) | year = 2003 | url = http://www.frontpagemagazine.com/Articles/Printable.asp?ID=9622 | title = An Open Letter To Morris Dees | work = FrontPageMagazine.com | publisher = FrontPageMagazine.com | accessdate = 2006-04-23}}</ref> The SPLC refused,[http://www.frontpagemag.com/articles/readarticle.asp?ID=9831] and subsequent critical pieces on Berlet and the SPLC have been featured on Horowitz's website and personal blog.<ref>[http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=9830]</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Arabia | first = Chris | year = 2003 | url = http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=10352 | title = Chip Berlet: Leftist Lie Factory | work = FrontPageMagazine.com | publisher = FrontPageMagazine.com | accessdate = 2006-04-23}}</ref>

[[Tim Wise]], self-described "anti-racist essayist, lecturer and activist" criticized<ref>[http://www.zmag.org/Sustainers/content/2002-12/16wise.cfm]</ref> Horowitz in the left-wing publication, ''[[Z Communications|Znet]]'' for associating with alleged racists, pointing to his acceptance of funding from the [[Bradley Foundation]], which supported the publication of ''[[The Bell Curve]]'', as well for running a modified piece by [[white nationalism|white nationalist]] [[Jared Taylor]] on the media treatment of black-on-white murders. When Horowitz ran the piece, he admitted that the decision to do so would be controversial, but denied that Taylor was a racist, instead arguing that his "[[racialism]]" was an example of [[identity politics]] precipitated by an intellectual surrender to [[multiculturalism]]; Horowitz denied that he and his publication share Taylor's agenda.<ref>[http://www.frontpagemag.com/blog/printable.asp?ID=13]</ref>

===Criticism of Ron Paul===

On Glenn Beck's CNN Headline News show, Horowitz recently criticized [[Ron Paul]]'s US Presidential candidacy.  "I think it's very significant he (Ron Paul) chose [[Guy Fawkes]] as an image...There are plenty, unfortunately, libertarian websites which are indistinguishable from the anti-American left these days - LewRockwell.com and others like that - they are totally in bed with the Islamofascists and have turned against this country."<ref>http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0711/12/gb.01.html</ref>

In a March 5, 2007 interview in [[FrontPage Magazine]], Horowitz stated that "[[Ron Paul]] – the only Libertarian in Congress – is a disgrace. He has waged a war against America’s war on terror, in lockstep with the left, and against the state of [[Israel]], the frontline democracy in this war."<ref>http://frontpagemagazine.com/Articles/Read.aspx?GUID={CA5CFCDE-651B-45D1-B93A-DFF2F3912525} USATODAY.com - Ex-liberal navigates right<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> For example, Horowitz told the story of a [[University of Northern Colorado]] student who received a failing grade on a final exam for refusing to write an essay arguing that George W. Bush is a [[war crimes|war criminal]].<ref>[http://www.frontpagemag.com/articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=15043 FrontPage Magazine<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.studentsforacademicfreedom.org/archive/2005/March2005/UNColoradostorydetails031405.htm University of N. Colorado Story Confirmed - University of Northern Colorado - News - Students For Academic Freedom<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> A spokeswoman for the university said that the test question was not as described by Horowitz and that there were non-political reasons for the grade, which was not an F.<ref>[http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2005/03/15/horowitz3_15 Tattered Poster Child :: Inside Higher Ed :: Higher Education's Source for News, and Views and Jobs<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Horowitz responded that the student had indeed received an "F" on the exam but had appealed her grade on the course and been awarded a "B", and that the questions as supplied by UNC were evidence of indoctrination, not education, as claimed.<ref>[http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2005/03/15/horowitz3_15 Tattered Poster Child :: Inside Higher Ed :: Higher Education's Source for News, and Views and Jobs<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=17621 FrontPage Magazine<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

Horowitz also claimed that a [[Pennsylvania State University]] biology professor showed his students the film ''[[Fahrenheit 9/11]]'' just before the [[United States presidential election, 2004|2004 election]] in an attempt to influence their votes.<ref>The [[Students for Academic Freedom]] report [http://www.studentsforacademicfreedom.org/literature/CFAF_v23gz.pdf "The Campaign for Academic Freedom,"] p. 38</ref><ref>[http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/Printable.asp?ID=18947 Article<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Horowitz later acknowledged that he had not been able to confirm this story.<ref>[http://insidehighered.com/news/2006/01/11/retract Retractions From David Horowitz :: Inside Higher Ed :: Higher Education's Source for News, and Views and Jobs<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=21998 FrontPage Magazine<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

Finally, Horowitz has referred to the case of a student named Ahmad al-Qloushi, whose professor allegedly responded to an "irrational[ly]" "pro-American" essay by failing him and threatening to visit the Dean of International Admissions (who had the power to take away student visas) to make sure he received regular psychological treatment.<ref>[http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=16550 FrontPage Magazine<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.studentsforacademicfreedom.org/archive/December2004/Foothillchronology121304.htm Chronological Overview of Foothill Outrage - Foothill College - News - Students For Academic Freedom<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> His professor admits suggesting al-Qloushi visit a counselor, but for anxiety resulting from events that had happened to al-Qloushi in [[Kuwait]] 10 years before rather than for his politics, and denies mentioning the Dean.<ref>[http://www.studentsforacademicfreedom.org/archive/2005/March2005/AhmadFoothillDefendingPatArabsRights033105.htm Defending a Patriotic Arab Student's Rights - Press Coverage - Foothill College - News - Students For Academic Freedom<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://mediamatters.org/items/200502220005 Media Matters - Hannity & Colmes , Horowitz ignored facts undermining GOP student's claim that professor failed him for "pro-American" paper<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://hereswhatsleft.typepad.com/home/2005/02/on_january_26_2.html Here's What's Left: The continuing saga of Ahmad al-Qloushi's essay<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.thefire.org/index.php/article/5425.html FIRE - Clearing the Air on Al-Qloushi<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

Horowitz has also come under fire for material in his books, particularly ''[[The Professors: The 101 Most Dangerous Academics in America|The Professors]]''.<ref>[http://www.tpmcafe.com/node/26850]</ref><ref>[http://www.nyu.edu/classes/siva/archives/002808.html]</ref> For example, [[Media Matters for America]] claims that only 48 of the 100 (not 101) professors listed were criticized for in-class behavior and activities,<ref>[http://mediamatters.org/items/200604180011 Media Matters - David Horowitz debunks David Horowitz: a Media Matters analysis of The Professors<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> despite Horowitz's claim that he makes "a very clear distinction between what's done in the classroom" and "what professors say as citizens."<ref>[http://mediamatters.org/items/200604100003 Media Matters - Horowitz falsely claimed he doesn't attack professors' "political speech" outside the "classroom"<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The group [[Free Exchange on Campus]] issued a 50-page report in May of 2006 in which they take issue with many of Horowitz's assertions in the book and describe what they see as factual errors, unsubstantiated assertions, and quotations which appear to be either misquoted or taken out of context.<ref>[http://www.freeexchangeoncampus.org/index.php?option=com_docman&Itemid=25&task=view_category&catid=12&order=dmdate_published&ascdesc=DESC Free Exchange on Campus - Downloads<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://insidehighered.com/news/2006/05/09/report Fact-Checking David Horowitz :: Inside Higher Ed :: Higher Education's Source for News, and Views and Jobs<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://hnn.us/roundup/entries/24935.html History News Network<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> 

Jacob Laksin has since issued a lengthy, three-part response to this report on FrontPageMag.com.<ref>[http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=22870 FrontPage Magazine<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.frontpagemag.com/articles/readarticle.asp?ID=22871&p=1 FrontPage Magazine<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.studentsforacademicfreedom.org/archive/2006/June2006/ProfessorsDiscountingtheFactsIII061206.htm?ID=22872&p=1 Discounting the Facts, Part III - News - Students For Academic Freedom<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://hnn.us/roundup/entries/26622.html History News Network<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
which, among other things, claims that Free Exchange on Campus misrepresents itself as being "disinterested observers".  According to Laskin, "The groups comprising the Free Exchange coalition are chiefly distinguished by their partisan commitment to left-wing political causes and their support for the politicized and one-sided academic status quo."   Laskin cites member organizations, [[Campus Progress]] (which Laskin claims is funded by [[George Soros]]), the [[American Civil Liberties Union]] and [[People for the American Way]] as examples.  Laskin also claims the report "misrepresents and distorts the arguments of ''[[The Professors: The 101 Most Dangerous Academics in America|The Professors]]'' in order to attack the book and its author, and is not above fabricating evidence to make its case," and that while the report does identify some errors in Horowitz's book, they are trivial and "in no way affect the substantive arguments of the book or the conclusions drawn in the individual profiles of the professors included."<ref>[http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=22870 FrontPage Magazine<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

===Allegations of bigotry===

[[Chip Berlet]], writing for the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] (SPLC), identified Horowitz's Center for the Study of Popular Culture as one of 17 "right-wing foundations and think tanks support[ing] efforts to make bigoted and discredited ideas respectable". Berlet accused Horowitz of blaming [[slavery]] on "'black [[Africa]]ns … abetted by dark-skinned [[Arab]]s'" and of "attack[ing] minority 'demands for special treatment' as 'only necessary because some blacks can't seem to locate the ladder of opportunity within reach of others,' rejecting the idea that they could be the victims of lingering racism."<ref>{{cite web|last = Berlet|first = Chip|year = 2003|url = http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?pid=105|title = Into the Mainstream|work = Intelligence Report|publisher = [[Southern Poverty Law Center]]|accessdate = 2006-04-23}}</ref> Responding with an open letter to [[Morris Dees]], president of the SPLC, Horowitz stated that his reminder that the slaves transported to America were bought from African and Arab slavers was a response to demands that only whites pay blacks reparations, not to hold Africans and Arabs solely responsible for slavery, and that the statement that he had denied lingering racism was "a calculated and carefully constructed lie." The letter said that Berlet's work was "so tendentious, so filled with transparent misrepresentations and smears that if you continue to post the report you will create for your Southern Poverty Law Center a well-earned reputation as a hate group itself."<ref>{{cite web | last = Horowitz | first = David | authorlink = David Horowitz (conservative writer) | year = 2003 | url = http://www.frontpagemagazine.com/Articles/Printable.asp?ID=9622 | title = An Open Letter To Morris Dees | work = FrontPageMagazine.com | publisher = FrontPageMagazine.com | accessdate = 2006-04-23}}</ref> The SPLC refused,[http://www.frontpagemag.com/articles/readarticle.asp?ID=9831] and subsequent critical pieces on Berlet and the SPLC have been featured on Horowitz's website and personal blog.<ref>[http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=9830 FrontPage Magazine<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Arabia | first = Chris | year = 2003 | url = http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=10352 | title = Chip Berlet: Leftist Lie Factory | work = FrontPageMagazine.com | publisher = FrontPageMagazine.com | accessdate = 2006-04-23}}</ref>

[[Tim Wise]], self-described "anti-racist essayist, lecturer and activist" criticized<ref>[http://www.zmag.org/Sustainers/content/2002-12/16wise.cfm ZNet Commentary: Making Nice With Racists: David Horowitz and The Soft Pedaling Of White Supremacy<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Horowitz in the left-wing publication, ''[[Z Communications|Znet]]'' for associating with alleged racists, pointing to his acceptance of funding from the [[Bradley Foundation]], which supported the publication of ''[[The Bell Curve]]'', as well for running a modified piece by [[white nationalism|white nationalist]] [[Jared Taylor]] on the media treatment of black-on-white murders. When Horowitz ran the piece, he admitted that the decision to do so would be controversial, but denied that Taylor was a racist, instead arguing that his "[[racialism]]" was an example of [[identity politics]] precipitated by an intellectual surrender to [[multiculturalism]]; Horowitz denied that he and his publication share Taylor's agenda.<ref>[http://www.frontpagemag.com/blog/printable.asp?ID=13]</ref>

===Criticism of Ron Paul===

On Glenn Beck's CNN Headline News show, Horowitz recently criticized [[Ron Paul]]'s US Presidential candidacy.  "I think it's very significant he (Ron Paul) chose [[Guy Fawkes]] as an image...There are plenty, unfortunately, libertarian websites which are indistinguishable from the anti-American left these days - LewRockwell.com and others like that - they are totally in bed with the Islamofascists and have turned against this country."<ref>[http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0711/12/gb.01.html CNN.com - Transcripts<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

In a March 5, 2007 interview in [[FrontPage Magazine]], Horowitz stated that "[[Ron Paul]] – the only Libertarian in Congress – is a disgrace. He has waged a war against America’s war on terror, in lockstep with the left, and against the state of [[Israel]], the frontline democracy in this war."<ref>[http://frontpagemagazine.com/Articles/Read.aspx?GUID={CA5CFCDE-651B-45D1-B93A-DFF2F3912525} FrontPage Magazine<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

==Books and other publications==

* ''Student: The Political Activities of the Berkeley Students'' (New York: Ballantine Books, 1962)

* ''Corporations and the Cold War'' (editor) (New York: Monthly Review, 1969)

(contracted; show full)[[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]]
[[Category:Jewish American activists]]
[[Category:New York Republicans]]
[[Category:Jewish atheists]]

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