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'''Anti-Turkism''' ([[Turkish language|Turkish]]: ''Türk Düşmanlığı''), '''Turkophobia''', '''Turcophobia''' or '''anti-Turkish sentiment''' is the hostility towards [[Turkish people]], [[Culture of Turkey|Turkish culture]], the [[Ottoman Empire]] (Turkish Empire) and the [[Republic of Turkey]]. In late 19th century, [[William Ewart Gladstone]] firmly established Turcop(contracted; show full)guage|Italian]] phrases such as ''"bestemmia come un Turco"'' ("he swears like a Turk") and ''"puzza come un Turco"'' ("he stinks like a Turk") were used often.<ref name="sieps" /> One of the most infamous Italian phrase (and one much used by headline writers) was ''"Mamma li Turchi!"'' ("Oh my, the Turks are coming!") this is used to suggest an imminent danger.<ref>
[http://www.threemonkeysonline.com/blogs/view_from_bologna/archives/2004/12/mama_the_turks.php The View from Bologna: Mama, the Turks! European integration and the burden of history<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In addition, Italians regularly use the expression ''"Fumare come un Turco"'' ("To smoke like a Turk").
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* The Greek [[Cypriots]] often call Turks ''"vromoskillous"'' ("stinking/ dirty dog")<ref>{{cite web|title="Small imaginations: Greek Cypriot children's constructions of 'the Turk'"|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/EPIC/documents/ICSpyrou.pdf}}</ref>
* In [[Persian language|Persian]], although seemingly originating in Ottoman litrature<ref>
[http://www.gencturkhaber.com/v1/haber.php?id=110106 Gençtürk Haber<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> , "''Tork-e khar''" ("Turkish ass/donkey") is a derogatory joke usually directed against Turkic-speaking [[Iranian Azeris]]<ref>Fereydoun Safizadeh. "Is There Anyone in Iranian Azerbaijan Who Wants to Get a Passport to Go to Mashad, Qum, Isfahan or Shiraz? - The Dynamics of Ethnicity in Iran", ''Payvand's Iran News'', February 2007</ref><ref>Brenda Shaffer. "The Formation of Azerbaijani collective identity in Iran", ''Nationalities Papers'', 28:3 (2000), p. 463</ref>
* In [[Serbian language|Serbian]] there is a phrase ''"On puši k'o Turčin"'' ("He smokes like a Turk").

== Dictionaries presenting an Anti-Turkish bias ==

Below are definitions given in [[dictionary|dictionaries]] that can clearly demonstrate Anti-Turkism.  It should be noted that since dictionaries are by definition descriptive and not [[linguistic prescription|prescriptive]], this does not necessarily reflect an anti-Turkish bias of the editors, but rather anti-Turkish usage.

*[[Websters#The Collegiate Dictionary|Websters New Collegiate Dictionary]]: One who is cruel or tyrannical. (noted as archaic)<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20051106020820/http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/turk Webster (Internet Archive)]</ref><ref name="sieps" />
*[[Concise Oxford Dictionary]]: Ferocious, wild or unmanageable person.<ref>[http://www.aen.org.nz/journal/1/1/fernando.html AENJ 1.1: Stigma, racism and power<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name="sieps" />
*[[Random House Dictionary]]: A cruel, brutal or domineering man.<ref name="sieps" />

==Within the Ottoman Empire==
(contracted; show full)d into a third world city characterised by violence, disorder and chaos. All through the film, the imprisoned Billy Hayes and his family talk of the Turks as "pigs". The film had scenes where Billy Hayes was raped by fellow Turkish prisoners, though the [[Midnight Express (book)|book]] written by Hayes doesn't mention getting raped, but does admit consensual sex. Oliver Stone has apologized for any offence, saying "many hearts were broken in Turkey" because of the movie.<ref>
[http://www.guardian.co.uk/turkey/story/0,12700,1374591,00.html Stone sorry for Midnight Express | Special reports | Guardian Unlimited<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

In the 1962 movie [[Lolita (1962 film)|Lolita]] by [[Stanley Kubrick]], Mrs. Charlotte Humbert says to her husband: 
:''I wouldn't care if your maternal grandfather turned out to be a Turk... But if I ever found out that you didn't believe in God, I think I would commit suicide.''

In an episode of the [[Simpsons]] entitled [[Mobile Homer]], [[Homer Simpson|Homer]] says to a Turk: 
:''Bring back our children, you [[Cyprus]]-splitting jerks!''
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[[Ziya Gökalp]], prominent Turkish ideologue of [[Pan-Turkism]], in his writings heavily criticizes officials of the Ottoman Empire for always using the term "donkey Turk" regarding its Turkish subjects. <ref>
[http://www.gencturkhaber.com/v1/haber.php?id=110106 Gençtürk Haber<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

{{Discriminationfooter}}

==See also==
*[[Midnight Express (film)]]
*[[Khojaly Massacre]]
*[[Harold Nicolson]]
*[[Bosnian Genocide]]
*[[Bulgarization#Turks|Bulgarization of Turks in Bulgaria]]
*[[Volen Siderov]]
*[[Chrysi Avyi]]

==Notes and References==
{{Reflist|1}}

* [http://www.sieps.se/publ/rapporter/bilagor/2006_turkiet.pdf "Turkey, Sweden and the EU Experiences and Expectations", Report by the Swedish Institute for European Policy Studies, April 2006, p. 6]

==External links==
*[http://www.hum.au.dk/cek/kontur/pdf/kontur_10/sinan.yasar.pdf Turkey in the Eye of the Beholder:Tracking Perceptions on Turkey through Political Cartoons by Sinan Erensü and Yaşar Adanalı]
*[http://www.hetq.am/eng/society/h-0203-vharutiunyan.html Patriotism versus Patria by Vartan Harutiunyan]
*[http://www.brown.edu/Students/Turkish/Gelenler/Turkishness_in_Hollywood.pdf Representation of Turkish People in Hollywood by Aslihan Tokgoz]
*[http://tatar.yuldash.com/eng_098.html TURKOPHOBIA:Its Social and Historical Roots By Sabirzyan BADRETDIN]

[[Category:Anti-Turkism| ]]
[[Category:Turkic peoples]]
[[Category:Anti-national sentiment|Turkism, Anti-]]

[[cs:Antiturkismus]]
[[nl:Turk (scheldwoord)]]