Difference between revisions 109683597 and 109683599 on dewiki

{{see also|Antisemitism in the Arab world|Islam and Antisemitism}}

{{otheruses|Exodus (disambiguation)}}

{{Aliyah}}
The '''Jewish exodus from Arab lands''' refers to the 20th century expulsion or mass departure of Jews, primarily of [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardi]] and [[Mizrahi Jews|Mizrahi]] background, from [[Arab]] and Islamic countries. The migration started in the late 19th century, but accelerated after the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]]. According to official Arab statistics,  8(contracted; show full)
<!--  Commented out because image was deleted: [[Image:NYTimes 1948 Jews in Arab.jpg|right|frame|200px|''Jews in Grave Danger in All Moslem Lands'', article in ''[[The New York Times]]'', [[May 16]], [[1948]].]] -->

==
  History of Jews in Arab lands (Pre-1948)==
{{Antisemitism}}
{{Further|[[History of the Jews under Muslim rule]]}}

Jewish settlement all over the [[Fertile Crescent]], which is now divided into several Arab states, is well attested since the [[Babylonian captivity]]. After the conquest of these lands by Arab Muslims in the [[7th century]], Jews, along with [[Christian]]s and [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]], were accorded the legal status of [[dhimmi]]. As such, they were entitled to limited rights, tolerance, and protection, on the condition they pa(contracted; show full)| align="right" |  N/A
|-
| Turkey
| align="right" | 80,000<ref>http://ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1950_7_WJP.pdf</ref>
| align="right" |  18,000-30,000<ref>[http://www.amyisrael.co.il/europe/turkey/ The Jewish Community of Turkey<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
|}

==
  Jews flee Arab states (1948-)==
{{seealso|History of Israel}}
After the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]], the exodus of approximately 711,000 ([http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/93037e3b939746de8525610200567883!OpenDocument UN estimate]) Arab refugees (see the [[Palestinian Exodus]]), the creation of the state of [[Israel]], and the independence of Arab countries from European control, conditions for Jews in the Arab world deteriorated.  Over the next few decades, most would leave t(contracted; show full)ut the Jewish vote; writer [[Munira Fakhro]], Vice President of the Leftist [[National Democratic Action]], standing in [[Isa Town]] told the local press: "There are 20- 30 Jews in my area and I would be working for their benefit and raise their standard of living."<ref>Sandeep Singh Grewal, [http://www.womengateway.com/enwg/News/Political+News/2006/October/Women+Empowerment.htm Dr Munira Fakhro hopes for better future], WomenGateway, October 2006. Accessed 25 October 2006.</ref>

===
  Egypt===
{{main|History of the Jews in Egypt}}

Egypt was once home to one of the most dynamic Jewish communities in the Diaspora.  Caliphs in the ninth, tenth, and eleventh centuries CE exercised various repressive policies, culminating in the murder of Jews and the destruction of the Jewish quarter in Cairo in 1012. Jewish life was subject to ups and downs until the rise of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1517, when it deteriorated again. Six recorded blood libels took place between 1870 and 1892.
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Although the main synagogue in Tripoli was renovated in 1999, it has not reopened for services.  The last Jew in Libya, Esmeralda Meghnagi died in February, 2002.  Israel is home to about 40,000 Jews of Libyan descent, who maintain unique traditions.[http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/JewsofLibya/LibyanJews/thejews.html] [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/libyajews.html]

===
  Morocco  ===
{{main|History of the Jews in Morocco}}

[[Jew]]ish communities, in [[Islam]]ic times often (though not always[http://arabworld.nitle.org/texts.php?module_id=6&reading_id=60&sequence=4]) living in [[ghetto]]s known as ''[[mellah]]'', have existed in [[Morocco]] for at least 2,000 years.  Intermittent large scale [[wiktionary:massacre|massacres]] (such as that of 6,000 Jews in [[Fez, Morocco|Fez]] in 1033, over 100,000 Jews in Fez and [[Marrakesh]] in 1146 and again in Marrakesh in 1232)<ref name="Morocco">For the events of Fez see Cohen, 1995, pp 180-182. On Marrekesh, see the ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]'' of 1906.</ref> were accompanied by systematic discrimination through the years.  During the 13th through the 15th centuries Jews were appointed to a few prominent positions within the government(contracted; show full)ael]]. There is a large and vibrant Syrian Jewish community in South [[Brooklyn]], [[New York]]. In 2004, the Syrian government attempted to establish better relations with the emigrants, and a delegation of a dozen Jews of Syrian origin visited Syria in the spring of that year.  <ref>[http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/L/Joshua.M.Landis-1/syriablog/2005/10/jews-of-syria-by-robert-tuttle.htm SyriaComment.com: "The Jews of Syria," By Robert Tuttle<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

===
  Tunisia  ===
{{main|History of the Jews in Tunisia}}

Jews have lived in Tunisia for at least 2300 years.  In the 13th century, Jews were expelled from their homes in [[Kairouan]] and were ultimately restricted to ghettos, known as ''hara''.  Forced to wear distinctive clothing, several Jews earned high positions in the Tunisian government.  Several prominent international traders were Tunisian Jews.  From 1855 to 1864, [[Muhammad Bey]] relaxed dhimmi laws, but reinstated them in the face of anti-Jewish riots that continued at least until 1869.{{Fact|date=May 2007}}

Tunisia, as the only Middle Eastern country under direct [[Nazism|Nazi]] control during World War II, was also the site of anti-Semitic activities such as prison camps, deportations, and other persecution.{{Fact|date=May 2007}}

In 1948, approximately 105,000 Jews lived in [[Tunisia]].  About 1,500 remain today, mostly in [[Djerba]], [[Tunis]], and [[Zarzis]].  Following Tunisia's independence from France in 1956, a number of anti-Jewish policies led to emigration, of which half went to Israel and the other half to France.  After attacks in 1967, Jewish emigration both to Israel and [[France]] accelerated.  There were also attacks in 1982, 1985, and most recently in 2002 when a bomb in [[Djerba]] took 21 lives (most of them German tourists) near the local synagogue, in a terrorist attack claimed by [[Al-Qaeda]]. (See [[Ghriba synagogue bombing]]). 

The Tunisian government makes an active effort to protect its Jewish minority now and visibly supports its institutions.{{Fact|date=May 2007}}

===  Yemen  ===
{{main|Yemenite Jews}}

If one includes [[Aden]], there were about 63,000 Jews in [[Yemen]] in 1948. Today, there are about 200 left. In 1947, riots killed at least 80 Jews in Aden. Increasingly hostile conditions led to the Israeli government's [[Operation Magic Carpet (Yemen)|Operation Magic Carpet]], the evacuation of 50,000 Jews from Yemen to Israel in 1949 and 1950. Emigration continued until 1962, when the civil war in Yemen broke out. A small community remained unknown until 1976, but it appears that all infrastructure is lost now.{{Fact|date=May 2007}}

Jews in Yemen were long subject to a number of restrictions, ranging from attire, hairstyle, home ownership, marriage, etc. Under the "Orphan's Decree", many Jewish orphans below puberty were raised as Muslims.  This practice began in the late 18th century, was suspended under Ottoman rule, then was revived in 1918.  Most cases occurred in the 1920s, but sporadic cases occurred until the 1940s. In later years, the Yemenite government has taken some steps to protect the Jewish community in their country.{{Fact|date=May 2007}}

==  Absorbing Jewish refugees  ==
⏎
⏎
[[Image:Maabarah children.jpg|thumb|250px|Vast transit camps called ma'abarot were established in Israel to cope with the 1948-1955 immigration to Israel.]]
Of the nearly 900,000 Jewish refugees, approximately 680,000 were absorbed by Israel; the remainder went to Europe and the Americas.<ref>[http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1185379004431 Congress mulls Jewish refugee cause] by Michal Lando. ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]''. July 25, 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign+Relations/Israels+Foreign+Relations+since+1947/1947-1974/VI-+THE+ARAB+REFUGEES-+INTRODUCTION.htm Historical documents. 1947-1974 VI - THE ARAB REFUGEES - INTRODUCTION] MFA Israel</ref> 

Hundreds of thousands of Jewish refugees were temporarily settled in the numerous tent cities called [[ma'abarot]] (transit camps) in Hebrew. The ma'abarot existed until 1963. Their population was gradually absorbed and integrated into the Israeli society, a substantial logistical achievement, without help from the [[United Nations]]' various refugee organizations.

Absorption was not without its problems, however. Many of the refugees had a hard time adjusting to the new dominant culture and change of lifestyle and there were also several claims of discrimination against the refugees. In 1971, these sentiments would burst into protest led by the [[Israeli Black Panther]] movement.

==  Jewish refugee advocacy  ==
⏎
⏎
There are a number of advocacy groups acting on behalf of Jewish refugees from Arab countries. Some examples include:
* ''Justice for Jews from Arab Countries'' seeks to secure rights and redress for Jews from Arab countries who suffered as a result of the 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict.<ref>[http://www.justiceforjews.com/ Justice for Jews from Arab countries] (JJAC)</ref>
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Among other notable advocates are historian [[Bat Ye'or]] who considers herself an Egyptian refugee and considers that experience as one that shaped her perspective.

===
  Controversies regarding the Jewish exodus  ===
⏎
⏎
The concept that Jewish emigrants from Arab lands should be considered refugees has been met with opposition from both Zionist and Non-Zionist circles.
Zionist opposition, coming mainly from Israeli Zionist politicians of the Mizrachi Jewish community, contends that it is Zionist ideals that were the driving force behind their emigration to Israel.
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Other scholars such as Phillip mendes and [[David Cesarani]] reject the comparison and coupling as superficial and is used as an excuse to withhold justice from palestinians.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jun/23/israelandthepalestinians.middleeast "A different kind of catastrophe."] ''The Guardian'',  23 June 2008.</ref><ref name=Mendes/>

==
  See also  ==
*[[Aliyah]]
*[[Arab-Israeli conflict]]
*[[Anti-Semitism]]
*[[Arab anti-Semitism]]
*[[Islam and anti-Semitism]]
*[[Jewish history]]
*[[Jewish population]]
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*Stearns, Peter N. {{worldhistory}}	
*Stillman, Norman (1975). ''Jews of Arab Lands a History and Source Book''. Jewish Publication Society
*Stillman, Norman (2003). ''Jews of Arab Lands in Modern Times''. Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia. ISBN 0-8276-0370-3
*Zargari, Joseph (2005). ''The Forgotten Story of the ''Mizrachi'' Jews''. Buffalo Public Interest Law Journal (Volume 23, 2004-2005).

==
  External links  ==
*[http://justiceforjews.com/ Justice for Jews from Arab Countries]
* [http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=3&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=253&PID=0&IID=2091&TTL=The_Palestinian_Refugee_Issue:__Rhetoric_vs._Reality The Palestinian Refugee Issue:  Rhetoric vs. Reality by Sidney Zabludoff]This article compares the losses of Jewish refugees to Palestinians.
*''The Silent Exodus - A film by Pierre Rehov'' [http://www.PierreRehov.com]
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[[Category:Jewish refugees]]

[[ar:هجرة اليهود من الأراضي العربية]]
[[cs:Židovský exodus z arabských zemí]]
[[es:Éxodo judío de países árabes]]
[[fr:Réfugiés juifs des pays arabes]]
[[he:העלייה ההמונית]]