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{{History of Indonesia}}
{{Copyedit|date=November 2007}}
'''Kediri''' was an [[Indianized kingdom]] based in eastern [[Java (island)|Java]] from [[1042]] to around [[1222]]. Despite the seeming lack of archaeological remains, the age of Kediri was one which saw much development in field of classical literature. <ref>{{cite book | last =Bullough | first =Nigel| title =Historic East Java: Remains in Stone| consulting editor: Mujiyono PH| publisher =ADLine Communications| date =Indonesian 50th independence day commemorative edition - 1995 | location =Jakarta| Printed in Singapore| pages =page 19 }} </ref>. Several notable classic literature such as Mpu Sedah's ''[[Kakawin Bharatayuddha]]'', Mpu Panuluh's  ''[[Gatotkacasraya]]'', and Mpu Dharmaja's ''[[Smaradahana]]'' were blossoming in this era. Marking Kediri as the era of Javanese literature renaissance, era of high development of culture and refinement.

== Overview ==
In [[1045]] [[Airlangga]] divided his kingdom, [[Kahuripan]] into two kingdoms, [[Janggala]] (based on contemporary [[Malang]]) and Kediri, abdicates in favour of his sons to live the life of an ascetic.  He died four years later. For 50 years after the resignation of Airlangga, the fate of two kingdoms were unknown. Later only Kediri who leave historical records, while Janggala seems non existence or probably already absorbed by Kediri.

== The Reign of Kediri Kings ==
The first king of Kediri that leave historical records was [[Çri Jayawarşa Digjaya Çāstaprabhu]] (reign 1104 - 1115). In his inscription dated 1104, just like Airlangga, he claim himself as the [[incarnation]] or [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]].

The second king was [[Kameçwara]] (reign 1115 - 1130). His formal stylized name was ''Çri Maharaja Rake Sirikan çri Kameçwara Sakalabhuwanatustikarana Sarwaniwaryyawiryya Parakrama Digjayottunggadewa''. ''Lancana'' (royal seal) of his reign was a skull with crescentmoon called ''chandrakapala'', the symbol of [[Shiva]]. During his reign Mpu Dharmaja has written the book of ''[[Smaradahana]]''. In this book the king was adored as the incarnation of [[Kamadeva|Kamajaya]], the god of love, and his capital city Dahana (later called Daha) was the most beautiful city admired thrroughout the known world. In this book, Kameçwara's wife, queen Çri [[Kirana]] the princess of Janggala was celebrated as the woman with extraordinary beauty, the incarnation of [[Rati|Kamaratih]], goddess of love and passion. The couple Kameçwara and Kirana later is well known as the main character in the tales of [[Panji (prince)|Panji]] in Javanese literature, then spread throughout Southeast Asia as far as [[Siam]].

The successor of Kameçwara is [[Jayabhaya]] (reign 1130 - 1160). His formal stylized name was ''Çri Maharaja çri Dharmmeçwara Madhusudanawataranindita Suhrtsingha Parakrama Digjayottunggadewa''. ''Lancana'' (royal seal) of his reign was Narasingha. The name ''Jayabhaya'' was immortalized in mpu Sedah's ''[[Kakawin Bharatayuddha]]'', a Javanese version of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' written in 1157. This Kakawin later being perfected by his brother mpu Panuluh. Mpu Panuluh was also the author of the book of ''[[Hariwangsa]]'' and ''[[Gatotkacasraya]]''. Jayabhaya's reign was considered as the golden age of [[Javanese|Old Javanese]] literature.  The ''[[Prelambang Joyoboyo]]'', a prophetic book ascribed to Jayabhaya, is wellknown among Javanese as the book that predicted certain event that took place in the future of Java (and in wider sense, the future of [[Indonesian Archipelago]]). The popular prophecy was that the archipelago would be ruled by a white race for a long time, then a yellow race for a short time, then be glorious again. The Jayabhaya prophecies also mention the [[Ratu Adil]], the ''Just Prince'', a recurring popular figure in Javanese folklore. During the reign, [[Ternate]] was a [[vassal]] state of Kediri.

Jayabhaya's successor was Sarwweçwara (reign 1160 - 1170), followed by Aryyeçwara (reign 1170 - 1180) who used [[Ganesha]] as his royal ''Lancana''. The next monarch was king [[king Gandra| Gandra]], his formal stylized name was ''Çri maharaja çri Kroncarryadipa Handabhuwanapalaka Parakramanindita Digjayottunggadewanama çri Gandra''. An inscription from his reign (dated 1181) bears interesting fact. In this inscription we witnessed the beginning of the adoption of animal names as the name of important officials, such as ''Kbo Salawah, '', ''Menjangan Puguh, '', ''Lembu Agra, '', ''Gajah Kuning, '', ''Macan Putih'', etc. Among these high ranked official mentioned in the inscription, there's a tittle "Senapati Sarwwajala", or laksmana, a title reserved for navy general, thus this gave the suggestion that Kediri owned navy fleet.

From 1190 to 1200 king Çrngga was the monarch of Kediri, with official name ''Çri maharaja çri Sarwweçwara Triwikramawataranindita Çrngga lancana Digwijayottunggadewa''. He uses [[cangkha]] (winged shell) on crescent moon as royal seal.

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== Culture ==
Celebrated as the era of blossomming literature and culture, Kediri gave Javanese culture significant contributions in the field of Javanese classic literature. Next to literary works that has been mentioned earlier, there's also other important literary works, such as the book of 
''[[Lubdhaka]]'' and ''[[Wrtasancaya]]'' by Mpu Tanakung, ''[[Krisnayana]]'' written by Mpu Triguna, and ''[[Sumanasantaka]]'' by Mpu Monaguna. 

The book of ''Ling-wai-tai-ta'' composed by Chou K'u-fei in 1178 gave the glimpse of everyday life of Kediri that can' not be found from any other sources about the goverment and the people of Kediri. <ref>{{cite book | author= Drs. R. Soekmono,| title= ''Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2'', 2nd ed. | publisher = Penerbit Kanisius | date= 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 | location =Yogyakarta| pages =page 59 }} </ref>. According to this Chinese source, people wears clothes covered down to their legs, their hairstyle are drop and released loosely. Their houses were clean and well arrang(contracted; show full)[[Category:Historical Hindu kingdoms]]



[[id:Kerajaan Kadiri]]
[[jv:Karajan Pangjalu]]
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