Difference between revisions 112909429 and 112909432 on dewiki

{{about|the British mansion|Benjamin Chew's mansion in Germantown, Pennsylvania|Cliveden (Benjamin Chew House)}}
[[Image:Cliveden-2382.jpg|thumb|400px|View looking north from the Ring in the Parterre showing Terrace Pavilion and Clock Tower to the left with Lower Terrace and Borghese Balustrade below]]

(contracted; show full)lt;ref name='Crathorne10'>{{Harvnb|Crathorne|1995|p=10}}</ref>  The {{convert|375|acre|ha}} gardens and woodlands are open to the public, together with parts of the house on certain days. There have been three houses on this site: the first, built in 1666, burned down in 1795 and the second house (1824) was also destroyed by fire, in 1849. The present Grade 1 listed house was built in 1851 by the architect [[Charles Barry]] for [[George Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 2nd Duke of Sutherland]].
  

==Present house==
[[Image:Cliveden 02.jpg|thumb|The north front]]
Designed by Sir Charles Barry in 1851 to replace a house previously destroyed by fire, the present house is a blend of the English [[Palladian architecture|Palladian]] style and the Roman Cinquecento.<ref>Crathorne, 1995, p.29.</ref> The Victorian three-storey mansion sits on a {{convert|400|ft|m|adj=on}} long, {{convert|20|ft|m|adj=on}} high brick terrace or viewing platform (only visible from the South side) which dates from th(contracted; show full)

In 1984-6 the exterior of the mansion was overhauled and a new lead roof installed by the National Trust, while interior repairs were carried out by Cliveden Hotel.<ref>N.T. Guide, 1994, p.46.</ref>

== Early history ==
  
[[Image:2ndDukeOfBuckingham.jpg|upright|thumb|George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham]]

Cliveden stands on the site of a house built in 1666 designed by architect [[William Winde]] as the home of [[George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham]]. But before Buckingham's purchase the land was owned by the Mansfield family and before that to the de Clyveden family.<ref>Crathorne, 1995, p.10.</ref> 

The details are recorded in a document compiled by William Waldorf Astor in 1894 called "The Historical Descent of Cliveden". It shows that in 1237 the land was owned by Geoffrey de Clyveden and by 1300 it had passed to his son, William, who owned fisheries and mills along the Cliveden Reach stretch of the Thames and at nearby Hedsor. 
[[Image:CliveGardenFrontVitruviusBritannicus edited.jpg|thumb|left|The 1666 house. Only the arcaded terrace remains today.]]

The document also shows that in 1569 a lodge existed on the site along with {{convert|50|acre|m2}} of land and was owned by Sir Henry Manfield and later his son, Sir Edward. In 1573 there were two lodges on {{convert|160|acre|m2}} of treeless [[chalk]] escarpement above the Thames. It was on this impressively high but exposed site that Buckingham chose to build the first Cliveden house. 

⏎
⏎
Buckingham pulled down the earlier buildings and chose William Winde as his architect. Winde designed a four-storey house above an arcaded terrace. Today, the terrace is the only feature of Buckingham's house to survive the 1795 fire. Although the Duke's intention was to use Cliveden as a "hunting box" he later housed his mistress Anna, Countess of Shrewsbury there. A contemporary account of Buckingham's antics with Anna is recounted by [[Samuel Pepys]] in his diary of the period.
(contracted; show full)

==Victorian Cliveden==
===Sir George Warrender===
After the fire of 1795 the house remained a ruin for the first quarter of the 19th century until, in 1824 the estate was purchased by [[Sir George Warrender, 4th Baronet]]. To rebuild Cliveden, Warrender selected [[William Burn]], a Scottish architect, and decided on a design for a two-storey mansion designed with entertaining on a grand scale in mind.

===George, 2nd Duke of Sutherland===
  
[[Image:Clivedenmorris edited.jpg|thumb|right|A nineteenth-century engraving of the 1851 house from the parterre]]
Warrender died in 1849 and the house was sold to the Sutherland family, headed by the second Duke. Sutherland had only been in possession of the estate for a few months when, in the same year as his acquisition the house burned down for the second time in its history. The cause this time appears to have been negligence on the part of the decorators.<ref>N.T. Guide, 1994, p.28.</ref>(contracted; show full)ews over the Parterre and Thames,was redecorated in 1995 by Eve Stewart, with terracotta-coloured walls, gilded columns and [[trompe l'oeil]] shelves of books. The ceiling is painted to resemble clouds and three Bohemian glass chandeliers hang from it. The portraits in the room include the 2nd Duke of Sutherland, the 1st Lord Astor, and Miss Mary Hornack by Sir [[Joshua Reynolds]].

Also on the ground floor is the library, panelled in cedar wood, which the Astors used to call the "cigar box"
,<ref>Crathorne, 1995, p.181.</ref>, and, next door, Nancy Astor's [[boudoir]]. Upstairs are five bedrooms and on the second floor another five. The East wing was and still is guest accommodation, whereas the West wing was domestic offices but in 1994 these were converted into more bedrooms.  The National Trust tour only includes the Great Hall and French Dining Room.

==Cliveden Hotel==
(contracted; show full)iveden [[maze]], commissioned by Lord Astor in 1894, is undergoing restoration, after having lain overgrown and inaccessible since the 1950s, with a view to opening it to the public in 2011.<ref>[http://maidenheadadvertiser.co.uk/m/leisure/article-10205-new-maze-for-cliveden/   Maidenhead Advertiser website. Last accessed 12/03/10]</ref> It will be replanted with 1,100 six-foot-tall [[Taxus baccata|yew]] trees.

[[Image:Cliveden-2365.jpg|thumb|left|Giacomo Leoni's 1735 "Temple"]]
  ⏎
⏎

===Temples, pavilions and follies===
The earliest known garden buildings at Cliveden were both designed by Giacomo Leoni for Lord Orkney; the Blenheim Pavilion (c.1727) was built to commemorate Orkney's victory as a general at the [[Battle of Blenheim]]. The Octagon Temple, situated two-hundred feet above the Thames, was originally designed as a [[gazebo]] and [[grotto]] but was later converted by the 1st Lord Astor to become the family [[chapel]]. Its interior and dome are decorated with colourful [[(contracted; show full)

===Borghese balustrade===
The largest sculpture in the grounds, technically in two parts, is the 17th-century Borghese Balustrade on the parterre. Purchased by Lord Astor in the late 19th century from the [[Villa Borghese gardens]] in Rome, it is crafted from [[Travertine]] stone and brick tiles by [[Giuseppe Di Giacomo]] and [[Paolo Massini]] in c.1618-19. It features seats and balustrading with fountain basins and carved eagles.
  

==="Cliveden snail"===
In 2004, a colony of small Mediterranean land snails of the species ''[[Papillifera bidens]]'' was discovered living on the Borghese Balustrade. Presumably this species, new to the English fauna, was accidentally imported along with the balustrade in the late 19th century, and managed to survive the intervening winters to the present day.<ref>name="Sharpe">Janet Rideout Sharpe.March 2005.[http://home.earthlink.net/%7Eaydinslibrary/Mal(contracted; show full)
*In Chapter 12 of ''Three Men in a Boat'' (1889), [[Jerome K. Jerome]] describes Cliveden Reach as "unbroken loveliness this is, perhaps, the sweetest stretch of all the river&nbsp;..."
*In ''Boogie Up the River'' (1989) Mark Wallington retraces Jerome's journey to mark its centenary, with the Thames at Cliveden described in Chapter 5.
  
*The poet [[Alexander Pope]] wrote (c. 1730) of the Duke of Buckingham's affair with Anna, Countess of Shrewsbury: "Gallant and gay in Cliveden's proud alcove/The bower of wanton Shrewsbury and love."<ref>Moral Essays</ref>
*[[Daniel Defoe]] describes the first house in ''A Tour Through England and Wales'' (1726).
*[[Gore Vidal]] in his 1948 novel ''The City and the Pillar'': "The Cliveden-Churchill Set are too well entrenched and I shouldn't be in the least surprised if they created some sort of dictatorship that could never be thrown off without a revolution."

==Other Clivedens==

There is a late colonial-era mansion named after Cliveden in [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], better known as the [[Cliveden (Benjamin Chew House)|Chew Mansion]] of note in the 1777 [[Battle of Germantown]].  

==Gallery==
{{Commons category}}
<gallery>
Image:Cliveden - Tortoise Fountain.jpg|The Tortoise Fountain and view over the River Thames.
Image:Cliveden-2375.jpg|Overlooking 42 inscribed stones to the dead of The Great War Sir Bertram MacKennal's figure represents Canada with the head reputedly modelled by Lady Astor
Image:River_Thames_from_Cliveden_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4206.jpg |View of the River Thames from Cliveden.
Image:Cliveden-8444.jpg|Elephant carving in the grounds
</gallery>

⏎
⏎
==References==
===Notes===
{{reflist|2}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation|last=Crathorne|first=James|title=Cliveden: The Place and the People|publisher=|location=London|year=1995|isbn=}}
*{{citation|last=Llewellyn|first=R|title=Elegance and Eccentricity|publisher=|location=|year=1989|isbn=}}
(contracted; show full)
*Rose, Norman, ''The Cliveden Set: Portrait of an Exclusive Fraternity'', London, 2000.
*Sinclair, David, ''Dynasty: The Astors and their Times'', London, 1983.
*Stanford, Peter, ''Bronwen Astor: Her Life and Times'', London, 2001.

==External links==
*[http://nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-vh/w-visits/w-findaplace/w-cliveden/ nationaltrust.org.uk] Cliveden information at the National Trust

*[http://www.clivedenhouse.co.uk/ Cliveden House Hotel]  
*[http://www.alexanderhamiltoninstitute.org/lp/Hancock/CD-ROMS/GlobalFederation%5CWorld%20Trade%20Federation%20-%20136%20-%20The%20Anglo-American%20Establishment.html The Anglo-American Establishment: From Rhodes to Cliveden] by [[Carroll Quigley]]

{{Coord|51.55850|-0.68823|type:landmark_region:GB-BKM|display=title}}

[[Category:Astor family]]
[[Category:Gardens in Buckinghamshire]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Buckinghamshire]]
[[Category:Grade I listed houses]]
[[Category:Houses in Buckinghamshire]]
[[Category:Hotels in Buckinghamshire]]
[[Category:Italianate architecture]]
[[Category:National Trust properties in Buckinghamshire]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures on the River Thames]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Buckinghamshire]]
[[Category:Mazes]]
[[Category:Leveson-Gower family]]
[[Category:Historic house museums in Buckinghamshire]]

[[es:Cliveden]]
[[fr:Cliveden]]
[[pt:Cliveden]]
[[ru:Клайвден]]
[[simple:Cliveden]]
[[th:คฤหาสน์คลิฟเดิน]]