Difference between revisions 109685200 and 110602623 on dewiki

{{Importartikel}}
[[FBiled:Op Magic Carpet (Yemenites).jpg|thumbminiatur|240px|[[Yemenite Jew]]s en rJudentum im Jemen|Jemenitische Juden]] auf der Route fromvon [[Aden]] tonach [[Israel]], during the Magic Carpet operation ( während der [[Operation Magic Carpet (Jemen)|Operation Fliegender Teppich]] 1949–1950).]]
[[FBiled:Bet Lid Immigration Camp1949.jpg|right|thumbechts|miniatur|240px|Bet  -Lid [[Immigrant camps (Israel)|immigrant camp]] in-Flüchtlingslager 1949.]]
ThDie '''Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries''' (<!--{{lang-Vertreibung der Juden aus arabischen und islamischen Ländern''' ({{heS|יציאת יהודים ממדינות ערב}}, |w=''Yetziat yehudim mi-medinot Arav''; -->{{lang-}}; {{arS|التهجير الجماعي لليهود من الدول العربية والإسلامية}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA-LC||w=at-tahjīr al-jamāʻī lil-yahūd min ad-duwal al-ʻArabīyah wal-Islāmīyah}}'') was a mass departure, flight<ref name=meron1995/> and expulsion of Jews, primarily ofr der Exodus, die Flucht und die Massenauswanderung<ref name=meron1995/> von [[Juden]], vor allem [[Sephardi Jews|Sm|sephardischer]] aund [[Mizrachi Jews|Mm|mizrachi]] background, from [[Arabscher]] Herkunft, aus [[Araber|arabischen]] aund [[Muslim world|Muslim countries]], from 1948 until the early 1970s. Islamische Welt|muslimischen Ländern]], von 1948 bis in die 1970er Jahre. ⏎
⏎
Though Jewish migration from Middle Eastern and North African communities began in the late 19th century, and Jews began leaving some Arab countries in the 1930s and early 1940s, it did not become significant until the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]]. From the onset of the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]] until the early 1970s, 800,000–1,000,000 Jews left, fled, or were expelled from their homes in Arab countries; 260,000 of them reached Israel between 1948 and 1951 and amounted for 56% of the total immigration to the n(contracted; show full)their descendants constituted almost half of Israel's population.<ref name=Aharoni/> Among the non-Arab Muslim countries, the exodus of Iranian Jews peaked following the [[1979 Islamic Revolution]], when around 80% of Iranian Jews left the war-torn country for US and Israel. Turkish Jewry had mostly immigrated due to economic reasons and Zionist aspirations, but since the 1990s increasing terrorist attacks against Jews caused security concerns, with the result that many Jews left for Israel.

==
Historic background==
{{main|Islam and antisemitism|Antisemitism in the Arab world}} Geschichtlicher Hintergrund ==
Many Jews had experienced tension within Arab countries, similar to other minorities. Conversely, the idea of Zionism and of a Jewish state was appealing to the Jews; however, this entailed leaving the land in which they had lived for many generations. Insecurity was exacerbated by the process of the Arab struggle for independence and the conflict in Palestine and in some cases this led to physical expulsion and appropriation of property.

===Ottoman times Osmanische Zeit ===
A constant flow of Jews from European, Middle Eastern and North African communities increased during the Ottoman period. However, only by the end of the 19th century a more significant immigration from Middle Eastern communities had begun. The Yemeni Jews, first to arrive, were driven primarily by Messianic and religious Zionist aspirations, even though they faced periodic suppression and violence. Yet, the waves of anti-Jewish [[pogrom]]s in the 19th and the early 20th century across the Middle East and North Africa provided a solid ground for many Jews to consider a new home, whether Israel or elsewhere.

===Rise of modern antisemitism in the Middle East===
{{Antisemitism}}
{{See also|Jews outside Europe under Nazi occupation}}
{{further2|[[Islam and antisemitism#Support for the Third Reich|Support for the Third Reich in Muslim countries]]}}⏎
 Moderner Antisemitismus im Nahen Osten ===
The [[Kingdom of Iraq (British administration)|British mandate over Iraq]] came to an end in June 1930, and in October 1932 the country became independent. The Iraqi government response to the demand of [[Assyria]]n autonomy (a Semitic tribe, affiliated to Nestorian church), turned into a [[Simele massacre|bloody massacre]] by Iraqi army in August 1933. This event was the first sign to the Jewish community that minority rights were meaningless under Iraqi monarchy. King Faisal, known for his liberal polici(contracted; show full)njured, 4,000 were left homeless (displaced) and 2,400 were reduced to poverty. Five synagogues in Tripoli and four in provincial towns were destroyed, and over 1,000 Jewish residences and commercial buildings were plundered in Tripoli alone.<ref name="Stillman, 2003, p. 145">Stillman, 2003, p. 145.</ref> The same year, violent anti-Jewish pogroms occurred in other cities across the [[Arab World]], including [[1945 Cairo pogrom|Cairo (Egypt)]], which resulted in 10 Jewish victims.

==
Exodus from Arab countries ( Vertreibung aus arabischen Ländern 1947–1972)  ==
{{Plitim}}⏎
With the November 1947 declaration of [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine]], severe anti-Jewish pogroms with massive casualties erupted across the [[Arab World]]. Arab pogroms against Jews in [[1947 Aden pogrom|Yemen]] and [[Aleppo pogrom|Syria]] were particularly violent.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} The violence prompted a severe increase in Jewish exodus, with the Aleppo Jewish community deteriorating into decline and soon after the [[1947 Aleppo pogrom|pogrom]] half the city's Jewish(contracted; show full)sh advocacy group JJAC (Justice for Jews from Arab Countries) has too alleged that [[Arab League]] members formulated a coordinated policy to expel or force the departure of the Jewish population.<ref>[http://www.justiceforjews.com/legal.html Justiceforjews.com]</ref><ref>[http://www.jewishpolicycenter.org/112/the-forgotten-jewish-refugees-from-arab-states Jeqishpolicycenter.org]</ref><ref>[http://www.jewishpolicycenter.org/pics/112.png Jewishpolicycenter.org]</ref>

===
  Algeriaen ===
{{See also|History of the Jews in Algeria}}
[[File:Oran synagogue.jpg|left|thumb|120px|[[Great Synagogue of Oran]], Algeria, confiscated and turned into a mosque after the departure of Jews]]

(contracted; show full)

Following the [[Algerian Civil War]] most of the thousand-odd Jews living mainly in [[Algiers]] and [[Blida]], [[Constantine, Algeria|Constantine]], and [[Oran]], left the country. The Algiers [[synagogue]] was consequently abandoned after 1994.

Jewish migration from North Africa to France led to the rejuvenation of the [[French Jews|French Jew]]ish community, which is now the third largest in the world.

===
  Bahrain  ===
{{See also|History of the Jews in Bahrain|1947 Manama pogrom}}
[[Bahrain]]'s tiny Jewish community, mostly the Jewish descendants of immigrants who entered the country in the early 20th century from Iraq, numbered 600 in 1948. In the wake of the November 29, 1947, [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|U.N. Partition vote]], demonstrations against the vote in the Arab world were called for December 2–5. The first two days of demonstrations in Bahrain saw rock throwing against Jews, but on December 5, mobs in the capital of [[Manama]] [[1947 Manama pogrom|looted]] Jewish homes and shops, destroyed the synagogue, beat any Jews they could find, and murdered one elderly woman.<ref>Stillman, 2003, p. 147.</ref>

Over the next few decades, most left for other countries, especially [[England]]; as of 2006 only 36 remained.<ref name=Luxner>Larry Luxner, [http://www.jta.org/page_view_story.asp?intarticleid=17183&intcategoryid=1 Life's good for Jews of Bahrain — as long as they don't visit Israel], ''[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]'', October 18, 2006. Accessed 25 October 2006.</ref>

===E Ägypten ===
{{See also|History of the Jews in Egypt|Expulsion of Egyptian Jews (1956)}}
[[File:BenEzraAnnex.jpg|right | thumb | [[Ben Ezra Synagogue]], Cairo]]

(contracted; show full) English-speaking countries of [[Africa]]. The pamphlet used the ''Protocols'' and ''[[The International Jew]]'' as its sources and concluded that all the Jews were cheats, thieves, and murderers.<ref>Lewis, 1986, p. 210.</ref> In 1967, Jews were detained and tortured, and Jewish homes were confiscated.<ref name=Schwartz/> Following the Six Day War, the community practically ceased to exist, with the exception of several dozens of elderly Jews.

===
  Iraqk ===
{{main|Operation Ezra and Nehemiah}}
{{see also|History of the Jews in Iraq|Baghdadi Jews|Kurdish Jews}}

[[File:Immigrants 1951.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Iraqi Jews leaving [[Lod airport]] (Israel) on their way to [[Ma'abarot|ma'abara]] transit camp, 1951]]
(contracted; show full)

In 1969, some 50 of the remaining Iraqi Jews were executed, 11 were publicly executed after show trials and several hundred thousand Iraqis marched past the bodies amid a carnival-like atmosphere.<ref>''Republic of fear: the politics of modern Iraq'' By Kanan Makiya, chapter 2 "A World of Fear", University of California 1998</ref>

===
Le Libanon  ===
{{see also|History of the Jews in Lebanon}}
[[File:Maghen Abraham Synagogue (side).JPG|thumb|300px|[[Maghen Abraham Synagogue]] in [[Beirut, Lebanon]]]]
(contracted; show full)here are now only between 20 and 40 Jews living in Lebanon.<ref name="jewcy.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.jewcy.com/religion-and-beliefs/jews_lebanon_another_perspective|title=The Jews of Lebanon: Another Perspective<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref><ref name="ynetnews.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3292543,00.html |title=Beirut's last Jews - Israel Jewish Scene, Ynetnews<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref>

===
  Libyaen ===
{{see also|History of the Jews in Libya}}
In 1948, about 38,000 Jews lived in Libya.<ref name="Avneri"/><ref>Stillman, 2003, pp. 155–156.</ref> A [[1945 Tripoli pogrom|series of pogroms started in Tripoli]] in November 1945; over a period of several days more than 130 Jews (including 36 children) were killed, hundreds were injured, 4,000 were left homeless, and 2,400 were reduced to poverty. Five synagogues in Tripoli and four in provincial towns were destroyed, and over 1,00(contracted; show full)

Although the main synagogue in Tripoli was renovated in 1999, it has not reopened for services. The last Jew in Libya, Esmeralda Meghnagi, died in February 2002. Israel is home to about 40,000 Jews of Libyan descent, who maintain unique traditions.<ref>[http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/JewsofLibya/LibyanJews/thejews.html Sunsite.berkeley.edu]</ref><ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/libyajews.html Jewishvirtuallibrary.org]</ref>

===
Morocco Marokko ===
{{main|Operation Yakhin}}
{{see also|History of the Jews in Morocco}}
[[File:Jüdische Hochzeit in Marokko-1024.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Jewish Wedding in Morocco by [[Eugène Delacroix]], [[Louvre]], [[Paris]]]]

(contracted; show full)ture.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=UaiipUj3SJ8C&pg=PA186&dq=Tunisia+Jews+france+emigrate|title=Esther Benbassa, ''The Jews of France: A History from Antiquity to the Present'' | isbn=978-0-691-09014-6 | year=2001 | publisher=Princeton University Press}}</ref> In 1948, over 250,000<ref name="Stearns"/>-265,000<ref name="Avneri"/> Jews lived in Morocco. By 2001 an estimated 5,230 remained.<ref name=Shields/>

===
  Sudan  ===
{{see also|History of the Jews in Sudan}}
The Jewish community in Sudan was concentrated in the capital Khartoum, and had been established in the late 19th century. By the middle of the 20th century the community included some 350 Jews, mainly of Sephardic background, who had constructed a synagogue and a Jewish school. Between 1948 and 1956, some members of the community left the country, and it finally ceased to exist by the early 1960s.<ref name=cohen>M. Cohen, ''Know your people, Survey of the world Jewish population''. 1962.</ref><ref name=nakham>I. Nakham, ''The notebook of the Jewish community of Sudan''.</ref>

===  Syriaen ===
{{see also|History of the Jews in Syria}}
[[File:Aleppo-Jewish201914.jpg|thumb|left|Jewish wedding in [[Aleppo]], [[Syria]], 1914.]]
In 1947, rioters in Aleppo [[1947 Aleppo pogrom|burned the city's Jewish quarter]] and killed 75 people.<ref name="Pipes">Daniel Pipes, ''Greater Syria: The History of an Ambition'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990) p. 57, records 75 victims of the Aleppo massacre.</ref> As a result, nearly half of the Jewish populatio(contracted; show full)arge and vibrant Syrian Jewish community in South [[Brooklyn]], [[New York]]. In 2004, the Syrian government attempted to establish better relations with the emigrants, and a delegation of a dozen Jews of Syrian origin visited Syria in the spring of that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/L/Joshua.M.Landis-1/syriablog/2005/10/jews-of-syria-by-robert-tuttle.htm|title=SyriaComment.com: "The Jews of Syria," By Robert Tuttle<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref>

===
  Tuniesiaen ===
{{see also|History of the Jews in Tunisia}}
[[File:Juifs tunisiens.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Jews of Tunis, c. 1900. From the [[Jewish Encyclopedia]].]]
In 1948, approximately 105,000 Jews lived in [[Tunisia]]. About 1,500 remain today, mostly in [[Djerba]], [[Tunis]], and [[Zarzis]]. Following Tunisia's independence from France in 1956, a number of anti-Jewish policies led to emigration, of which half went to Israel and the other half to France. After attacks in 1967, Jewish emigration both to Israel and France accelerated. There were also attacks in 1982, 1985{{Citation needed|date=May 2007}}, and most recently in 2002 when a bomb in Djerba took 21 lives (most of them German tourists) near the local synagogue, in a terrorist attack claimed by [[Al-Qaeda]]. (See [[Ghriba synagogue bombing]]).

===Y Jemen, und Aden and Djibouti===
{{main|Operation Magic Carpet (Yemen)}}
{{see also|Yemenite Jews|History of the Jews in Aden}}
If one includes [[Aden]], there were about 63,000 Jews in [[Yemen]] in 1948. Today, there are about 200 left. In 1947, [[1947 Aden pogrom|rioters killed at least 80 Jews in Aden]], a British colony in southern Yemen. In 1948 the new [[Zaidiyyah|Zaydi]] Imam [[Ahmad bin Yahya]] unexpectedly allowed his Jewish subjects to leave Yemen, and tens of thousands poured into Aden. The Israeli government's [[Operation Magic Carpet (Yemen)|Operation Magic Carpet]] evacuated around 44,000 Jews from Yemen to Israel in 1949 and 1950.<ref name=Stillman156-157>Stillman, 2003, pp. 156–57.</ref> Emigration continued until 1962, when the [[North Yemen Civil War|civil war in Yemen]] broke out. A small community remained unknown until 1976, but it appears that all infrastructure is lost now.{{Citation needed|date=May 2007}}

===Jewish population Jüdische Bevölkerung in Aarab countries,ischen Ländern 1948–2008  ===
⏎
⏎
[[File:Eliyahu Hanavi Synagogue in Alexandria.jpg|right|thumb |[[Eliyahu Hanavi Synagogue (Alexandria)|Eliyahu Hanavi Synagogue]] in Alexandria, Egypt]]
In 1948, there were between 758,000 and 881,000 Jews (see table below) living in communities throughout the Arab world. Today, there are fewer than 8,600. In some Arab states, such as [[Libya]], which was about 3% Jewish, the Jewish community no longer exists; in other Arab countries, only a few hundred Jews remain.

(contracted; show full)| '''Total'''
| align="right" | '''758,350–881,350'''
| align="right" |
| align="right" | '''<7,300'''
| align="right" | '''<6,400'''
|}

==
Exodus from non-Arab Muslim countries Vertreibung aus anderen muslimischen Ländern ==
{{Further2|[[History of the Jews under Muslim rule]]}}

===  Afghanistan  ===
{{see also|History of the Jews in Afghanistan}}
By 1948, about 5,000 Jews existed in Afghanistan, and after they were allowed to emigrate in 1951, most of them moved to Israel and the United States.<ref name="RFL">NEW YORK, June 19, 2007 ([[Radio Free Europe|RFE/RL]]), [http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/6/c837c590-c06b-4c30-9017-36f29fc98437.html U.S.: Afghan Jews Keep Traditions Alive Far From Home]</ref> By 1969, some 300 remained, and most of these left after the Soviet invasion of 1979, leaving 10 Afghan Jews in 1996, most of them in Kabul. More than 10,000 Jews of Afghan descent presently live in Israel. Over 200 families of Afghan Jews live in [[New York City]] in USA.<ref name="RFL"/>

===  Iran  ===
{{see also|History of the Jews in Iran|Persian Jews|Exodus of Iran's Jews}}
The violence and disruption in Arab life associated with the founding of Israel in 1948 drove an increased anti-Jewish sentiment in neighbouring Iran as well. This continued until 1953, in part because of the weakening of the central government and strengthening of clergy in the political struggles between the shah and prime minister [[Mohammad Mossadegh]]. From 1948–1953, about one-third of Iranian Jews, most of them poor,(contracted; show full)k to this day. Most of Iranian Jews found their way to the US, with lesser numbers arriving to Europe and Israel. About 15% of the Persian Jewish community in Israel were admitted between 1975 and 1991. They emigrated from Iran chiefly because of [[religious persecution]].<ref>[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=424 Migration Information Source – Iran: A Vast Diaspora Abroad and Millions of Refugees at Home]. Migrationinformation.org. Retrieved on 2011-05-29.</ref>

===
  Pakistan  ===
{{see also|History of the Jews in Pakistan}}
At the time of Pakistani independence in 1947, some 1,300 Jews remained in Karachi, most of them [[Bene Israel]] Jews, observing [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardic]] Jewish rites. The exodus of Jewish refugees from Pakistan to Bombay and other cities in India came just prior to the creation of Israel in 1948, when many Muslims, including [[Muhajir people|Muhajir]]s, committed violent [[anti-Semitic]] acts against the Bene Israel Jews of Karachi and other Jewish communities in Pakistan. By 1953, fewer than 500 Jews were reported to reside in all of Pakistan. Anti-Jewish sentiment and violence often flared during ensuing conflicts in the Middle East, resulting in a further movement of Jewish refugees out of Pakistan.

===Tu Türkeyi ===
{{see also|History of the Jews in Turkey|2003 Istanbul bombings}}
The Jews of Turkey were little affected by the 1948 events in the Arab World, and thus no significant Jewish immigration emerged from Turkey due to persecution, but rather Zionist reasons.

(contracted; show full)

Despite the increasing anti-Israeli{{citation needed|date=January 2012}} and anti-Jewish{{citation needed|date=January 2012}} attitudes in modern Turkey, Jewish community there is still believed to be the largest among Muslim countries, numbering about 23,000.

===
Jewish population in non-Arab Muslim countries, Jüdische Bevölkerung in nichtarabischen muslimischen Ländern 1948–2008  ===
⏎
⏎
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="5" colspan="3" width="450"
|+ '''Jewish populations of non-Arab Muslim countries and territories: 1948, 1972, 2000 and 2008'''
|-
! Country or territory
! 1948 Jewish<br />population
! 1972 Jewish<br />population
! 2001 Jewish<br />population
! 2008 Jewish<br />population
(contracted; show full)| '''Total'''
| align="right" | '''202,000–282,500'''
| align="right" |'''110,750'''
| align="right" |
| align="right" | '''32,100'''
|}

==
Jewish refugee absorption Jüdische Flüchtlingsaufnahme ==
{{Aliyah}}
{{main|Immigrant camps (Israel)|Maabarot|Development Town}}
[[File:Maabara1950.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Ma'abarot]] transit camp, 1950]]
(contracted; show full)

The population of transition camps was gradually absorbed and integrated into Israeli society, a substantial logistical achievement, without help from the [[United Nations]]' various refugee organizations. Many of the refugees had a hard time adjusting to the new dominant culture, change of lifestyle and there were claims of discrimination.

==
Views Nachwirken ==
⏎
⏎
===Views of deliberate expulsion policy Systematische Vertreibungspolitik ===
According ot Yaacov Meron, the exodus of the Jews was a matter expected and even planned policy of the Arab League members. He cites the warning statement of Heykal Pasha, an Egyptian delegate, before the Political Committee of the U.N. General Assembly on November 14, 1947, just five days before that body voted on the partition plan for Palestine. Pasha made the following key statement in connection with that plan:
(contracted; show full)t meeting one and a half years later of senior diplomats from all the Arab States.<ref name=meron1995/> By March 1949, the Arab states had already lost the first Arab-Israeli war and used this defeat to justify an expulsion that had been officially proclaimed before the war even began. As reported in a Syrian newspaper, "If Israel should oppose the return of the Arab refugees to their homes, the Arab governments will expel the Jews living in their countries."<ref name=meron1995/>

===
Jewish refugee advocacy Jüdische Flüchtlingsverteidigung ===
Advocacy groups acting on behalf of Jewish refugees from Arab countries include:
* [[Justice for Jews from Arab Countries]] seeks to secure rights and redress for Jews from Arab countries who suffered as a result of the 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict.<ref>[http://www.justiceforjews.com/ Justice for Jews from Arab countries] (JJAC)</ref>
(contracted; show full)

Among other notable advocates are the Egyptian born writer [[Bat Ye'or]], who considers herself an Egyptian refugee and considers that experience as one that shaped her perspective.

====
2012 c Kampaigne 2012 ====
In 2012, a special campaign on behalf of the Jewish refugees from Arab countries was established and gained momentum.  The campaign urges the creation of an international fund that would compensate both Jewish and [[Palestinian Arabs|Palestinian]] refugees, and would document and research the plight of Jewish refugees from Arab countries.<ref name="2012 campaign">{{cite web | url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-urges-ban-ki-moon-to-place-plight-of-post-1948-jewish-refugees-on-un-age(contracted; show full)was a fabrication and that they "voluntarily and collectively left".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=285923 | title=Hamas: Arab Jews are not refugees, but criminals | publisher=Jerusalem Post | accessdate=September 23, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=283447 | title=PLO's Ashrawi: No such thing as Jewish refugees | publisher=Jerusalem Post | accessdate=September 23, 2012}}</ref>

===
Jewish Jüdischer "Nakba"  ===
In response to the Palestinian [[Nakba]] narrative, the term "''Jewish Nakba''" is sometimes used to refer to the persecution and expulsion of Jews from Arab countries in the years and decades following the creation of the State of Israel. Israeli columnist [[Ben Dror Yemini]], himself a [[Mizrahi]] Jew, wrote:<ref>{{cite news |first=Ben |last=Dror Yemini |title=The Jewish Nakba: Expulsions, Massacres and Forced Conversions |url=http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART1/891/(contracted; show full)onal tragedies". The result was "the collapse of the Palestinian community, the fragmentation of a people, and the loss of a country that had in the past been mostly Arabic-speaking and Islamic. "<ref>{{cite news |first=Yehoshua|last=Porath |title=Mrs. Peters’s Palestine |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1986/jan/16/mrs-peterss-palestine/?pagination=false |work= ''The New York Review of Books |date=January 16, 1986 |accessdate=February 19, 2012 }}</ref>

===
Objecting views Arabische Sichtweise ===
The assertion that Jewish emigrants from Arab countries should be considered refugees has received mixed reactions from various quarters.

Iraqi-born [[Ran Cohen]], a former member of the [[Knesset]], said: "I have this to say: I am not a refugee. I came at the behest of [[Zionism]], due to the pull that this land exerts, and due to the idea of redemption. Nobody is going to define me as a refugee". Yemeni-born [[Yisrael Yeshayahu]], former Knesset speaker, Labor Party, stated: "We are no(contracted; show full) on Palestinians, and reduce the size of the compensation Israel is liable to be asked to pay in exchange for Palestinian property appropriated by the state guardian of "lost" assets".<ref>name="HaaretzMagicCarpet">{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hitching-a-ride-on-the-magic-carpet-1.97357 |title=Hitching a Ride on the Magic Carpet |date=2003-08-15 |accessdate=2011-05-11 |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |first=Shenhav |last=Yehuda |authorlink=Yehuda Shenhav}}</ref>

==
C Kompensation  ==
The official position of the Israeli government is that Jews from Arab countries are considered refugees, and it considers their rights to property left in countries of origin as valid and existent.<ref name=MOJ>{{cite web|url=http://www.justice.gov.il/MOJEng/Rights+of+Jews+from+Arab+Lands/|title=Rights of Jews from Arab Lands}}</ref>

(contracted; show full)osses sustained by the Jews who fled Arab countries since 1947 amounts to $6 billion, in contrast to the losses of the Palestinian Arab refugees which he estimates at $3.9 billion (both sums in 2007 dollars).<ref>"[http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DBID=1&TMID=111&LNGID=1&FID=388&PID=0&IID=2196 The Palestinian Refugee Issue: Rhetoric vs. Reality]", Sidney Zabludoff, ''Jewish Political Studies Review'' 20:1–2 (Spring 2008)</ref>

==
C Kongressional r-Resolutionsen ==
In 2008, the United States House of Representatives passed a resolution concerning Jewish refugees.  Part of the resolution states that any "comprehensive Middle East peace agreement to be credible and enduring, the agreement must address and resolve all outstanding issues relating to the legitimate rights of all refugees, including Jews, Christians and other populations displaced from countries in the Middle East.”<ref name="HR 185 1">{{cite web | url=http://www.jpost.com/JewishWorl(contracted; show full)s-house-of-representatives-1.455503 | title=Jewish refugees bill being considered by U.S. House of Representatives | publisher=Haaretz | work=JTA | date=August 2, 2012 | accessdate=September 22, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Recognition House">{{cite web | url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4262885,00.html | title=House members seek recognition for Jewish refugees from Arab countries | publisher=Yedioth Ahronot | date=July 31, 2012 | accessdate=September 22, 2012}}</ref>

==
  Films about the exoduse ==
* ''I Miss The Sun'' (1984), USA, produced and directed by Mary Hilawani. Filmmaker Mary Halawani profiles her grandmother, Rosette Hakim, in this illuminating documentary short. A prominent Egyptian-Jewish family, the Halawanis fled their homeland in 1959 when anti-Zionist sentiments were on the rise and hundreds of Jews were interned in detention camps for alleged pro-Communist activities. Rosette, the family matriarch, chose to remain in Egypt until every member of the large family(contracted; show full)

* ''The Farhud'' (2008) is a documentary by Itzhak Halutzi, describing the bloody events of the [[Farhud]] in Iraq of 1941. The Farhud has become one of the major acts of [[Islam and antisemitism#Antisemitism in the Islamic Middle East|Anti-Jewish violent explosions in the Middle East]], which led to massive departure of [[Iraqi Jews|Jews from Iraq]] in the following years.

==
See also Siehe auch ==
*[[Arab anti-Semitism]]
*[[Arab Jews]]
*[[Jewish population]]
**[[Historical Jewish population comparisons]]
*[[Jewish refugees]]
*[[Jews by country]]
*[[Jews of the Bilad el-Sudan (West Africa)]]
*[[Jews outside Europe under Nazi occupation]]
*[[1948 Palestinian exodus]]
*[[Kurdish refugees]]

==Notes Anmerkungen ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References Nachweise ==
{{third-party|date=July 2012}}
{{Refbegin|colwidth=50em}}
*[[André Chouraqui]] (2002), "Between East and West: A History of the Jews of North Africa". ISBN 1-59045-118-X
*Beinin, Joel (1998), [http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft2290045n/ ''The Dispersion Of Egyptian Jewry Culture, Politics, And The Formation Of A Modern Diaspora''], University of California Press, c1998. Amer Univ in Cairo Pr, 2005, ISBN 977-424-890-2
(contracted; show full)
*Stearns, Peter N. {{worldhistory}}
*Stillman, Norman (1975). ''Jews of Arab Lands a History and Source Book''. Jewish Publication Society
*Stillman, Norman (2003). ''Jews of Arab Lands in Modern Times''. Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia. ISBN 0-8276-0370-3
*Zargari, Joseph (2005). ''The Forgotten Story of the ''Mizrachi'' Jews''. Buffalo Public Interest Law Journal (Volume 23, 2004 – 2005).
{{Refend}}

<pre>
==
  External le Links  ==
* [http://www.sixdaywar.co.uk/jews_in_arab_countries_intro.htm The impact of the Six Day War on Jews in Arab lands]
*[http://www.jimena.org/index.htm JIMENA]: Jews Indigenous to the Middle East and North Africa
*[http://www.aish.com/jewishissues/middleeast/The_Middle_Easts_Forgotten_Refugees.asp The Middle East's Forgotten Refugees] by Semha Alwaya
*[http://www.meforum.org/article/263 Why Jews fled Arab countries] by Ya'akov Meron
*[http://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast/isljew.htm In the Islamic Mideast, Scant Place for Jews]
*[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2008/05/05/uk-israel-palestinians-1948-jews-idUKL0272854620080505 Israel's advent altered outlook for Middle East Jews] Reuters
*[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4068854,00.html How Arabs stole Jewish property] by Tani Goldstein
* Adi Schwartz, [http://azure.org.il/article.php?id=581 'A Tragedy Shrouded in Silence: The Destruction of the Arab World's Jewry'] in ''[[Azure (journal)|Azure]]'' 45 (Summer 2011)
{{Mizrahi Jews topics}}
{{Jews and Judaism}}
{{Antisemitism topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Jewish villages depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War}}
{{Anti-Jewish pogroms during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War}}

{{DEFAULTSORTSORTIERUNG:Jewish Exodus From Arab Countries}}
[[Category:Aliyah]]
[[Category:Arab–Israeli conflict]]
[[Category:Ethnic riots]]
[[Category:Forced migration]]
[[Category:History of Israel]]
[[Category:Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]
[[Category:Islam and antisemitism]]
[[Category:Jewish history]]
[[Category:Judeo-Islamic topics]]
[[Category:Jewish refugees| ]]
[[Category:Immigration to Israel]]
[[Category:Israeli Declaration of Independence]]
[[Category:1948 Arab–Israeli War]]
[[Category:History of the Jews in the Middle East]]
[[Category:Persecution by Muslims]]

[[ar:هجرة اليهود من الأراضي العربية]]
[[bg:Еврейският изход от мюсюлманските и арабските страни]]
[[cs:Židovský exodus z arabských zemí]]
[[en:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries]]⏎
[[es:Éxodo judío de países árabes]]
[[fa:مهاجرت دسته‌جمعی یهودیان از کشورهای عربی و اسلامی]]
[[fr:Départ des Juifs des pays arabes]]
[[hr:Iseljavanje i progon Židova u arapskom svijetu]]
[[it:Esodo ebraico dai paesi arabi]]
[[he:פליטים יהודים ממדינות ערב]]
[[nl:Joodse vluchtelingen uit de Arabische wereld]]
[[pt:Êxodo judaico dos países árabes]]
[[ru:Исход евреев из мусульманских стран]]
[[sv:Judisk exodus från arabiska och andra muslimska länder]]
[[tr:Yahudilerin Arap topraklarından toplu göçü]]

</pre>