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{{Refimprove|date=March 2009}}
{{Infobox Greek Dimos
  |name = Zagori 
  |name_local = Ζαγόρι
|image_map = 2011 Dimos Zagoriou.png
  |periph = [[Epirus (periphery)|Epirus]]
  |periphunit         =  [[Ioannina (peripheral unit)|Ioannina]]
|pop_municipality   = 6032
(contracted; show full)

== History ==
[[Image:Zagori Dragonlake and Gamila summit.jpg|thumb|220px|left|Dragonlake and Gamila summit (2497m.)]]
The region has been historically difficult to access due to its mountainous terrain; this contributed to its security and stability rather than being a disadvantage. The [[Sarakatsani]] people who can be found in this area use several Greek words of a [[Doric Greek|Northern Greek]] dialect not commonly found in Greek elsewhere
.<ref>Νικόλαος Κατσαρός – ''Οι αρχαιοελληνικές ρίζες του Σαρακατσάνικου λόγου''</ref>. They are consequently considered by some as indigenous to the area.

=== Early history ===
The first evidence of human presence in the area is dated between 17,000 and 10,000 years ago.<ref>Amanatidou: p. 32</ref>. Important [[epipaleolithic]] artifacts have been unearthed from [[Kleidi Cave]] on the banks of the Voidomatis.<ref>{{cite journal | quotes = | last = Gowlett| first = J. A. J. | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = | year = 1987| month = | title = The Archaeology of Radiocarbon Accelerator Dating| journal = Journal of World Prehistory| volume = 1 | issue = 2 | page = 22
 | doi = 10.1007/s002670010251 | id =   | pmid = 11568846| url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/q675r7k41g01pg43/fulltext.pdf | language = 
 | format =PDF  | accessdate = 2009-11-02 | laysummary =  | laysource =  | laydate =  | quote = 
}}</ref>. In antiquity, the region of Zagori was inhabited by the Tymphaeans and formed a part of the ancient kingdom of the [[Molossians]], a [[Greeks|Greek]] tribe of [[Epirus (region)|Epirus]] that gained control over all of [[Epirus (region)|Epirus]] in classical times.  They were known for a breed of huge war-mastiffs they used in military operations.  [[Molossus]], their eponymous ancestor, was said to have been born of a union between [[Neoptolemus]] (son of [[Achilles]] ) and [[Andromache]] (the wife of [[He(contracted; show full)e 9th–4th centuries  B.C., a small [[Molossians|Molossian]] settlement existed between [[Monodendri (Ioannina)|Monodendri]] and [[Vitsa]], including  stone houses and two cemeteries which have yielded important findings.<ref>Prefectural Committee of Tourist Promotion: p. 14</ref> However, throughout most of the historical time the local population was sparse while the land provided mainly for pastoralism and firewood for the local needs.<ref name=Amanatidou34>Amanatidou: p. 34</ref>
.

=== Byzantine period ===
The passage of the Slavs during the early [[Byzantine]] period is testified to by numerous placenames. Under the [[Byzantine Empire]], Zagori occasionally attracted groups of soldiers who built villages and settled there. Several monasteries were endowed, including the monastery of Votsa near the village of Greveniti and the monastery of the [[Transfiguration of Jesus|Transfiguration]] near [[Kleidonia]], founded in the 7th century by the Byzantine Emperor Constantine IV Pogonatus and the monastery of St John of Rogovou near [[Tsepelovo]] founded in 1028 by the sister of Emperor Romanos III Argyros. 

From 1204 to 1337 the region was part of the local [[Despotate of Epirus]]. In the 14th century, when various [[Albanians|Albanian]] clans made incursions into [[Epirus (region)|Epirus]], Zagori formed a bastion of [[Greek people|Hellenism]] in [[Epirus (region)|Epirus]] and was the source of soldiers that served in the [[Ioannina]] garrison.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hammond|first=Nicholas|title=Migrations and invasions in Greece and adjacent areas|url=http://books.google.com/books?ei=suEsTJv4Eo6WON3TxawJ&ct=result&hl=el&id=O9saAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22Throughout+this+period+bands+of+Albanians+raiders+pillaged+and+destroyed+the+villages+of+the+Vlachs+and+the+Greeks+in+Epirus%2C+northern+Pindus%2C+the+lakeland+of+Prespa+and+Ochrid%2C+and+parts+of+western+Macedonia.%22&q=%22The+centre+of+Greek+resistance+was+loannina%2C+which+controlled+its+own+plateau+and+shielded+Zagori+against+attack+by+the+Albanians+%28but+not+against+attack+by+the+Vlachs%29.%22#search_anchor|year=1976|publisher=Noyes Press|isbn=0815550472|page=61|accessdate=2011-03-23}}</ref>.  As a result of the campaigns of [[Andronikos III Paleologos]] in 1337, the [[Despotate of Epirus]] and, therefore, Zagori along with [[Ioannina]] and the surrounding region came again briefly under Byzantine rule. 

The region came under Serbian rule in 1348 and the [[Despotate of Epirus]] was reformed and was under Latin rule by [[Tocco family|Carlo II Tocco]] when [[Ioannina]] and Zagori fell to the [[Turkish people|Turks]] in 1430, at the time of [[Ottoman Sultan|Sultan]] [[Murad II]]. Zagori (which then only consisted of 14 villages) «bowed the knee», which meant in practice that there were obligations between delegations of the two sides and a sum in tax was agreed upon in exchange for very considerable privileges: autonomy, administrative independence, and a ban on Turks crossing the borders into the area.

=== Ottoman period ===
The [[Koinon of the Zagorisians]] (Κοινόν Ζαγορισίων) was formed after the treaty of 1431 with Sinan-Pasha. At that point the arrangement that granted local autonomy was called “Voiniko”. The autonomy guaranteed non-interference in the local affairs by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] overlords. Zagorisians had their affairs entrusted to a Council of Elders called Demogerontia (Δημογεροντία), headed by a president or governor called Vekylis (Βεκύλης). They were allowed to maintain an armed security force of [[Sipahi]] (σπαχήδες).<ref>Constantinos Paparrigopoulos ''History of the Hellenic Nation'' 6 volumes, 1860–1877.</ref>. The villages of the Eastern Zagori, inhabited by [[Aromanian]] Vlachs, entered the [[Koinon of the Zagorisians|Treaty]] in 1480. Consequently, many toponyms in northern and eastern Zagori have [[Aromanian]] etymology, while some toponyms with Slavic etymology are present in western and southern Zagori  .<ref>{{cite book|last=Ellis|first=Steven|title=Imagining frontiers, contesting identities|url=http://books.google.de/books?id=3zXFCs9EfEYC&pg=PA130&dq=Zagori+Albanians&hl=en&ei=8f0sTI2KF6HfsAbd47TKAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Zagori%20Albanians&f=false|year=2007|publisher=Edizioni Plus|isbn=8884924669|page=130|accessdate=2011-03-23}}</ref>. Nevertheless, Zagori retained much of its Greek character through its system of government and the benefactions of its [[expatriates]] that favoured Greek education. The [[Koinon of the Zagorisians]] was reformalised by a treaty signed in 1670, under which Zagori enjoyed considerable privileges called Surutia, which were only rescinded fully by the [[Ottoman Sultan|Sultan]] in 1868. 

(contracted; show full)al School'' in [[Athens]] (1844), while Zagori itself was under full [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman rule]]. The brothers Ioannis and Demetrios Anagnostopoulos from [[Dilofo]] founded the ''Anagnostopouleios'' in their home village and contributed to the expenses for the [[Zosimaia School]] in [[Ioannina]]. Michael Anagnostopoulos from [[Papingo]] built the ''Kallineios School'' in [[Papingo]] and the ''Anagnostopouleios School'' in [[Konitsa]]
  .<ref>Βασίλης Μηνακάκης ''Ζαγοροχώρια (Zagorochoria)’’ Exlporer, Athens, 2006</ref>.  As a result of the numerous schools, the [[Greek language]] was preserved in the area  .<ref>{{cite book|last=Hammond|first=Nicholas|title=Migrations and invasions in Greece and adjacent areas|url=http://books.google.com/books?ei=suEsTJv4Eo6WON3TxawJ&ct=result&hl=el&id=O9saAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22Throughout+this+period+bands+of+Albanians+raiders+pillaged+and+destroyed+the+villages+of+the+Vlachs+and+the+Greeks+in+Epirus%2C+northern+Pindus%2C+the+lakeland+of+Prespa+and+Ochrid%2C+and+parts+of+western+Macedonia.%22&q=%22There+the+Greek+pocket+of+resistance%2C+which+preserved+the+Greek+language+even+when+its+ruler+was+Serb+or+Italian%2C+was+the+plateau+of+loannina+and+its+hinterland+%28primarily+Zagori%29.%22#search_anchor|year=1976|publisher=Noyes Press|isbn=0815550472|page=61|accessdate=2011-03-23}}</ref>.

As the mountains were outside the direct rule of the [[Ottoman Empire]], they offered a haven for Greeks on the run from the Ottoman authorities. Several prominent scholars of the [[Greek Enlightenment]], such as [[Neofytos Doukas]] and [[Athanasios Psalidas]] sought refuge here, after the [[Ottoman Sultan|Sultan’s]] army destroyed [[Ioannina]] in 1820. Some among them even made plans to set up a university in the monastery of St John of Rogovou, near [[Tsepelovo]].<ref>Frangoulis, Odysseas T., ‘’Το Σκαμνέλι. Συμβολή στην ιστορία του, ήθη – έθιμα – παραδόσεις (Skamneli, a Contribution to its History: Cultural Practices, Customs, and Traditions)’’, published by the Association of Skamneliots in Zagori, Ioannina 1988</ref><ref>Ευριπίδης Γιαννάκος ‘’Το Μοναστήρι του Αγιάννη στο Ρογκοβό (The Monastery of St John of Rogovou)’’ Εκδόσεις Το Ζαγόρι μας, Ioannina 1985</ref>. In 1820, after the rebellion of [[Ali Pasha]], a [[Turkish people|Turkish]] force of 1500 under Ismael Pasha arrived in Zagori, part of the total army of 20,000 sent against [[Ali Pasha]]. Alexis Noutsos from [[Kapesovo]], a member of the [[Filiki Eteria]], was in command of the force opposing Ismael Pasha. However, the [[Ottoman Sultan|Sultan's]] armies prevailed. Ismael Pasha removed most privileges other than the right to appoint a local governor (Vekylis), whose powers however became nominal. Isma(contracted; show full)*[[Georgios Gennadios]] (1786–1854), scholar.
*[[Anastasios Sakellarios]], director of [[Zosimea]] School (1833–1862) of Ioannina.
*[[Angelos Kitsos]] (1934–2008), f. president of [[Rizarios Foundation]]
*[[Konstantinos Lazarides]], scholar and botanologist.

===Politics===
*[[Manthos Iconomou|Manthos Oikonomou]], chancellor of [[Ali Pasha]], member of [[Filiki Eteria]].
*[[Michael Dukakis]]
,<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE3DC1138F934A25753C1A96E948260 NY Times]</ref>, US politician and Democratic presidential nominee in 1988
*[[Louca Katseli]], member of the [[Greek Parliament]]
*[[Lefteris Zagoritis]], member of the [[Greek Parliament]] and secretary of the [[New Democracy (Greece)|New Democracy]] party.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite web | last=Amanatidou |first=Despoina | title=A case study in Vikos-Aoos National Park – Greece | format=PDF | url=http://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/volltexte/2378/pdf/DespoinaAmanatidouDissertation.pdf |year= 2005| accessdate=2009-07-27  |work=[[University of Freiburg]]}}

== External links ==
* http://www.zagori.info Zagori Tourist, travel and hotels guide
* http://www.e-zagori.gr Zagori topology, agrotourism, ecology
* http://www.zagoroxoria.gr Everything about Zagori:Tourist guide & Reservations

{{Kallikratis-Epirus}}
{{Villages of Zagori}}

[[Category:Regions of Greece]]
[[Category:Epirus (periphery)]]
[[Category:History of Greece]]
[[Category:Municipalities in the Ioannina Prefecture]]

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