Difference between revisions 108106673 and 108106719 on dewiki

{{Contains Chinese text}}
{{Primary sources|date=April 2011}}
{{Chinese
|title=Sinosphere
|pic=East Asian Cultural Sphere.png
|picsize=260px
|s=汉字文化圈
|t=漢字文化圏
|p= Hànzì Wénhuà Quān
|j= hon<sup>3</sup> zi<sup>6</sup> man<sup>4</sup> faa<sup>3</sup> hyun<sup>1</sup>
|wuu=hoe<sup>去</sup> zy<sup>去</sup> ven<sup>平</sup> ho<sup>去</sup> jioe<sup>上</sup>
|poj=hàn-jī bûn-huà-khuan
|h=hon<sup>55</sup> sii<sup>55</sup> vun<sup>11</sup> fa<sup>55</sup> kien<sup>24</sup>
|kanji=漢字文化圏
|kana=かんじぶんかけん
|romaji=kanji bunkaken
|hanja=漢字文化圈
|hangul=한자문화권
|rr=hanja munhwagwon
|qn=Hán tự văn hoá khuyên <small>([[Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary|Sino-Viet.]])</small> <br>Khu vực văn hóa chữ Hán <small>(native)</small><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vienvanhoc.org.vn/reader/?id=80&menu=107 |title=Thời Trung đại trong văn học các nước khu vực văn hoá chữ Hán |publisher=Vienvanhoc.org.vn |date=2009-09-24 |accessdate=2010-05-03}}</ref><ref>[http://www.hcmussh.edu.vn/ussh/NewsEventAnnouncement/ViewNewsEvent.aspx?p0=0&p1=1066&p2=1&p4=3240&p7=&p8=0 Thư mời hội thảo Quá trình hiện đại hóa văn học Nhật Bản và các nước khu vực văn hóa chữ Hán]</ref>
|hn=漢字文化圈 <small>([[Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary|Sino-Viet.]])</small> <br>區域文化𡨸漢 <small>(native)</small>}}

[[File:漢字文化圈／汉字文化圈 · 한자 문화권 · Vòng văn hóa chữ Hán · 漢字文化圏.png|thumb|The ways of saying "Sinosphere" in major languages of Sinosphere.]]
[[File:Map-Chinese Characters.png|thumb|450px|The Sinosphere of countries where [[Chinese characters]] were/are used to write the official/dominant languages. Dark Green - Traditional Chinese characters used almost exclusively (Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau). Medium Green - Simplified Chinese characters used formally but traditional characters continue wide usage (Singapore and Malaysia). Green - Simplified characters used almost exclusively (Mainland China). Light Green- Chinese characters used in conjunction with native writing systems (Japan and South Korea). Light Yellow - Chinese characters once used in the official language but no longer used (Mongolia, North Korea and Vietnam).]]
In [[areal linguistics]], '''Sinosphere''' ({{Zh|s=汉字文化圈|t=漢字文化圏|p=Hànzì Wénhuà Quān|l=Chinese character culture circle}}) refers to a grouping of countries and regions that are currently inhabited with a majority of [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] population or were historically under [[Culture of China|Chinese cultural]] influence. The linguist [[James Matisoff]] coined the term "Sinosphere" in 1990, contrasting with the [[Indosphere]], "I refer to the Chinese and Indian areas of linguistic / cultural influence in Southeast Asia as the 'Sinosphere' and the 'Indosphere'."<ref>Matisoff, James A. (1990). [http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~bjoseph/Ling611/Lx611Matisoff1990.pdf On Megalocomparison]. ''Language'' 66.1, p. 113.</ref>

The terms Chinese cultural sphere and [[Chinese character]] cultural sphere are used interchangeably with "Sinosphere" but have different denotations. Chinese cultural sphere denotes a grouping of countries, regions, and people which have participated in or been heavily influenced by the  [[Culture of China]], such as [[Tibet]] or [[Sichuan]]. Countries such as [[Japan]] or [[Viet Nam]] which did in the past or do now use the [[Chinese writing system]] denote the other sense.

==Origins==

This cultural region closely corresponds to the ancient "Sinic civilization" and its descendants, the "Far Eastern civilizations" (the Mainland and the Japanese ones), which [[Arnold J. Toynbee]] presented in the 1930s in "[[A Study of History]]", along with the [[Western world|Western]], Islamic, Eastern Orthodox, Indic, etc. civilizations, among the major "units of study" of the world's history.<ref>See the "family tree" of Toynbee's "civilizations" in any edition of Toynbee's own work, or e.g. as Fig.1 on p.16 of: "The Rhythms of History: A Universal Theory of Civilizations", By Stephen Blaha. Pingree-Hill Publishing, 2002. ISBN 0-9720795-7-2.
</ref>

==Defining characteristics==
The Sinosphere is generally unified by first written language ability in [[Chinese language|Chinese]]. This defines the unifying factor as the influence of traditional Chinese cultural beliefs, marked by [[Confucianist]] social and moral ethics, [[Taoist]] or [[Mahayana Buddhist]] religious beliefs, as embodied in text using [[Chinese characters]]  (''[[Hanzi]]'' in Chinese, ''[[kanji]]'' in Japanese, ''[[hanja]]'' in Korean, and ''[[Chinese characters in Vietnamese|Hán tự]]'' in Vietnamese) whether within [[China proper]] or in a peripheral culture before it emerged from the dominance of the center.

Another indicator is the everyday use of [[chopsticks]], which also may have originated in Chinaquyển<small>([[Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary|Sino-Viet.]])</small> <br>Khu vực văn hóa chữ Hán <small>(native)</small><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vienvanhoc.org.vn/reader/?id=80&menu=107 |title=Thời Trung đại trong văn học các nước khu vực văn hoá chữ Hán |publisher=Vienvanhoc.org.vn |date=2009-09-24 |accessdate=2010-05-03}}</ref><ref>[http://www.hcmussh.edu.vn/ussh/NewsEventAnnouncement/ViewNewsEvent.aspx?p0=0&p1=1066&p2=1&p4=3240&p7=&p8=0 Thư mời hội thảo Quá trình hiện đại hóa văn học Nhật Bản và các nước khu vực văn hóa chữ Hán]</ref>
|hn=漢字文化圈 <small>([[Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary|Sino-Viet.]])</small> <br>區域文化𡨸漢 <small>(native)</small>}}

[[File:漢字文化圈／汉字文化圈 · 한자 문화권 · Vòng văn hóa chữ Hán · 漢字文化圏.png|thumb|The ways of saying "Sinosphere" in major languages of Sinosphere.]]
[[File:世界上的主要文化圈 World's major cultural spheres.png|thumb|550px]]
In [[areal linguistics]], '''Sinosphere''' ({{Zh|s=汉字文化圈|t=漢字文化圏|p=Hànzì Wénhuà Quān|l=Chinese character culture circle}}) refers to a grouping of countries and regions that are currently inhabited with a majority of [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] population or were historically under [[Culture of China|Chinese cultural]] influence. The linguist [[James Matisoff]] coined the term "Sinosphere" in 1990, contrasting with the [[Indosphere]], "I refer to the Chinese and Indian areas of linguistic / cultural influence in Southeast Asia as the 'Sinosphere' and the 'Indosphere'."<ref>Matisoff, James A. (1990). [http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~bjoseph/Ling611/Lx611Matisoff1990.pdf On Megalocomparison]. ''Language'' 66.1, p. 113.</ref>

The terms Chinese cultural sphere and [[Chinese character]] cultural sphere are used interchangeably with "Sinosphere" but have different denotations. Chinese cultural sphere denotes a grouping of countries, regions, and people which have participated in or been heavily influenced by the  [[Culture of China]], such as [[Tibet]] or [[Sichuan]]. Countries such as [[Japan]] or [[Viet Nam]] which historically or currently made some use of the [[Chinese writing system]]. However Vietnam has departed significantly due to its wide adoption of Quốc ngữ, the romanized Vietnamese alphabet.
For Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA) the term has been glossed as "Sinosphere: a socio-political sphere of MSEA, subsuming those countries, cultures, and languages that have historically come under influence from the politics, culture, religion, and languages of China ."<ref>N.J. Areal Linguistics and Mainland Southeast Asia, ''Annual Review of Anthropology'' 2005. 34:181–206 [http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:57458:2/component/escidoc:57459/Enfield_2005_areal.pdf]</ref>

==Origins==
In linguistic (and German) terms, the Sinosphere is a [[Sprachbund]] or "language league." This cultural region closely corresponds to the [[Ancient China|ancient "Sinic civilization"]] and its descendants, the "Far Eastern civilizations" (the Mainland and the Japanese ones), which [[Arnold J. Toynbee]] presented in the 1930s in "[[A Study of History]]", along with the [[Western world|Western]], Islamic, Eastern Orthodox, Indic, etc. civilizations, among the major "units of study" of the world's history.<ref>See the "family tree" of Toynbee's "civilizations" in any edition of Toynbee's own work, or e.g. as Fig.1 on p.16 of: "The Rhythms of History: A Universal Theory of Civilizations", By Stephen Blaha. Pingree-Hill Publishing, 2002. ISBN 0-9720795-7-2.
</ref>

==Defining characteristics==
The Sinosphere is generally unified by first written language ability in [[Chinese language|Chinese]]. This defines the unifying factor as the influence of traditional Chinese cultural beliefs, marked by [[Confucianist]] social and moral ethics, [[Taoist]] or [[Mahayana Buddhist]] religious beliefs, as embodied in text using [[Chinese characters]]  (''[[Hanzi]]'' in [[Chinese language|Chinese]], ''[[Chinese characters in Vietnamese|Hán tự]]'' in [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], ''[[hanja]]'' in [[Korean language|Korean]] and ''[[kanji]]'' in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]) whether within [[China proper]] or in a peripheral culture before it emerged from the dominance of the center.

Others indicators are [[Calligraphy]] ([[writing brush]], [[writing ink]], [[Rice paper]] and [[Inkstone]]), [[painting]], [[sculpture]], [[architecture]] ([[Ornament (art)|Ornament]]),  [[clothing]], [[music]] ([[musical instruments]]), [[cuisine]] ([[eating utensils]], [[ingredients]] and [[cooking methods]]), [[logic]] ([[Confucianism]]), [[political system]], [[appliance]] ([[furniture]], [[art crafts]]) and so on, which generally believed to be originated in ancient [[China]].

==See also==
* [[All under heaven]]
* [[Greater China]]
* [[Sinocentrism]]
* [[Sinoxenic]]

==References==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last= Ankerl |first= Guy |title= Global communication without universal civilization |series= INU societal research |volume= Vol.1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations : Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western |publisher= INU Press |location= Geneva |isbn= 2-88155-004-5 |pages= |year= 2000 }}
* Joshua A. Fogel, '''Articulating the Sinosphere: Sino-Japanese Relations in Space and Time''' (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,  2009. Edwin O. Reischauer Lectures; 2007). ISBN 2008041259

* [http://www.zaobao.com/chinese/pages1/chinese_others240604.html Chinese Cultural Sphere and the Use of Chinese Characters], Zhe Shiya, Lianhe Zaobao, 24 June 2004, Singapore (in Chinese)
* [http://www.ccmedu.com/detail.aspx?boardID=12&ID=15897 Export of Chinese Culture and Balance of Power in the World], Shinfeng, People's Daily, 28 March 2006, Beijing (in Chinese)
{{Refend}}

== Notes ==
⏎
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<references/>

==External links==
* [http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ Asia for Educators]. Weatherhead East Asian Institute, Columbia University.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2011}}

[[Category:Chinese culture]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Cultural spheres of influence]]
[[Category:Country classifications]]
[[Category:Chinese nationalism]]

[[es:Mundo chino]]
[[fr:Monde chinois]]
[[ko:한자 문화권]]
[[lt:Sinosfera]]
[[ja:漢字文化圏]]
[[ru:Китайский мир]]
[[vi:Văn hóa quyển chữ Hán]]
[[zh-yue:漢字中華文化圈]]
[[zh:漢字文化圈]]