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Portal:Clark Kerr
{{Infobox University Chancellor
| name        = Clark Kerr
| image       = 
| caption     = 
| order       = 
| university  = [[University of California, Berkeley]]
| term_start  = [[1958]]
| term_end    = [[1967]]
| birth_date  = {{birth date|1911|05|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Stony Creek, Pennsylvania]], [[United States|USA]]
| death_date  = {{death date and age|2003|12|01|1911|05|17|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[El Cerrito, California]], [[United States|USA]]
| predecessor = 
| successor   = 
| alma_mater  = [[Swarthmore College]]<br>[[Stanford University]]<br>[[University of California, Berkeley]]
| profession  = 
| salary      = 
| spouse      = Catherine Kerr
| children    = 3
| website     = 
| footnotes   = 
}}

'''Clark Kerr''' ([[May 17]], [[1911]] &ndash; [[December 1]], [[2003]]) was the first [[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] of the [[University of California, Berkeley]] 1952 to 1958, and twelfth president of the [[University of California]].

==Academic background==
Kerr earned an [[Bachelor of Arts|A.B.]] from [[Swarthmore College]] in 1932, an [[Master's degree|M.A.]] from [[Stanford University]] in 1933, and a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in economics from UC Berkeley in 1939. In 1945, he became an associate professor of industrial relations and was the founding director of the Institute of Industrial Relations.

==UC Berkeley Chancellor ==
During the [[McCarthy era]] in 1949, the [[Regents of the University of California]] adopted an [[anti-communist]] loyalty oath to be signed by all University of California employees.  Kerr signed the oath, but fought against the firing of those who refused to sign.  Kerr gained respect from his stance and was named UC Berkeley's first chancellor when that position was created in 1952.  As chancellor, Kerr oversaw the construction of 12 high-rise dormitories and was the Regents' choice for president when the position opened in 1958.  

==University of California President==
Kerr's term as UC president saw the opening of campuses in [[University of California, San Diego|San Diego]], [[University of California, Irvine|Irvine]], and [[University of California, Santa Cruz|Santa Cruz]] to accommodate the influx of [[baby boom|baby boomers]]. Faced with a dramatic increase of students entering college, Kerr helped establish the now much-copied [[California Master Plan for Higher Education|California system]] of having the handful of [[University of California]] campuses act as 'top tier' research institutions, the more numerous [[California State University]] campuses handle the bulk of undergraduate students and the very numerous [[California Community College]] campuses provide vocational and transfer-oriented college programs to the masses.

In 1959, Kerr along with Chancellor [[Glenn T. Seaborg]] helped found the Berkeley [[Space Sciences Laboratory]]. 

===1960s student protests===
Controversy exploded in 1964 when Berkeley students led the [[Free Speech Movement]] in protest of regulations limiting political activities on campus, including [[Opposition to the Vietnam War|protests against the Vietnam war]].  It culminated in hundreds of arrested students at a sit-in.  Kerr’s initial decision was to not expel University of California students that participated in sit-ins off campus.  That decision evolved into resistance to expel students who later would protest on campus in a series of escalating events on the Berkeley campus in late 1964.  Kerr was criticized both by students for not agreeing to their demands and by conservative UC Regent [[Edwin Pauley]] and others for responding too leniently to the student unrest.<ref>{{citation
|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A04E0DC1E3AF931A35751C1A9659C8B63
|title=Clark Kerr, Leading Public Educator and Former Head of California's Universities, Dies at 92
|newspaper=[[New York Times]]
|accessdate=2008-02-10
|last=Hechinger
|first=Grace
|date=[[December 2]], 2003
}}
</ref>

===Target of the United States Government===
In 2002, the [[FBI]] had Kerr blacklisted as part of a campaign to suppress people at UC deemed subversive.<ref>[http://sfgate.com/news/special/pages/2002/campusfiles SF Gate: The Campus Files. A Chronicle Special<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>  This information had been classified by the FBI and was only released after a fifteen-year legal battle that went all the way to the US Supreme Court.  President [[Lyndon Johnson]] had picked Kerr to become secretary of Health, Education and Welfare but withdrew the nomination after the FBI background check on Kerr included damaging information the agency knew to be false. 

[[Edwin Pauley]] approached the CIA Director [[John McCone]] (a Berkeley alum and associate) for assistance.  McCone in turn met with FBI Director [[J. Edgar Hoover]].<ref>[http://sfgate.com/news/special/pages/2002/campusfiles SF Gate: The Campus Files. A Chronicle Special<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://sfgate.com/news/special/pages/2002/campusfiles/documents/5b.shtml SF Gate: News: The Campus Files<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Hoover agreed to supply Pauley with confidential FBI information on "ultra-liberal" regents, faculty members, and students, and to assist in removing Kerr.  Pauley received dozens of briefings from the FBI to this end. The FBI assisted Pauley and [[Ronald Reagan]] in painting Kerr as a dangerous "liberal."

Kerr's perceived leniency was key in Reagan's election as [[Governor of California]] in 1966 and in Kerr's dismissal as president by the university’s Board of Regents in 1967.  In response, Kerr stated that he left the university just as he entered it: "fired with enthusiasm."

Kerr’s second memoir, ''The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the [[University of California]], 1949-1967 Volume Two: Political Turmoil'' details what he refers to as his greatest blunders in dealing with the [[Free Speech Movement]] that ultimately led to his firing.


<center><gallery style="center">
Image:McCone-Hoover, UC Berkeley 1965.gif|CIA's McCone, at Pauley's request, asks Hoover to target anti-war protests at UC Berkeley.
Image:Reagan-Hoover_UCB_memo1.gif|1969 FBI memo re: Ronald Reagan's purge of UC Berkeley, p.1.
Image:Reagan-Hoover_UCB_memo2.gif|1969 FBI memo re: Ronald Reagan's purge of UC Berkeley, p.2.
Image:Reagan-Hoover_UCB_memo3.gif|1969 FBI memo re: Ronald Reagan's purge of UC Berkeley, p.3.
</gallery></center>

==Life after Berkeley==
Following his firing, Kerr served on the [[Carnegie Commission on Higher Education]] until 1973 and was chairman of the [[Carnegie Council on Policy Studies]] in Higher Education from 1974 to 1979.

In 1986, the [[Clark Kerr Campus]] of UC Berkeley opened, named in honor of Kerr.  A few blocks from the main campus, it includes residences and sports practice facilities.  The Spanish-style residential complex houses 700 students and features landscaped gardens and a conference center. It had previously been the [[California School for the Blind|California School for the Deaf and Blind]], but the University acquired it after a court battle and it was condemned as seismically unsafe. 

Kerr died in his sleep following complications from a fall at age 92.

The [[Clark Kerr Medal]] is named in his honor.    <br>⏎
⏎
There are Kerr Halls, named for Clark Kerr, on the campuses of [[UC Davis]] and, [[UC Santa Cruz]].<ref>[http://www.ucsc.edu/about/vtour/kerr.asp UCSC - Virtual Tour: Kerr Hall<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>, as well as in [[UC Berkeley]].<ref>[http://www.housing.berkeley.edu/livingatcal/clarkkerr.html Virtual Tour of Clark Kerr Campus in U. C. Berkeley.]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

*Kerr, Clark, ''The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949-1967''
*Kerr, Clark, ''The Uses of the University''
*Burress, Charles. ''"The Long, Hard Years at Berkley; Second Volume of Clark Kerr’s Memoir Covers Politics and ‘Blunders’”'' San Francisco Chronicle 9 Feb. 2003, Sunday Review Pg. 1.
*''“UC Won’t Expel Sit-in Students”'' Los Angeles Times  6 May 1964, Pg. 8.
*''“The Arrests at Berkley”'' New York Times  5 Dec. 1964, Pg 30.

==External links==
*[http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2003/12/02_kerr.shtml U.C. Berkeley news release]
* ''San Francisco Chronicle'', "[http://sfgate.com/news/special/pages/2002/campusfiles/ Reagan, Hoover, and the UC Red Scare]," 9 June, 2002.  
*[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2003/12/02/MNG833E5DM1.DTL AP obituary]
*[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1529663 NPR ''All Things Considered'' - Educator Clark Kerr Dies at 92]
*[http://sfgate.com/news/special/pages/2002/campusfiles/ account of secret files of the FBI] on Kerr, and Kerr's ouster.


{{UCBerkeleyChancellors}}
{{UCPresidents}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kerr, Clark}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Chancellors of the University of California, Berkeley]]
[[Category:Stanford University alumni]]
[[Category:Swarthmore College alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]]

[[he:קלארק קאר]]