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[[Datei:Zeittafel_Jesus.gif|px300|miniatur|Zeittafel zum Leben Jesu, [[Provisorium|provisorische]] Skizze{{See also|Gospel harmony|Historical Jesus|Historicity of Jesus}}
[[File:Church of Christ icon.jpg|thumb|250px|right|upright|[[Medieval]] Russian [[icon]] depicting the [[Life of Christ|life of Jesus]]]]

A '''chronology of Jesus''' aims to establish a [[timeline]] for some of the events of the life of [[Jesus]] in the four [[canonical gospels]]. The [[Christian]] gospels were primarily written as theological documents rather than historical chronicles and their authors showed little interest in an absolute chronology of Jesus. However, it is possible to correlate the [[New Testament]] with non-Christian sources such as [[Jewish]] and [[Greco-Roman]] documents to estimate specific date ranges for the major events in Jesus' life.<ref name=Rahner730 /><ref name=Wiarda75 /><ref name="brown964">{{cite book |authorlink= Raymond E. Brown |last=Brown |first=Raymond E. |year=1994 |location=New York |publisher=Doubleday, Anchor Bible Reference Library |page=964|isbn=978-0-385-19397-9 |title=The Death of the Messiah: from Gethsemane to the Grave: A Commentary on the Passion Narratives in the Four Gospels}}</ref><ref>Paula Fredriksen, 1999, ''⏎
{{cite book|authorlink=Paula Fredriksen|author=Paula Fredriksen|work=Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews'',|publisher= [[Alfred A. Knopf]] Publishers, |year=1999|pages=6–7, 105–10, 232–34, 266}}</ref>

Two independent approaches can be used to estimate the year of birth of Jesus, one based on the [[Nativity of Jesus|nativity accounts]] in the gospels, the other by working backwards from the date of the start of [[Ministry of Jesus|his ministry]]. Most scholars assume a date of birth between 6 and 4 [[Before Christ|BC]]BC.<ref name=JDG324 />

Three independent approaches to estimate the dates of the ministry of Jesus are: first, the fifteenth year of the reign of [[Tiberius Caesar]], second: the date of the building of the [[Herod's Temple|Jerusalem Temple]] and third, the date of the [[death of John the Baptist]].<ref name=Eerdmans246 /><ref name=Eerdmans246 /><ref name=CEvans67 /><ref name=ChronosPaul /><ref name=AmyJill55 /><ref name=fox25 /><ref name=Bromiley694 /> Scholars generally estimate that the ministry of Jesus began around 27-29 AD and lasted at least one year, and perhaps three years, or more.<ref name=Eerdmans246 /><ref name=ChronosPaul /><ref name=PAnderson200 /><ref name=Knoblet />

Diverse approaches have been used to estimate the date of the crucifixion of Jesus. One approach uses the attestations of non-Christian sources such as [[Josephus]] and [[Tacitus]].<ref name=autogenerated3 /><ref name="Paul William Meyer page 112">''The Word in this world'' by Paul William Meyer, John T. Carroll 2004 ISBN 0-664-22701-5 page 112</ref> Another method works backwards from the historically well established trial of [[Apostle Paul]] in [[Achaea]] to estimate the date of [[Conversion of Paul the Apostle|his conversion]].<ref name=Barnett19 /><ref name=Barnett19 /><ref name=Kostenberger77 /><ref name=Riesner /> Two independent astronomical methods have also been used, suggesting the same date, i.e. Friday, April 3, 33 AD.<ref name=Pratt1 /><ref name=HumphreysPlus /><ref name=Colin13 /> Scholars generally agressume that Jesus died between 30-36 AD.<ref name=ChronosPaul /><ref name=Barnett19 /><ref name=Kostenberger140 /><ref name="Sanders" />
{{Jesus}}
==Context and overview==
{{also|New Testament places associated with Jesus}}
The Christian gospels were written as theological documents in the context of [[early Christianity]] rather than historical chronicles and their authors showed little interest in an absolute chronology of Jesus or in synchronizing the episodes of his life with the secular history of the age.<ref name=Rahner730 >''Encyclopedia of theology: a concise Sacramentum mundi'' by [[Karl Rahner]] 2004 ISBN 0-86012-006-6 pages 730-731</ref> The gospels were written primarily as theological documents in the context of [[early Christianity]] with the chronological timelines as a secondary consideration.<ref name=Wiarda75 >''Interpreting Gospel Narratives: Scenes, People, and Theology'' by Timothy Wiarda 2010 ISBN 0-8054-4843-8 pages 75-78</ref> One manifestation of the gospels being theological documents rather than historical chronicles is that they devote about one third of their text to just seven days, namely the last week of the life of Jesus in [[Jerusalem in Christianity|Jerusalem]].<ref name=Turner613 >''Matthew'' by David L. Turner 2008 ISBN 0-8010-2684-9 page 613</ref>

[[File:Josephus Antiquitates Iudaice.jpg|thumb|left|18067px|A 1466 copy of Jewish historian [[Flavius Josephus]]' first century work ''[[Antiquities of the Jews]]'', widely used to establish the chronology of Jesus.<ref name=Leslie508 />]]
Although the gospels do not provide enough details regarding exact dates, it is possible to draw from them a general picture of the life story of Jesus and to establish some date ranges regarding the major events in his life via correlations with non-Christian sources.<ref name=Rahner730 /><ref name=Wiarda75 /><ref name = autogenerated5>{{Cite document | title = The Historical Figure of Jesus | last = Sanders | first = EP | publisher = Penguin Books | place = London | year = 1995 | page = 3}}</ref> A number of historical non-Christian documents, such as Jewish and [[Greco-Roman]] sources, have been used in historical analyses of the existence of Jesus and his chronology.<ref name= Blomberg431 >''Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey'' by Craig L. Blomberg 2009 ISBN 0-8054-4482-3 pages 431-436</ref> Virtually all modernMost critical historians agree that Jesus existed, and regard events such as [[Baptism of Jesus|his baptism]] and [[Crucifixion of Jesus|his crucifixion]] as historical events, and assume that approximate ranges for some of these events can be estimated.<ref name=Ehrman285>In a 2011 review of the state of modern scholarship, [[Bart Ehrman]] wrote: "He certainly existed, as virtually every competent scholar of antiquity, Christian or non-Christian, agrees" B. Ehrman, 2011 ''Forged : writing in the name of God'' ISBN 978-0-06-207863-6. page 285</ref"brown964"/><ref name="autogenerated19">{{Cite document | quote = There is almost uUniversal agreement that Jesus lived | first = Bernard L | last = Ramm | title = An Evangelical Christology: Ecumenic and Historic | publisher = Regent College Publishing | year = 1993 | page = 19}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated236">{{Cite document | quote = some judgements are so probable as to be certain; for example, Jesus really existed | first = Marcus | last = Wright | contribution = A Vision of the Christian Life | first1 = Marcus J | last1 = Borg | first2 = NT | title = The Meaning of Jesus: Two Visions | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 1999 | page = 236}}</ref> However, as stated in [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John#21:25|John 21:25]] the gospels do not claim to provide an exhaustive list of the events in the life of Jesus.<ref name=Gerald3 >''Christology: A Biblical, Historical, and Systematic Study of Jesus'' by Gerald O'Collins 2009 ISBN 0-19-955787-X pages 1-3</ref><ref name=MAPowell168 >''Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee'' by Mark Allan Powell 1998 ISBN 0-664-25703-8 pages 168-173</ref><ref name="brown964"/>

The year of birth of Jesus can be estimated using two independent approaches: one based on the [[Nativity of Jesus|nativity accounts]] in the gospels of [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] and [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]], the other by working backwards from the date of the start of [[Ministry of Jesus|his ministry]], when according to the Gospel of Luke he was about thirty years old. Most scholars assume a date of birth between 6 and 4 BC.<ref name=JDG324 /> 

(contracted; show full)nk| title=The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus |year=1998 |publisher=Harper |location=San Francisco}}</ref><ref name="Paul William Meyer page 112"/> Another approach works backwards from the historically well established trial of [[Apostle Paul]] in Corinth to estimate the date of [[Conversion of Paul the Apostle|his conversion]], given that in the New Testament accounts Jesus' death takes place before this conversion.<ref name=Barnett19 /><ref 
name=Barnett19 /><ref name=Kostenberger77 /><ref name=Riesner />

Two independent astronomical methods have also been used, suggesting the same date. One method goes back to [[Isaac Newton]]'s calculation of the relative visibility of the crescent of the new moon between the [[Hebrew calendar|Hebrew]] and [[Julian calendar]]s.<ref name=Pratt1 /><ref name=Humphreys45 /><ref name=Newton /> The other method uses a [[lunar eclipse]] model and independently arrives at the same date, i.e. April 3, 33 AD(contracted; show full)
The "nativity-based" approach to estimating the year of birth of Jesus relies on the analysis of the [[Nativity of Jesus|nativity]] accounts (that only appear in the Gospels of Luke and Matthew) along with other corresponding historical data.<ref name=ChronosPaul /><ref name=Niswonger121 >''New Testament History'' by Richard L. Niswonger 1992 ISBN 0-310-31201-9 pages 121-124</ref>

Luke or Matthew do not mention a date or time of year for the birth of Jesus
 (although Luke 2.2 refers to the [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke#2:2|first enrolment]] at the time of [[Census of Quirinius|Quirinius]], as discussed below) and [[Karl Rahner]] states that the authors of the gospels generally focus on theological elements rather than historical chronologies.<ref name=Rahner731 >''Encyclopedia of theology: a concise Sacramentum mundi'' by [[Karl Rahner]] 2004 ISBN 0-86012-006-6 page 731</ref> However, both Luke and Matthew associate Jesus' birth with the time of [[Herod the Great]].<ref name="Rahner731"/>

[[Herod the Great]], is generally believed to have died around 4 BC, implying that the birth of Jesus was not after that year.<ref name=Niswonger121 /><ref name="Rahner731"/> [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew#2:1|Matthew 2:1]] states that: "Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judaea in the days of Herod the king" and [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke#1:5|Luke 1:5]] mentions the reign of Herod shortly before the birth of Jesus.<ref name=Niswonger121 /> Matthew also suggests that Jesus may have been as much as two years old at the time of the visit of the [[Biblical Magi|Magi]] and hence even older at the time of Herod's death.<ref>{{Cite document | first = Edwin D | last = Freed | title = Stories of Jesus’ Birth | publisher = Continuum International | year = 2004 | page = 119 }}</ref> 

Many scholars see a contradiction in that Luke places the birth of Jesus during the [[Census of Quirinius]], which took place in 6 AD, although Matthew states the conception took place during the reign of King Herod — at leasbout 10 years earlier. Most scholars believe that Luke made an error in referring to the census but other scholars have attempted to reconcile its account with Matthew, ranging from a grammatical approach to the translation of the Greek word ''prote'' used in Luke to be read as "registration before Quirinius was governor of Syria" to archeological arguments and references to [[Tertullian]] that indicate that a "two step census" was performed, involving an early registration, given that [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke#2:2|Luke 2:2]] refers to the "first enrolment".<ref>{{Cite book | last=Archer | first=Gleason Leonard | authorlink=Gleason Leonard Archer | title=Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties | year=1982 | month=April | publisher=Zondervan Pub. House | location=Grand Rapids, Mich. | isbn=0-310-43570-6 | page=366}}</ref><ref>Frederick Fyvie Bruce, ''The New Testament Documents: Are They Reliable?'' (1943; republished Eerdman, 2003), page 87-88.</ref> 
(contracted; show full)

===Working backwards from the ministry===
[[File:Brooklyn Museum - The Pharisees Question Jesus (Les pharisiens questionnent Jésus) - James Tissot.jpg|thumb|left|Dispute of Jesus and the Pharisees, by [[James Tissot]], 
umc. 1890]]
The ministry-based approach to estimating the year of birth of Jesus is independent of the nativity accounts and works backwards from the start of his ministry, based on the statement in [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke#3:23|Luke 3:23]] that Jesus was "about 30 years of age" at that time.<ref name=ChronosPaul /><ref name=Kostenberger140 >''The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament'' by [[Andreas J. Köstenberger]], L. Scott Kellum 2009 ISBN 978-0-8054-4365-3 page 114</ref> 

The section below discusses three independent approaches to estimating the dates of the ministry of Jesus: first by using the "fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius" in [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke#3:1|Luke 3:1-2]], second via the reference in the dispute of Jesus and the [[Pharisees]] in [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John#2:20|John 2:20]] ("Forty and six years was this temple in building, and you want to raise it up in three days?") and third by the reference of [[Flavius Josephus]] to the imprisonment and execution ([[wikisource:The  _Antiquities  _of  _the  _Jews/Book  _XVIII#Chapter  _5|Ant 18.5.2]]) of [[John the baptist]] by [[Herod Antipas]]. 

The third reference (i.e. the execution of the Baptist in [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew#14:6|Matthew 14:6-12]]) relates to a time when Jesus had already started his ministry but the other two references relate to the beginning of Jesus' ministry.

(contracted; show full)wards from the start of his ministry, some scholars estimate the year 28 AD to be roughly the 32nd birthday of Jesus and his year of birth to be around 6-4 BC.<ref name=ChronosPaul /><ref name=Kostenberger140 /><ref name=Novak302 >''Christianity and the Roman Empire: background texts'' by Ralph Martin Novak 2001 ISBN 1-56338-347-0 pages 302-303</ref>

==Years of ministry estimates==
===Reign of Tiberius and the Gospel of Luke===
[[File:Sapsaphas Madaba.jpg|thumb|
180px|Part of the [[Madaba Map]] showing [[Bethabara]] (Βέθαβαρά), calling it the place where John baptised]]
One method for the estimation of the date of the beginning of the [[ministry of Jesus]] is based on the Gospel of Luke's specific statement in [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke#3:1|Luke 3:1-2]] about the ministry of [[John the Baptist]] which preceded that of Jesus:<ref name=Eerdmans246 /><ref name=CEvans67 >''The Bible Knowledge Background Commentary: Matthew-Luke, Vo(contracted; show full)

===Josephus' reference to the Baptist===
In the [[Antiquities of the Jews]], first century historian [[Flavius Josephus]] refers to the imprisonment and execution ([[wikisource:The
  _Antiquities  _of  _the  _Jews/Book  _XVIII#Chapter  _5|Ant 18.5.2]]) of [[John the baptist]] by [[Herod Antipas]] and also mentions ([[wikisource:The  _Antiquities  _of  _the  _Jews/Book  _XVIII#Chapter  _5|Ant 18.5.4]]) how [[Herodias]] left her husband to marry Herod Antipas, in defiance of Jewish law.<ref name=AmyJill55 /><ref name=fox25 /><ref name=Bromiley694 /> 

[[File:Baptistry (Castiglione Olona) 003.jpg|thumb|180px|[[John the Baptist|The Baptist]] scolds [[Herod Antipas|Herod]]. Fresco by [[Masolino da Panicale|Masolino]], 1435]]
Most scholars view Josephus' accounts of the activities of John the Baptist as authentic.<ref name=AmyJill55 >Craig Evans, 2006 "Josephus on John the Baptist" in ''The Historical Jesus in Context'' edited by Amy-Jill Levine et al. Princeton Univ Press ISBN 978-0-691-00992-6 pages 55-58 [http://books.google.com/books?id=HIp_0N3uPPcC&pg=PA56&dq=%(contracted; show full)Josephus refer to Herod Antipas killing John the Baptist, they differ on the details and motives, e.g. whether this act was a consequence of the marriage of Herod Antipas and Herodias (as indicated in [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew#14:4|Matthew 14:4]], [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Mark#6:18|Mark 6:18]]), or a pre-emptive measure by Herod which possibly took place before the marriage to quell a possible uprising based on the remarks of John, as Josephus suggests in [[wikisource:The
  _Antiquities  _of  _the  _Jews/Book  _XVIII#Chapter  _5|Ant 18.5.2]].<ref name=Leslie508 >''Jesus in history, thought, and culture: an encyclopedia, Volume 1'' by James Leslie Houlden 2003 ISBN 1-57607-856-6 pages 508-509 [http://books.google.com/books?id=17kzgBusXZIC&pg=PA508&dq=baptist+josephus+antipas+jesus&hl=en&ei=5kmbTvPYB9TP4QSuzIDjAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&sqi=2&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=baptist%20herodias%20josephus%20antipas%20jesus&f=false]</ref><ref(contracted; show full)fECbTq31JvDc4QT8ubiZBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=herodias%20herod%20antipas&f=false]</ref> While some scholars place the year of the marriage in the range 27-31AD, others have approximated a date as late as AD 35, but such a late date has much less support.<ref name=fox25 /> In his analysis of Herod's life, [[Harold Hoehner]] estimates that John the Baptist's imprisonment probably occurred around AD 30-31.<ref>
{{cite web|url=[http://books.google.com/books?id=oO0upEG0g7kC&pg=PA131&dq=herodias+herod+antipas&hl=en&ei=fECbTq31JvDc4QT8ubiZBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=herodias%20herod%20antipas&f=false |title='&#39;''Herod Antipas'&#39;' by Harold W. Hoehner'&#39;' 1983 ISBN 0-310-42251-5 page 131 |publisher=Books.google.com |date=1983-01-28 |accessdate=2012-07-18}}]</ref> The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia estimates the death of the Baptist to have occurred about AD 31-32.<ref name=Bromiley694 />

Josephus stated ([[wikisource:The  _Antiquities  _of  _the  _Jews/Book  _XVIII#Chapter  _5|Ant 18.5.2]]) that the AD 36 defeat of Herod Antipas in the conflicts with [[Aretas IV Philopatris|Aretas IV]] of [[Nabatea]] was widely considered by the Jews of the time as misfortune brought about by Herod's unjust execution of John the Baptist.<ref name=Cyndy48 /><ref>''The relationship between John the Baptist and Jesus of Nazareth'' by Daniel S. Dapaah 2005 ISBN 0-7618-3109-6 page 48 [http://books.google.com/books?id=S0P18O3fGR4C&pg=PA48&dq=baptist+joseph(contracted; show full)nt of John the Baptist relates to the ministry of Jesus via the episode [[Messengers from John the Baptist]], as in Matthew 11:2-6 and Luke 7:18-23.<ref>''The Gospel of Matthew'' by Rudolf Schnackenburg 2002 ISBN 0-8028-4438-3 page 104</ref><ref name=Mercer459 >''Mercer dictionary of the Bible'' by Watson E. Mills, Roger Aubrey Bullard 1998 ISBN 0-86554-373-9 page 459</ref> This episode takes place towards the end of the ''[[Ministry
  _of  _Jesus#Major  _Galilean  _ministry|major Galilean ministry]]'' of Jesus, and prior to the key episode [[Confession of Peter]] which appears about half way through the gospel narratives, before Jesus starts his final journey to Jerusalem through Judea.<ref name=Mercer459 /><ref>''The Cambridge companion to the Gospels'' by Stephen C. Barton ISBN 0-521-00261-3 pages 132-133</ref>

==Year of death estimates==
===Prefecture of Pontius Pilate===
{{see also|Pilate's Court|Josephus on Jesus|Tacitus on Christ}}⏎
[[File:Gaius Cornelius Tacitus mirror.jpg|thumb|180px|Roman historian [[Tacitus]]]]
All four [[Canonical gospels]] state that Jesus was crucified in [[Calvary]] during the prefecture of [[Pontius Pilate]], the Roman who governed [[Roman Judaea|Judea]].<ref name="PC" /><ref>[[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew#27:27|Matthew 27:27-61]], [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Mark#15:1|Mark 15:1-47]], [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke#23:25|Luke 23:25-54]] and [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John#19:1|John 19:1-38]]</ref> In these gospel accounts (usually called "Jesus in [[Pilate's Court]]") Jesus was brought before Pilate in the [[praetorium]] in Jerusalem after his [[Sanhedrin Trial of Jesus|Sanhedrin trial]] and was crucified shortly thereafter.<ref name="PC">Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1995), ''International Standard Bible Encyclopedia''. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. vol. K-P. p. 929.</ref> 

In the ''[[Antiquities of the Jews]]''  (written about 93 AD) Jewish historian [[Josephus]], stated ([[wikisource:The  _Antiquities  _of  _the  _Jews/Book  _XVIII#Chapter  _3|Ant 18.3]]) that Jesus was crucified by Pilate, writing that:<ref name=Theissen81 />
<blockquote>
Now there was about this time Jesus, a wise man, .... He drew over to him both many of the Jews and many of the Gentiles... And when Pilate, at the suggestion of the principal men amongst us, had condemned him to the cross ....
</blockquote>

(contracted; show full)Voorst, Robert E (2000). ''Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence'' Eerdmans Publishing ISBN 0-8028-4368-9 pages 39-42</ref><ref>''Backgrounds of early Christianity'' by Everett Ferguson 2003 ISBN 0-8028-2221-5 page 116</ref> Writing in ''[[The Annals]]'' (''c.'' 116 AD), Tacitus [[Tacitus on Christ|described the persecution]] of Christians by Nero and stated ([[wikisource:The
  _Annals  _(Tacitus)/Book  _15#44|Annals 15.44]]) that Pilate ordered the execution of Jesus:<ref name=Theissen81 >Theissen 1998, pp. 81-83</ref><ref name="Green1997">{{Cite book|last=Green|first=Joel B.|year=1997|title=The Gospel of Luke : new international commentary on the New Testament|page=168|url=http://books.google.com/?id=koYlW6IoOjMC&pg=PR85&dq=Joel+B.+Green,+The+Gospel+of+Luke,+(Eerdmans,+1997),+page+168|isbn=0-8028-2315-7|publisher=W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co.|location=Grand Rapids, Mich.}}<(contracted; show full)]] rituals Christians ate the body and drank the blood of their God, interpreting the symbolic ritual as cannibalism by Christians. References: ''Ancient Rome'' by William E. Dunstan 2010 ISBN 0-7425-6833-4 page 293 and ''An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity'' by Delbert Royce Burkett 2002 ISBN 0-521-00720-8 page 485</ref> Scholars generally consider his reference to the execution by Pilate to be genuine, and of historical value 
as an independent Roman source.<ref name=Voorst39 /><ref name=CEvans42  >''Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies'' by Craig A. Evans 2001 ISBN 0-391-04118-5 page 42</ref><ref>''Mercer dictionary of the Bible'' by Watson E. Mills, Roger Aubrey Bullard 2001 ISBN 0-86554-373-9 page 343</ref><ref>''Pontius Pilate in History and Interpretation'' by Helen K. Bond 2004 ISBN 0-521-61620-4 page xi</ref>

By almost all historical accounts, Pontius Pilate was governor of Judea from 26 AD until 36 AD, after which he was replaced by [[Marcellus (prefect of Judea)|Marcellus]], either in 36 AD or 37 AD, establishing the date of the death of Jesus prior to 37 AD.<ref>''Pontius Pilate: portraits of a Roman governor'' by Warren Carter 2003 ISBN 0-8146-5113-5 pages 44-45</ref><ref>''The history of the Jews in the Greco-Roman world'' by Peter Schäfer 2003 ISBN 0-415-30585-3 page 108</ref><ref>''Backgrounds of early Christianity'' by Everett Ferguson 2003 ISBN 0-8028-2221-5 page 416</ref>

===Reign of Herod Antipas===
{{see also|Jesus at Herod's Court}}⏎
In the [[Gospel of Luke]], while Jesus is in [[Pilate's Court]], Pilate realizes that Jesus is a Galilean and thus is under the jurisdiction of [[Herod Antipas]].<ref name=Niswonger >''New Testament History'' by Richard L. Niswonger 1992 ISBN 0-310-31201-9 page 172</ref><ref name=Carter120 >''Pontius Pilate: portraits of a Roman governor'' by Warren Carter 2003 ISBN 978-0-8146-5113-1 pages 120-121</ref> Given that Herod was in Jerusalem at that time, Pilate decided to send Jesus to Herod to be tried.<ref name=Niswonger /><ref name=Carter120 /> 

This episode is only described in the [[Gospel of Luke]] ([[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke#23:7|23:7-15]]).<ref>''The Synoptics: Matthew, Mark, Luke'' by Ján Majerník, Joseph Ponessa 2005 ISBN 1-931018-31-6 page 181</ref><ref name=Patella >''The Gospel according to Luke'' by Michael Patella 2005 ISBN 0-8146-2862-1 page 16</ref><ref>''Luke: The Gospel of Amazement'' by Michael Card 2011 ISBN 978-0-8308-3835-6 page 251</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=[http://www.biblestudyworkshop.com/data/Lesson228.pdf |title=Bible Study Workshop - Lesson 228 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2012-07-18}}]</ref> While some scholars have questioned the authenticity of this episode, given that it is unique to the Gospel of Luke, the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia states that it fits well with the theme of Luke and should not be seriously questioned.<ref name=Bromiley694 >''International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E-J'' by Geoffrey W. Bromiley 1982 ISBN 0-8028-3782-4 pages 694-695 [http://books.google.com/books?id=yklDk6Vv0l4C&pg=PA695&dq=herodias+john+baptist&hl=en&ei=PJacToTRNK-L4gThwKGkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=herodias%20john%20baptist&f=false]</ref>

Herod Antipas, a son of [[Herod the Great]], was born before 20 BC and was exiled in the summer of 39 AD following a lengthy intrigue involving [[Caligula]] and [[Agrippa I]], the grandson of his father.<ref>''Herod Antipas'' by Harold W. Hoehner 1983 ISBN 0-310-42251-5 page 262</ref><ref>''All the people in the Bible'' by Richard R. Losch 2008 ISBN 0-8028-2454-4 page 159</ref> Although this episode provides a wider range date for the death of Jesus, it is in concord with the other estimates in that it indicates that Jesus' death took place before AD39.<ref>''The Content and the Setting of the Gospel Tradition'' by Mark Harding, Alanna Nobbs 2010 ISBN 0-8028-3318-7 pages 88-89</ref><ref>''The Emergence of Christianity'' by Cynthia White 2010 ISBN 0-8006-9747-2 page 11</ref>

===Conversion of Paul===
[[File:The Temple of Apollo at Delphi.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Temple of Apollo (Delphi)|Temple of Apollo]] in [[Delphi]], Greece, where the [[Delphi Inscription]] was discovered early in the 20th century.<ref name=CCPaul20 /><ref name=Marrow45 />]]⏎
Another approach to estimating an [[upper bound]] for the year of death of Jesus is the estimation of the date of [[Conversion of Paul the Apostle]] given that in the New Testament accounts Jesus' death takes place before this conversion.<ref name=Barnett19 /><ref name=Kostenberger77 /><ref name=Riesner /> Paul's conversion is discussed in both the [[Letters of Paul]] and in the [[Acts of the Apostles]], and in both accounts takes place after the death of Jesus.<ref name=Barnett19 /><ref>Bromiley, Geoffrey William (1979). ''International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: A-D'' Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 689. ISBN 0-8028-3781-6.</ref>

[[File:The Temple of Apollo at Delphi.jpg|thumb|left|180px|The [[Temple of Apollo]] in [[Delphi]], Greece, where the [[Delphi Inscription]] was discovered early in the 20th century.<ref name=Marrow45 />]]⏎
In the [[First Epistle to the Corinthians]] ([[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/1 Corinthians#15:3|15:3-8]]), Paul refers to his conversion after the death of Jesus. The [[Acts of the Apostles]] includes three separate references to Paul's conversion experience, in [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Acts#9|Acts 9]], [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Acts#22|Acts 22]] and [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Acts#26|Acts 26]].<ref>''Paul and His Letters'' by John(contracted; show full)

Most historians estimate that Gallio (son of the [[Seneca the Elder]]) became [[proconsul]] between the spring of 51 AD and the summer of 52 AD, and that his position ended no later than 53 AD.<ref 
name=CCPaul20 >''The Cambridge Companion to St Paul'' by James D. G. Dunn (Nov 10, 2003) Cambridge Univ Press ISBN 0521786940 page 20</ref><ref name=Marrow45 /><ref name=Novak18 /><ref>''The Greco-Roman world of the New Testament era'' by James S. Jeffers 1999 ISBN 0-8308-1589-9 pages 164-165</ref><ref name=CEvansA248 >''The Bible Knowledge Background Commentary: Acts-Philemon'' by Craig A. Evans 2004 ISBN 0-7814-4006-8 page 248</ref> However, the trial of Paul is generally assumed to be in the earlier part of Gallio's tenure, based on the reference ([[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Acts#18:2|Acts 18:2]]) to his meeting in Corinth with [[Priscilla and Aquila]], who had been recently expelled from Rome based on Emperor [[Claudius]]' expulsion of some Jews from Rome, which is dated to 49-50 AD.<ref name=Novak18 /><ref>''The Bible Knowledge Commentary: New Testament edition'' by John F. Walvoord, Roy B. Zuck 1983 ISBN 0-88207-812-7 page 405</ref>

According to the New Testament, Paul spent eighteen months in Corinth, approximately seventeen years after his conversion.<ref name=Marrow45 /><ref name=Eerdsman1019 >''Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible'' Amsterdam University Press, 2000 ISBN 90-5356-503-5 page 1019</ref> [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Galatians#2:1|Galatians 2:1-10]] states that Paul went [[Paul  _the  _apostle#Visits  _to  _Jerusalem  _in  _Acts  _and  _the  _epistles|back to Jerusalem]] fourteen years after his conversion, and various missions (at times with [[Barnabas]]) such as those in [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Acts#11:25|Acts 11:25-26]] and [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/2 Corinthians#11:23|2 Corinthians 11:23-33]] appear in the Book of Acts.<ref name=Barnett19 /><ref name=Kostenberger77 /> The generally accepted scholarly estimate for the date of conversion of Paul is 33-36 AD, placing the death of Jesus before this date range.<ref name=Barnett19 >''Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times'' by Paul Barnett 2002 ISBN 0-8308-2699-8 pages 19-21</ref><ref name=Kostenberger77 >''The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament'' by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 ISBN 978-0-8054-4365-3 pages 77-79</ref><ref name=Riesner >''Paul's early period: chronology, mission strategy, theology'' by [[Rainer Riesner]] 1997 ISBN 978-0-8028-4166-7 page 19-27 (page 27 has a table of various scholarly estimates)</ref>

===Astronomical analysis===
====Newton's method====
[[File:Bolton-newton.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Isaac Newton]]]]
In 1733, [[Isaac Newton]] became one of the first scientists to estimate the date of the crucifixion by calculating the relative visibility of the crescent of the new moon between the [[Hebrew calendar|Hebrew]] and [[Julian calendar]]s.<ref name=Pratt1 /><ref name=Humphreys45 /> In chapter XI of the first Part I of [[wikisource:Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel/Part I Chap XI|Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel]] Newton stated that assuming "the passion wa(contracted; show full)iable method of dating biblical episodes, historian [[E. P. Sanders]] contends that astronomical analysis can neither prove nor disprove the chronology of Jesus.<ref>[[Colin Humphreys]], ''The Mystery of the Last Supper'' Cambridge University Press 2011 ISBN 978-0-521-73200-0, page 37</ref><ref>E. P. Sanders, ''The Historical Figure of Jesus'' (Penguin, 1993) pages 285-286.</ref>

====Lunar eclipse method====
[[File:Eclipse 2008 Sar.JPG|thumb|
180px|A [[solar eclipse]], August 2008.]]
[[File:Lunar eclipse March 2007.jpg|thumb|180px|A [[lunar eclipse]], March 2007.]]

In the accounts of the crucifixion in the [[Synoptic Gospels]], a period of darkness occurs ([[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew#27:45|Matthew 27:45]], [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Mark#15:33|Mark 15:33]], [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke#23:44|Luke 23:44]]) on the first day of Passover beginning around noon ("the sixth hour") and continuing until 3 o'clock ("the ninth hour").<ref>''The Bible Knowled(contracted; show full)hat the separate reference made by [[Apostle Peter]] in [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Acts#2:20|Acts 2:20]] to a "moon of blood" is a term used for [[lunar eclipse]]s as far back as 331 BC.<ref name=HumphreysPlus /><ref name=Humphreys86 >[[Colin Humphreys]], ''The Mystery of the Last Supper'' Cambridge University Press 2011 ISBN 978-0-521-73200-0, pages 86-87</ref> A lunar eclipse can last a few hours, total coverage lasting about an hour.<ref>
[http://www.crh.noaa.gov/fsd/astro/suneclipse.php National weather service]</ref> Humphreys and Waddington computed the Jewish calendar for the first century AD and also reconstructed the scenario for a lunar eclipse, and arrived at the conclusion that Friday, 3 April 33 AD was the date of the Crucifixion.<ref name=HumWadJASA>Colin J. Humphreys and W. G. Waddington, ''The Date of the Crucifixion'' Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation 37 (March 1985)[http://www.asa3.org/aSA/PSCF/1985/JASA3-85Humphreys.html]</ref> The lunar eclipse app(contracted; show full)tament gospels of Matthew and Luke do not mention a day for the birth of Jesus.  [[Karl Rahner]] states that given that the gospels were written as theological documents they do not pay attention to such details.<ref name="Rahner731"/> Scholars such as [[E.P. Sanders]] consider the birth narratives non-historical and not a reliable method for determining the day of birth.<ref>Sanders, E. P. ''The historical figure of Jesus''. Penguin, 1993 pages 85-88</ref>


[[File:BL Harley Gospels 109r.jpg|thumb|180px|The [[Incipit]] to the [[Gospel of Luke]], in the [[Harley Golden Gospels]], 800-825]]⏎
Neither Luke nor Matthew mention a season for when Jesus was born. However, scholarly arguments regarding the realism of shepherds grazing their flock at night during the winter have taken place, both challenging a winter birth for Jesus, as well as defending it by relying on the mildness of winters in ancient Israel and [[Rabbinic Judaism|rabbinic]] rules regarding sheep near Bethlehem before February.<ref>"New Testament History" by Richard L. Niswonger 1992 ISBN 0-310-31201-9 pp. 121-124&l(contracted; show full)rgued for a December 25 date in the late 4th century, basing his argument on the assumption that the offering of incense in Luke 1:8-11 was the offering of incense by a high priest on [[Yom Kippur]] (early October), and, as above, counting fifteen months forward. However, this was very likely a retrospective justification a choice already made rather than a genuine attempt to derive the correct birth date.<ref>Beckwith, p. 72</ref>

===Day of death===
[[File:Papyrus 90 (John 19.1-7).jpg|thumb|1
840px|A [[Papyrus 90]] fragment of [[Gospel of John|John 19]]]]
Tradition (and the [[Synoptic Gospels]]) hold that the [[Last Supper]] took place on the first night of [[Passover]], which is defined in the [[Torah]] as occurring after the daylight of the [[Quartodeciman|14th of Nisan]] ({{Bibleverse||Lev|23:5-6|he}}). However, [[the Gospel of John]] implies that at the time of the trial the Jewish leaders had not yet eaten the Passover meal{{Bibleref2c|Jn.|18:28}} <ref>Paul Barnett, ''Jesus &a(contracted; show full)ttp://www.amazon.com/The-Mystery-Last-Supper-Reconstructing/dp/052173200X/ref=sr_1_12?ie=UTF8&qid=1331442636&sr=8-12}}</ref> Mainstream scholars disagree with that and contend that the Jewish idiom "day and night" may refer to any part of a 24 hour period.<ref name=Blomberg225 >''Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey'' by Craig L. Blomberg 2009 ISBN 0-8054-4482-3 page 225</ref>

====Hour of death====
[[Image:Museum side roman sun dial.JPG|
180px|thumb|left|A [[Roman system of timekeeping|Roman era sundial]], at a museum in Turkey]]
The estimation of the hour of death of Jesus is only based on the New Testament accounts and the timing presented in the gospel of Mark and John have been the subject of debate among scholars.<ref name= KEasley323 /><ref name=RBrown959 /> Mark's narrative of the passion has three hour segments: in the early part Jesus is before Pilate, the Crucifixion takes place at the third hour (9am) in [[wikisource:B(contracted; show full)le phenomena and none seems to match the Gospel account.<ref>Raymond E. Brown, ''101 Questions and Answers on the Bible'', Paulist Press (2003), page 79.</ref> Many scholars regard the star as a literary invention of the author of the [[Gospel of Matthew]], to claim fulfillment of an Old Testament prophecy (Numbers 24:17).<ref>Joseph J. Walsh, ''Were They Wise Men or Kings?'', Westminster John Knox Press, (2001), p. 40</ref>

==See also==
* [[
Jesus von NazarethDetailed Christian timeline]]
* [[Gospel harmony]]
* [[Historischercal Jesus]]
* [[TJestimonium Flavianum]]
* [[Jesus in Christianity]]us in Christianity]]
*''[[Life of Christ]]'' in art
* [[New Testament view on Jesus' life]]
* [[Timeline of the Bible]]

==Einzelnachweise==
<references />References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08377a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia (1910): Chronology of the Life of Jesus Christ]

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