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'''Satanic ritual abuse''' ('''SRA''') refers to the [[sexual abuse]] of children or non-consenting adults in the context of [[Satanism|Satanic]] rituals.  The term '''sadistic ritual abuse''' is sometimes used or suggested as a more descriptive synonym that makes no assumption of whether actual "Satanism" is involved.<ref name = VOV(contracted; show full)sting that neither children nor adults are immune to suggestive interviewing techniques but even extremely suggestive techniques do not inevitably lead to false reports.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ceci SJ, Kulkofsky S, Klemfuss JZ, Sweeney CD, Bruck M |title=Unwarranted Assumptions about Children's Testimonial Accuracy |journal=Annual review of clinical psychology |volume=3 |issue= |pages=311–28 |year=2007 |pmid=17716058 |doi=10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091354}}</ref>

==Dissociative 
Identity Disorder and SRA==

In the 1980s, children and adults with a life history of ritualistic abuse were presenting to healthcare providers with uncanny alterations to their consciousness, memories and identities. They were often unresponsive or resistant to forms of treatment that had proven effective with other survivors of child abuse <ref>Bloom, S. (1994). "Hearing the Survivor's Voice: Sundering the Wall of Denial." The Journal of Psychohistory 21(4): 461 - 77</ref>, and they demonstrated higher levels of distress and trauma-related symptoms <ref>Noblitt, J. R. (1995). "Psychometric measures of trauma among psychiatric patients reporting ritual abuse." Psychological Reports 77(3): 743 - 7</ref>. In particular, children and adults with a history of ritualistic abuse were found to be extremely dissociative, and they were increasingly being diagnosed with [[Multiple Personality Disorder]] (MPD) <ref>Van Benschoten, S. C. (1990). "Multiple Personality Disorder and Satanic Ritual Abuse: The Issue of Credibility." Dissociation 3(1): 22 - 30</ref>.
 
[[MPD]] was a recognised as a psychological illness in the 1980 publication of the [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]] (DSM-III), but it was a controversial diagnosis that had previously been considered extremely rare. As children and adults disclosing a history of SRA presented to healthcare providers with increasing frequency, diagnoses of MPD increased accordingly. Amongst those sceptical of MPD and/or SRA, the [[correlation]] between the two was seen as further evidence that people disclosing a history of SRA were not reliable witnesses to their own lives, and that the professionals providing them with care and support were engaged in malpractice <ref> e.g. Pendergrast, M. (1995). Victims of Memory: Incest Accusations and Shattered Lives, Upper Access Books</ref>. 
 
Criticisms of MPD (now called [[Dissociative Identity Disorder]]) have largely died away following numerous research studies and meta-analyses confirming the construct validity of the diagnosis <ref>e.g. Elzinga, B. M., R. van Dyck and P. Spinhoven (1998). "Three Controversies About Dissociative Identity Disorder." Clinical Journal of Psychology and Psychotherapy 5: 13-23</ref>, and the standardisation of evidence-based treatment for the disorder <ref>International Society for the Study of Dissociation, J. A. Chu, O. Van der Hart, C. J. Dalenberg, E. R. S. Nijenhuis, E. S. Bowman, S. Boon, J. M. Goodwin, M. Jacobson, C. A. Ross, V. Sar, C. G. Fine, A. S. Frankel, P. M. Coons, C. A. Courtois, S. N. Gold and E. Howell (2005). "Guidelines for Treating Dissociative Identity Disorder." Journal of Trauma and Dissociation 6(4)</ref>. However, the reliability of memories of SRA elucidated by clients in treatment for MPD has been a major point of contention in the popular media and amongst clinicians. Some healthcare professionals continue to express ambivalence over the reliability of narratives of SRA provided by patients, although most acknowledge that such a narrative is likely to be indicative of serious victimisation and trauma. 

The controversies over SRA and MPD have prompted a significant program of research into the reliability of early memories of extreme trauma, the findings of which suggest that such material is encoded differently in the brain, and that the accuracy of it’s recall is impacted upon by the other consequences of early trauma, including dysregulation of affect and impulses, somatisation, and profound changes to self-perception, psychosocial wellbeing and systems of meaning <ref>Van der Kolk, B. A., S. Roth, D. Pelcovitz, S. Sunday and J. Spinazzola (2005). "Disorders of Extreme Stress: The Empirical Foundation of a Complex Adaptation to Trauma." Journal of Traumatic Stress 18(5): 389-99</ref>.identity disorder and SRA==
In the 1980s, children and adults with a life history of ritualistic abuse experienced high levels of distress and trauma-related symptoms<ref>{{cite journal |author=Noblitt JR |title=Psychometric measures of trauma among psychiatric patients reporting ritual abuse |journal=Psychological reports |volume=77 |issue=3 Pt 1 |pages=743–7 |year=1995 |pmid=8559911 |doi=}}</ref> and exhibited high levels of dissociation, resulting in the diagnosis of multiple personality disorder (MPD, now labelled [[dissociative identity disorder]]).<ref name=Van1990>{{cite journal | author = Van Benschoten, S.C. | year = 1990 | title = Multiple personality disorder and satanic ritual abuse: The issue of credibility | journal = Dissociation | volume = 3 | pages = 22-30 | url = http://doi.apa.org/?uid=1991-27609-001  | accessdate = 2007-11-20}}</ref>  Originally introduced in the [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|DSM III]], MPD was a controversial diagnosis considered extremely rare that swelled to 'epidemic proportions' in the 1970s, possibly due to clinician beliefs rather than patient symptoms.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kihlstrom JF |title=Dissociative disorders |journal=Annual review of clinical psychology |volume=1 |issue= |pages=227–53 |year=2005 |pmid=17716088 |doi=10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143925}}</ref><ref name = Pope>{{cite journal |author=Pope HG, Barry S, Bodkin A, Hudson JI |title=Tracking scientific interest in the dissociative disorders: a study of scientific publication output 1984-2003 |journal=Psychotherapy and psychosomatics |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=19–24 |year=2006 |pmid=16361871 |doi=10.1159/000089223}}</ref>  <!--; the high levels of diagnosis in those disclosing a history of SRA led to the belief that people disclosing a history of SRA were not reliable witnesses to their own lives, and that the professionals providing them with care and support were engaged in malpractice.{{fact}} <ref> e.g. Pendergrast, M. (1995). Victims of Memory: Incest Accusations and Shattered Lives, Upper Access Books</ref> A POSITIVE STATEMENT SHOULD NOT BE SUPPORTED WITH AN 'E.G. REFERENCE - THIS INDICATES THE REFERENCE DOES NOT EXPLICITLY DISCUSS THE SUBJECT, AND THEREFORE IS A SYNTHESIS TO PLACE IT IN THE TEXT.  Criticisms of DID have largely died away following numerous research studies and meta-analyses confirming the construct validity of the diagnosis,<ref name=Elzinga1998>{{cite journal | author = Elzinga, B.M. | coauthors = Van Dyck, R.; Spinhoven, P. | year = 1998 | title = Three controversies about dissociative identity disorder | journal = Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 13-23 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0879(199803)5:1%3C13::AID-CPP148%3E3.0.CO;2-J}}</ref> REFERENCE DOES NOT APPEAR TO SUPPORT THIS STATEMENT and the standardisation of evidence-based treatment for the disorder.<ref name=Barach1994>{{cite book | author = Barach, P.M. | year = 1994 | title = ISSD Guidelines for Treating Dissociative Identity Disorder, Multiple Personality Disorder, in Adults, 1994 | publisher = ISSD | isbn = }}</ref> -->DID has become less controversial since its introduction as a diagnosis<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sno HN, Schalken HF |title=Dissociative identity disorder: diagnosis and treatment in the Netherlands |journal=Eur. Psychiatry |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=270–7 |year=1999 |pmid=10572357 |doi=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Kluft RP |title=An overview of the psychotherapy of dissociative identity disorder |journal=American journal of psychotherapy |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=289–319 |year=1999 |pmid=10586296 |doi=}}</ref> though skepticism about the diagnosis is still significant in the scientific community.<ref name = Pope/> <!-- The reliability of memories of SRA elucidated by clients in treatment for MPD has been a major point of contention in the popular media and amongst clinicians. Some healthcare professionals continue to express ambivalence over the reliability of narratives of SRA provided by patients, although most acknowledge that such a narrative is likely to be indicative of serious victimisation and trauma. NEEDS A SOURCE--> 

<!-- The controversies over SRA and MPD have prompted a significant program of research into the reliability of early memories of extreme trauma, the findings of which suggest that such material is encoded differently in the brain, and that the accuracy of its recall is impacted upon by the other consequences of early trauma, including dysregulation of affect and impulses, somatisation, and profound changes to self-perception, psychosocial wellbeing and systems of meaning.<ref>{{cite journal |author=van der Kolk BA, Roth S, Pelcovitz D, Sunday S, Spinazzola J |title=Disorders of extreme stress: The empirical foundation of a complex adaptation to trauma |journal=Journal of traumatic stress |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=389–99 |year=2005 |pmid=16281237 |doi=10.1002/jts.20047}}</ref>  ARTICLE IS ABOUT PTSD, NOT DID, AND ABSTRACT DOES NOT MENTION SRA-->The reality of SRA as the foundation for dissociative disorders is still contested<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mulhern S |title=Satanism, ritual abuse, and multiple personality disorder: a sociohistorical perspective |journal=The International journal of clinical and experimental hypnosis |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=265–88 |year=1994 |pmid=7960286 |doi=}}</ref> and research has suggested that vivid, factually incorrect memories can be induced in subjects.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ofshe RJ |title=Inadvertent hypnosis during interrogation: false confession due to dissociative state; mis-identified multiple personality and the Satanic cult hypothesis |journal=The International journal of clinical and experimental hypnosis |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=125–56 |year=1992 |pmid=1399152 |doi=}}</ref>

==Specific cases==
===Australia===
====Perth, Western Australia====
In [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]], [[1991]], police claimed to have proven a link between "organised [[child sexual abuse]] and [[devil worship]]" following the confession of a self-confessed [[Satanist]] and former [[Boy Scout]] leader to the [[sexual]] abuse of number of young boys in the context of Satanic rituals. The defence claimed that Scott Gozenton, 20, had been sexually abused as a child before being drawn into a g(contracted; show full)[[Category:Mass hysteria]]

[[cs:Satanistické rituální zneužívání]]
[[lt:Satanistinių ritualų mitas]]
[[nl:Satanisch ritueel misbruik]]
[[ja:悪魔的儀式虐待]]
[[ru:Сатанинская паника]]
[[sv:Satanic ritual abuse]]