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Difference between revisions 133009847 and 133009848 on dewiki<span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">{{Canadian politics}} The '''Canadian Government''', formally '''Her Majesty's Government in Canada''',<ref>[http://www.canadianheritage.gc.ca/progs/cpsc-ccsp/fr-rf/couronne_crown_canada/06-600crown_of_maples_e.pdf MacLeod, Kevin S.; ''A Crown of Maples''; Queen's Printer for Canada; Ottawa: 2008]</ref> is the [[federal government]] of [[Canada]].</span> (()) A política canadiana'' 'Governo canadiano''', formalmente'' 'Sua Majestade o Governo do Canadá''',< ref> [http://www.canadianheritage.gc.ca/progs/cpsc-ccsp / fr-rf/couronne_crown_canada/06-600crown_of_maples_e.pdf MacLeod, Kevin S.;''uma coroa de Maples''; Queen's Printer para o Canadá; Otava: 2008] </ ref> é o [[governo federal]] de [ [Canadá]].</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Powers and structure of the federal government are set out in the Constitution of Canada.</span> Poderes e estrutura do governo federal estão estabelecidas na Constituição do Canadá.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">==Usage== In [[Canadian English]], the word ''[[government]]'' is used to refer both to the whole set of institutions that govern the country (following American usage, but where Britons would use ''[[state]]''), and to the current political leadership (following British usage, but where Americans would use ''[[administration]]'').</span> == Uso Em == [[Canadense Inglês]], a palavra''[[governo]]''é usado para se referir tanto a todo o conjunto de instituições que governam o país (após uso americana, mas onde iria usar britânicos " '[[]]''), estado e para a actual liderança política (British seguintes usos, mas em que os americanos possam utilizar''[[administração ]]'').</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">For example a Canadian could be a ''government employee'' but never a ''state employee'', and they would support or oppose the policies of the ''[[28th Canadian Ministry|Harper government]]'' but never the ''Harper administration''.</span> Por exemplo, um canadense poderia ser um funcionário público''''''mas nunca um estado empregado'', e eles iriam apoiar ou rejeitar as políticas do''[[28o canadense Ministério | oi eu so o gustavo me add eu so loiro de olhos azuis meu msn é [email protected], [[provincial]] or [[municipal]] government.</span> Porque o Canadá é um [[federação]], o governo''''podem se referir ao [[governo federal | federal]], [[provincial]] ou [[municipal]] governo.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Because "aboriginal peoples ... had legal systems prior to the arrival of Europeans", it could also refer to an aboriginal government.<ref>''Campbell v. British Columbia'', (2000), 189 DLR (4th) 333, (BCSC), per Williamson, J. at p.</span> Porque "povos indígenas ... tinham sistemas jurídicos antes da chegada dos europeus", ele também poderia referir-se a um aborígene governo.''<ref> Campbell v. British Columbia'', (2000), 189 DLR (4a) 333 , (BCSC), por Williamson, J. em p.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">355.</ref> In this article, ''government'' refers to the structure of the Canadian federal state.</span> 355. </ Ref> Neste artigo,''governo''refere-se a estrutura do Estado federal canadiano.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">==Executive power== ===Sovereign=== [[Image:Queen of canada wob.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Elizabeth II]], Queen of Canada, wearing the [[Monarch|Sovereign]]'s insignia of the [[Order of Canada]] and the [[Order of Military Merit (Canada)|Order of Military Merit]]]] {{main|Monarchy of Canada}} [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Elizabeth II]], [[Monarchy of Canada|Queen of Canada]], is the [[Sovereignty|sovereign]] and [[head of state]] of Canada, and gives repository of [[executive power]], [[judiciary|judicial]] and [[legislature|legislative]] power; as expressed in [[Constitution of Canada|the constitution]]: "the Executive Government and Authority of and over Canada is hereby declared to continue and be vested in the Queen."</span> == O poder executivo Soberano == === === [[Imagem: Queen of Canada wob.jpg | thumb | esquerda | 200px | [[Elizabeth II do Reino Unido | Elizabeth II]], Rainha do Canadá, vestindo a [[Monarch | Soberana]] 's insígnia do [[Ordem do Canadá]] e os [[Ordem de Mérito Militar (Canadá) | Ordem do Mérito Militar]]]] ((principal | Monarquia do Canadá)) [[ Elizabeth II do Reino Unido | Elizabeth II]], [[monarca do Canadá | Rainha do Canadá]], é o [[Soberania | soberana]] e [[chefe de Estado]] do Canadá, e dá repositório de [[ poder executivo]], [[magistratura | judicial]] e [[legislador | legislativas]] poder; tal como expressa no [[Constituição do Canadá | a Constituição]]: "o Governo eo Órgão Executivo e ao longo do Canadá, é declarada a e continuar a ser atribuída a Rainha. "</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">However, sovereignty in Canada has never rested solely with the monarch due to the [[Bill of Rights 1689|English Bill of Rights of 1689]], later inherited by Canada, which established the principle of [[Parliamentary sovereignty]] in the [[United Kingdom]].</span> No entanto, no Canadá, nunca soberania da responsabilidade exclusiva do monarca, devido à [[Bill of Rights 1689 | Inglês Bill of Rights de 1689]], mais tarde herdada pelo Canadá, que estabeleceu o princípio de [[Parlamentar soberania]] no [ [Reino Unido]].</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Nonetheless, the monarch is still the sovereign of Canada.</span> Apesar disso, o monarca continua a ser o soberano do Canadá.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">In [[Canadian federalism|Canada's federal system]], the [[Head of state|headship of state]] is not hihihi a part of either the federal or provincial jurisdictions; the Queen reigns impartially over the country as a whole; meaning the [[sovereignty]] of each jurisdiction is passed on not by the Governor General or the [[Parliament of Canada|Canadian parliament]], but through the Crown itself.</span> Em [[federalismo canadense | Canadá do sistema federal]], a [[chefe de estado | headship do Estado]] hihihi não é uma parte nem do federal ou provincial jurisdições; Rainha reina a imparcialidade ao longo do país como um todo; o significado [[soberania]] de cada jurisdição não é passado em pelo Governador Geral ou o [[O Parlamento do Canadá | parlamento canadiano]], mas através da própria Coroa.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Thus, the Crown is "divided" into eleven legal jurisdictions, eleven "crowns" – one federal and ten provincial.<ref>[http://www.monarchist.ca/cmnews/CMN_winter_spring_2003_Update-3.pdf Jackson, Michael; ''Canadian Monarchist News'': Golden Jubilee and Provincial Crown; Spring, 2003]</ref> The [[:Category:Fathers of Confederation|Fathers of Confederation]] viewed this system of constitutional monarchy as a bulwark against any potential fracturing of the [[Canadian confederation|Canadian federation]].<ref>Smith, David E.; The Invisible Crown; University of Toronto Press; 1995; p.</span> Assim, a Coroa é "dividida" em onze ordenamentos jurídicos legais, onze "coroas" - um federal e provincial dez. <ref> [Http://www.monarchist.ca/cmnews/CMN_winter_spring_2003_Update-3.pdf Jackson, Michael; Canadian News''''Monarchist: Golden Jubilee Provincial e Coroa; Primavera, 2003] </ ref> O [[: Categoria: Padres da Confederação | Padres da Confederação]] visualizadas este sistema de monarquia constitucional como um baluarte contra qualquer eventual fratura do [[confederação canadense | federação canadiana]]. <ref> Smith, David E.; Os Invisíveis Coroa; University of Toronto Press, 1995, p.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">26</ref> {{See|Monarchy in the Canadian provinces}} In practice, the sovereign rarely personally exercises her executive, judicial or legislative powers; since the monarch does not normally reside in Canada, she appoints a [[Governor General of Canada|governor general]] to represent her and exercise most of her powers.</span> 26 </ ref> ((Ver | Monarquia nas províncias canadenses)) Na prática, raramente pessoalmente o soberano exerce o seu poder executivo, judicial ou poderes legislativos; uma vez que o monarca não residem habitualmente no Canadá, ela nomeia um [[Governador Geral de Canadá | governador geral]] para representá-la e exercer a maior parte de seus poderes.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">The person who fills this role is selected on the advice of the prime minister.</span> A pessoa que preenche este papel é selecionada com base no parecer do Primeiro-Ministro.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">"Advice" in this sense is a choice generally without options since it would be highly unconventional for the prime minister's advice to be overlooked; a convention that protects the monarchy.</span> "Aconselhamento", neste sentido é uma escolha geralmente sem opções, uma vez que seria muito pouco convencional para o conselho do primeiro-ministro de ser esquecida, uma convenção que protege a monarquia.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">As long as the monarch is following the advice of her ministers, she is not held personally responsible for the decisions of the government.</span> Desde que o monarca está a seguir os conselhos de seus ministros, ela não é realizado pessoalmente responsáveis pelas decisões do governo.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">The governor general has no [[term limit]], and is said to serve "[[At Her Majesty's Pleasure|at Her Majesty's pleasure]]"; however, the practice is for the governor general to be replaced after about five years in office.</span> O governador geral não tem nenhuma [[prazo limite]], e é dito para servir "[[Na Her Majesty's Prazer | prazer em Her Majesty's]]"; no entanto, a prática é para o governador geral de ser substituído após cerca de cinco anos em escritório.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Just as the sovereign's choice of governor general is on the prime minister's advice, the vice-regal figure exercises the executive powers of state on the advice of the [[Minister of the Crown|ministers of the Crown]] who make up the [[Cabinet of Canada|Cabinet]].</span> Assim como a escolha dos soberanos do governador geral está no conselho do primeiro-ministro, o vice-regal figura exerce o poder executivo do Estado com base num parecer do [[Ministro da Coroa | ministros da Coroa]] que compõem o [[ Gabinete do Canadá | Gabinete]].</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">The term "[[the Crown]]" is used to represent the power of the monarch.</span> O termo "[[a Coroa]]" é usado para representar o poder do monarca.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Though the sovereign or viceroy rarely intervene directly in political affairs, the real powers of the position of the monarch in the [[Constitution of Canada|Canadian Constitution]] should not be downplayed.</span> Embora o soberano ou de Vice-Rei raramente intervir directamente nos assuntos políticos, os verdadeiros poderes da posição do monarca, no [[Constituição do Canadá | Canadenses Constituição]] não deve ser downplayed.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">The monarch does retain all power, but it must be used with discretion, lest its use cause a [[constitutional crisis]].</span> O monarca não reter todos os poderes, mas que deve ser usado com discrição, sob pena seu uso causar um [[crise constitucional]].</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Placement of power in the sovereign's hands provides a final check on executive power.</span> Colocação de poder nas mãos do soberano proporciona um controlo final sobre o poder executivo.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">If, for instance, she believed a proposed law threatened the freedom or security of her [[Canadian nationality law|citizens]], the Queen could decline [[Royal Assent]].</span> Se, por exemplo, acreditou, uma proposta de lei ameaça a liberdade ou a segurança de seu [[nacionalidade canadiana lei | cidadãos]], a Rainha poderia diminuir [[real]].</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Furthermore, armed removal of her by parliament or government would be difficult, as the monarch remains [[Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Forces|Commander-in-Chief]] of the armed forces,<ref>[http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/ca_1867.html Constitution Act, 1867]</ref> who swear an [[Oath of Allegiance (Canada)|oath of allegiance]] to her.</span> Além disso, armado de sua remoção pelo governo ou parlamento seria difícil, uma vez que o monarca continua [[Comandante-em-Chefe das Forças Canadenses | Comandante-em-chefe]] das forças armadas, <ref> [http:// www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/ca_1867.html Constituição Act de 1867] </ ref> Juro que um [[Juramento de Fidelidade (Canadá) | juramento de fidelidade]] para ela.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">===Cabinet=== [[Image:Government of Canada signature.svg|right|250px]] The [[Prime Minister of Canada]] is the [[head of government]].</span> Gabinete === === [[Imagem: Governo do Canadá signature.svg | direita | 250px]] O [[primeiro-ministro do Canadá]] é o [[chefe de governo]].</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">The prime minister is appointed by the governor general, but to ensure the continuity of a stable government, this person must have the confidence of the [[Canadian House of Commons|House of Commons]] to lead the government.</span> O primeiro-ministro é nomeado pelo governador geral, mas para garantir a continuidade de um governo estável, essa pessoa deve ter a confiança do [[Câmara dos Comuns do Canadá | Câmara dos Comuns]] para liderar o governo.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">In practice, the position usually goes to the leader of the political party that has the most seats in the [[lower house]].</span> Na prática, a posição normalmente vai para o líder do partido político que tem a maior parte dos assentos na [[câmara baixa]].</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">On several occasions in Canadian history no party has had a majority in the House of Commons and thus one party, usually the largest, forms a [[minority government]].</span> Em diversas ocasiões na história canadiana não tinha um partido tem maioria na Câmara dos Comuns e, assim, uma parte, geralmente a maior, faz um [[governo minoritário]].</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">As of 2008, Canada's government has a minority government.</span> A partir de 2008, o governo do Canadá tem um governo minoritário.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">The prime minister holds office until he resigns or is removed by the governor general; therefore, the party that was in government before the election may attempt to continue to govern if it so desires, even if it holds fewer seats than another party.</span> O Primeiro-Ministro detém funções até que ele seja removido por demissão ou o governador geral; por isso, o partido que estava no governo antes da eleição maio tentativa de continuar a governar, se assim o desejar, mesmo que detenha menos lugares do que o outro partido.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">[[Coalition government]]s are rare at the federal level: since Sir [[John A. Macdonald]]'s [[Liberal-Conservative]] governments in the mid 1800s, Canada has had only one other coalition government, the [[Union Government]] of Sir [[Robert Borden]] during [[World War I]].</span> [[Coligação governamental]] s são raros no nível federal: uma vez que Sir [[John A. Macdonald]] 's [[liberal-conservador]] governos em meados dos anos 1800, o Canadá teve apenas uma outra coligação governamental, o [ [Governo da União]] de Sir [[Robert Borden]] longo [[I Guerra Mundial]].</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">[[Political party|Political parties]] are not mentioned in the constitution.</span> [[Partidos políticos | Partidos políticos]] não são mencionados na Constituição.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">By the convention of [[responsible government]], the prime minister and most of his cabinet are [[Member of Parliament|members of Parliament]] so they can answer to Parliament for their actions.</span> Pela Convenção de [[responsável governamental]], o primeiro-ministro ea maior parte do seu gabinete são [[Membro do Parlamento | Deputados do Parlamento Europeu]] para que possam responder ao Parlamento, para as suas acções.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">But any Canadian adult is constitutionally eligible for the position, and prime ministers have held office after being elected leader but before taking a seat in the Commons ([[John Turner]], for example), or after being defeated in their [[constituency|constituencies]].</span> Mas qualquer adulto canadense é constitucionalmente elegíveis para a posição, e os primeiros-ministros tenham ocupado cargo após ser eleito líder, mas antes de tomar uma sede no Commons ([[John Turner]], por exemplo), ou depois de ser derrotado nas suas [[círculo eleitoral | círculos eleitorais]].</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">The Prime Minister selects the other ministers of the Crown to head the various government departments and form the [[Cabinet of Canada|Cabinet]]; these individuals are appointed by the governor general and remain in office at the pleasure of the viceroy.</span> O Primeiro-Ministro seleciona os outros ministros da Coroa cabeça para os vários departamentos governamentais e de forma a [[Gabinete do Canadá | Gabinete]]; estes indivíduos são nomeados pelo governador geral, e permanecem em funções o prazer de o Vice-Rei.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">If the Commons passes a [[motion of no confidence]] in the government, the prime minister and the rest of Cabinet are expected either to resign their offices or to ask for [[Dissolution of parliament|a dissolution of Parliament]] so that a [[general election]] can be held.</span> Se o Commons passes um [[moção de censura]], no governo, o primeiro-ministro e do resto do Gabinete são esperados quer a demitir seus escritórios ou para pedir [[Dissolução do parlamento | a dissolução do Parlamento]] a fim de que um [[eleições legislativas]] pode ser realizada.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">To avoid a no-confidence motion from passing, parties enforce strong [[party discipline]], in which members of a party – especially from the [[ruling party]] – are strongly urged to vote the "[[party line (politics)|party line]]" (see [[Chief Government Whip (Canada)]]) or face consequences.</span> Para evitar uma moção de não-confiança passa, partidos valer forte [[partido disciplina]], na qual os membros de um partido - especialmente a partir do [[partido dominante]] - são vivamente instados a votação do "[[partido line (política) | partido linha]] "(ver [[Chefe do Governo Whip (Canadá)]]) ou enfrentar conseqüências.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">While a member of a governing party is free to vote his conscience, he is constrained by the fact that voting against the party line (especially in confidence votes) might prevent advancement within the party or lead to expulsion from the party.</span> Enquanto membro de um partido governante é livre para votar sua consciência, ele é limitado pelo facto de votar contra o partido line (em especial na confiança votos) podem impedir avanço no partido ou levar à expulsão do partido.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Expulsion leads to loss of election funding and the former party backing an alternative candidate.</span> Expulsão conduz à perda de fundos e de eleição do antigo partido apoiar um candidato alternativo.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">While the government likes to keep control of the agenda, by convention a government can only fall if a [[money bill]] (financial or budget) is defeated.</span> Enquanto o governo gosta de manter o controlo da ordem do dia, por convenção de um governo só pode cair se um [[faturar dinheiro]] (financeiros ou orçamentais) é derrotado.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">However, if a government finds that it can not pass any legislation, it is common (but not required) for a vote of confidence to be held.</span> No entanto, se verifica um governo que não pode passar qualquer legislação, é comum (mas não obrigatório) para um voto de confiança a ser realizada.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">In addition, the prime minister may declare a given bill to be a matter of confidence.</span> Além disso, o primeiro-ministro pode declarar uma determinada lei a ser uma questão de confiança.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">When there are enough seats for another party to form a government after the resignation of a prime minister, the governor general may ask the other party to try to form the government.</span> Quando há lugares para outra parte suficiente para formar um governo depois da demissão de um primeiro-ministro, o governador geral podem solicitar à outra parte para tentar formar o governo.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">This became clear after the [[King-Byng Affair]] in 1926.</span> Isso ficou claro após o [[King-Byng Affair]], em 1926.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">In practice, it is unlikely that a new alliance could be formed that would have the confidence of Parliament.</span> Na prática, é pouco provável que uma nova aliança poderia ser formadas que teria a confiança do Parlamento.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">==Legislative power== [[Parliament of Canada|Canada's Parliament]] consists of the Monarch and a [[bicameral]] [[legislature]]: an elected [[Canadian House of Commons|House of Commons]] and an appointed [[Canadian Senate|Senate]].</span> O poder legislativo == == [[O Parlamento do Canadá | Parlamento do Canadá]] consiste no Monarch e um [[bicameral]] [[legislatura]]: uma eleito [[Câmara dos Comuns do Canadá | Câmara dos Comuns]], e um nomeado [[Canadiana Senado | Senado]].</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">In practice, legislative power rests with the party that has the majority of seats in the House of Commons, which is elected from 308 constituencies (also called ridings or [[electoral district (Canada)|electoral districts]]) for a period not to exceed five years.</span> Na prática, o poder legislativo pertence ao partido que tem a maioria dos assentos na Câmara dos Comuns, que é eleito de 308 círculos eleitorais (também chamado ridings ou [[eleitoral distrital (Canadá) | distritos eleitorais]]) por um período que não a exceder cinco anos.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Canada's highly disciplined political parties and [[First Past the Post electoral system|first-past-the-post electoral system]] have, since the 1970s, usually given one political party control of the Commons.</span> Do Canadá altamente disciplinado dos partidos políticos e de [[Primeiro Post Passado o sistema eleitoral | primeiro-passado-o sistema eleitoral-post]] têm, desde a década de 1970, normalmente um determinado partido político controle do Commons.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">The five-year period has only been extended once: in 1916.</span> O período de cinco anos, só tenha sido prorrogado uma vez: em 1916.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">The prime minister may ask the governor general to dissolve Parliament and call new elections at virtually any time.</span> O primeiro-ministro pode pedir ao governador geral de dissolver o Parlamento e chamar novas eleições em quase todo o tempo.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">That request was refused only once, during the minority government of 1926.</span> Este pedido foi recusado apenas uma vez, durante o governo minoritário de 1926.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">By custom, prime ministers usually call new elections after four years in power.</span> Por costume, primeiros-ministros costumam chamar novas eleições após quatro anos no poder.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">The Senate is not without power.</span> O Senado não é sem poder.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Because the governing party generally nominates its supporters as senators, the Senate's influence is usually the greatest when a new party comes to power after another party has been in power a long time.</span> Porque o partido governante geralmente nomeia seus apoiantes como senadores, o Senado da influência é, normalmente, quando a maior parte trata de um novo poder após um outro partido no poder tem sido um longo tempo.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">The Constitution contains a special provision that allows the prime minister to counteract that situation by recommending the appointment of an additional eight senators.</span> A Constituição inclui uma disposição especial que permite que o primeiro-ministro para contrariar essa situação por recomendar a nomeação de um adicional oito senadores.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">==Judiciary== {{Main|Court system of Canada}} [[Criminal law]], most of which is contained in the federal [[Criminal Code of Canada|Criminal Code]] (RSC 1985, Chapter C-46), is uniform throughout the nation, and is under [[federal jurisdiction]].</span> == Judiciário == ((Main | Tribunal sistema do Canadá)) [[Direito Penal]], a maior parte da qual está contida no âmbito federal [[Código Penal do Canadá | Código Penal]] (RSC 1985, capítulo C-46) , É uniforme em toda a nação, e está sob [[jurisdição federal]].</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">[[Civil law]] is based on the [[common law]] of [[England]], except in [[Quebec]], to which Britain granted the right in 1774 to retain the French [[civil code]].</span> [[Direito Civil]] é baseada na [[common law]] de [[Inglaterra]], excepto em [[Quebec]], a Grã-Bretanha, que em 1774 concedeu o direito de reter o francês [[Código Civil]].</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">While legislation regarding non-criminal matters is generally different from province to province, some non-criminal legislation, such as the federal Divorce Act (RSC 1985, Chapter 3 (2nd Supp.)), is applicable throughout the nation.</span> Embora a legislação em matéria de não-penal é geralmente diferente da província para província, alguns não-legislação penal, tais como a Lei federal Divórcio (RSC 1985, capítulo 3 (2 ª Supp.)), É aplicável em toda a nação.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Justice is administered by federal, provincial, and municipal courts.</span> A justiça é administrada por federal, provincial, municipal e de tribunais.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">The [[Supreme Court of Canada]] is the [[court of last resort]].</span> O [[Suprema Corte do Canadá]] é o [[tribunal de última instância]].</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">The Supreme Court has nine justices, who are appointed by the [[Governor General of Canada|governor general]] and led by the [[Chief Justice of Canada]].</span> O Supremo Tribunal tem nove conselheiros, que são nomeados pelo [[Governador Geral do Canadá | governador geral]], e conduzido pelo [[Chefe da Justiça do Canadá]].</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">This court hears appeals from decisions rendered by the various appellate courts from the provinces and territories.</span> Este tribunal ouve recursos apresentados contra decisões prestados pelos vários tribunais de recurso das províncias e territórios.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Trial courts from common law provinces are required to follow previous decisions from both the Supreme Court of Canada and the appellate court of its respective province or territory.</span> Trial tribunais de direito comum províncias são obrigados a seguir decisões anteriores, tanto do Supremo Tribunal do Canadá e do seu respectivo tribunal de apelação província ou território.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">In contrast, a Quebec trial-level court may treat judgments from higher courts to be persuasive but not binding.</span> Em contraste, um teste de nível de Quebec tribunal pode tratar sentenças de tribunais superiores sejam convincentes, mas não vinculativo.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">See [[Courts of Canada]].</span> Veja [[Tribunais do Canadá]].</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">==Federalism== {{see|Canadian federalism}} Residual power — that is, all powers not specified in the Constitution — resides with the federal government.</span> Federalismo == == ((ver | canadense federalismo)) poder residual - ou seja, todos os poderes não especificada na Constituição - reside com o governo federal.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">The [[original intent]] of this provision was to avoid the [[sectionalism]] which had resulted in the [[American Civil War]]; however, the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]] ruled in 1895 that the federal government could exercise its residual power only in wartime.</span> O [[intenção original]] desta disposição era evitar a [[sectionalism]], que resultou na [[Guerra Civil Americana]]; no entanto, o [[Comité Judicial do Privy Council]] deliberou em 1895 que o Governo federal poderá exercer o seu poder residual apenas em tempo de guerra.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">As a result, responsibilities for new functions of government such as labour law or social welfare had to be accommodated under powers specified in the [[British North America Act]].</span> Como resultado, as responsabilidades para as novas funções de governo, tais como o direito do trabalho ou o bem-estar social teve de ser acomodado no âmbito de competências especificadas na [[British North America Act]].</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Many ended up being assigned to the [[provinces and territories of Canada|provinces]], so that today Canada is a highly [[decentralize]]d [[federation]].</span> Muitos acabou sendo atribuído à [[províncias e territórios do Canadá | províncias]], de modo que hoje o Canadá é um grande [[descentralizar]] d [[federação]].</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Further decentralization of functions has been implemented to accommodate [[Quebec]].</span> Maior descentralização de funções foi implementada para acomodar [[Quebec]].</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">All provinces however have the right to assume the powers now exercised only by Quebec.</span> No entanto todas as províncias têm o direito de assumir as competências actualmente exercidas apenas por Quebec.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Each province has a [[Lieutenant-Governor (Canada)|lieutenant-governor]] to represent the [[Monarchy of Canada|Canadian sovereign]], a [[Premier (Canada)|premier]] and [[cabinet]] to advise the [[viceroy]], and a ([[unicameral]]) legislature.</span> Cada província tem uma [[O tenente-governador (Canadá) | tenente-governador]] para representar o [[monarca do Canadá | Canadenses soberana]], um [[Premier (Canadá) | premier]] e [[gabinete]] para aconselhar o [[Vice-Rei]], e uma ([[unicameral]]) legislatura.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Provincial governments operate under a [[parliamentary system]] similar in nature to that of the federal government, with the premier chosen in the same manner as the prime minister.</span> Governos Provinciais operar ao abrigo de um [[sistema parlamentar]] de natureza similar a de que o governo federal, com o premier escolhido da mesma forma que o primeiro-ministro.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">Lieutenant governors are appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister.</span> Tenente governadores são nomeados pelo governador geral sobre o conselho do primeiro-ministro.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left">==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * [http://www.canada.ca/ Official website of the Government of Canada] * [http://www.gg.ca/ Governor General of Canada] * [http://www.pm.gc.ca/ Prime Minister of Canada] * [http://direct.srv.gc.ca/cgi-bin/direct500/BE Government Telephone Directory] * [http://publiservice.gc.ca/directories/infor_e.html Information on the Government of Canada] * [http://publiservice.gc.ca/directories/email/email_e.html Federal government e-mail naming standards] * [http://publiservice.gc.ca/forms/formsdept_e.html Government Forms] * [http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/default.asp?Language=E&Page=Publications&doc=guidemin/guidemin_annexes_e.htm Privy Council Office: Governing Responsibly: A Guide for Ministers and Ministers of State] * [http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/ Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat] * [http://gov.canadiancontent.net/ Government of Canada search engine] * [http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/pubs_pol/sipubs/tb_fip/titlesoffedorg_e.asp Federal Identity Program - Titles of Federal Organizations] * [http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/fip-pcim/index_e.asp Federal Identity Program] from [[Treasury Board|Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat]] [[Category:Politics of Canada]] * [http://publiservice.gc.ca/directories/genenq/enquiries_e.html General Enquiries - Federal Government Organizations] * [http://publiservice.gc.ca/directories/pgtd/pgtd_e.html Provincial Government Telephone Directories] {{canleg}} [[fa:دولت کانادا]] [[he:ממשלת קנדה]] [[sk:Kanadský systém vlády]]</span> Referências == == Reflist)) ((Links externos == == * [http://www.canada.ca/ Site oficial do Governo do Canadá] * [http://www.gg.ca/ Governador Geral do Canadá] * [http://www.pm.gc.ca/ Primeiro-ministro do Canadá] * [http://direct.srv.gc.ca/cgi-bin/direct500/BE Governo Telefone Diretório] * [http : / / publiservice.gc.ca / diretórios / infor_e.html Informações sobre o Governo do Canadá] * [http://publiservice.gc.ca/directories/email/email_e.html governo federal e-mail mencionando normas] * [ http://publiservice.gc.ca/forms/formsdept_e.html Governo Formulários] * [http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/default.asp?Language=E&Page=Publications&doc=guidemin/guidemin_annexes_e.htm Privy Conselho Office: BCE responsavelmente: Um Guia para os ministros e ministros de Estado] * [http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/ Secretaria do Tesouro Board do Canadá] * [http://gov.canadiancontent.net/ Governo do Canadá motor de pesquisa] * [http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/pubs_pol/sipubs/tb_fip/titlesoffedorg_e.asp Federal Identidade Programa - títulos de Organizações Federal] * [http://www.tbs-sct .gc.ca / fip-pcim / index_e.asp Federal Programa Identidade] de [[Tesouro Board | Secretaria do Tesouro Board do Canadá]] [[Categoria: Política do Canadá]] * [http://publiservice.gc.ca/ diretórios / genenq / enquiries_e.html inquéritos gerais - governo federal Organizações] * [http://publiservice.gc.ca/directories/pgtd/pgtd_e.html Governo Provincial listas telefónicas] canleg)) (([[fa: دولت کانادا] ] [[Ele: ממשלת קנדה]] [[sk: Kanadský systém vlády]]</span>{{Canadian politics}} The '''Canadian Government''', formally '''Her Majesty's Government in Canada''',<ref>[http://www.canadianheritage.gc.ca/progs/cpsc-ccsp/fr-rf/couronne_crown_canada/06-600crown_of_maples_e.pdf MacLeod, Kevin S.; ''A Crown of Maples''; Queen's Printer for Canada; Ottawa: 2008]</ref> is the [[federal government]] of [[Canada]]. Powers and structure of the federal government are set out in the Constitution of Canada. ==Usage== In [[Canadian English]], the word ''[[government]]'' is used to refer both to the whole set of institutions that govern the country (following American usage, but where Britons would use ''[[state]]''), and to the current political leadership (following British usage, but where Americans would use ''[[administration]]''). For example a Canadian could be a ''government employee'' but never a ''state employee'', and they would support or oppose the policies of the ''[[28th Canadian Ministry|Harper government]]'' but never the ''Harper administration''. Because Canada is a [[federation]], ''the government'' may refer to the [[federal government|federal]], [[provincial]] or [[municipal]] government. Because "aboriginal peoples ... had legal systems prior to the arrival of Europeans", it could also refer to an aboriginal government.<ref>''Campbell v. British Columbia'', (2000), 189 D.L.R. (4th) 333, (B.C.S.C.), per Williamson, J. at p. 355.</ref> In this article, ''government'' refers to the structure of the Canadian federal state. ==Executive power== ===Sovereign=== [[Image:Queen of canada wob.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Elizabeth II]], Queen of Canada, wearing the [[Monarch|Sovereign]]'s insignia of the [[Order of Canada]] and the [[Order of Military Merit (Canada)|Order of Military Merit]]]] {{main|Monarchy of Canada}} [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Elizabeth II]], [[Monarchy of Canada|Queen of Canada]], is the [[Sovereignty|sovereign]] and [[head of state]] of Canada, and gives repository of [[executive power]], [[judiciary|judicial]] and [[legislature|legislative]] power; as expressed in [[Constitution of Canada|the constitution]]: "the Executive Government and Authority of and over Canada is hereby declared to continue and be vested in the Queen." However, sovereignty in Canada has never rested solely with the monarch due to the [[Bill of Rights 1689|English Bill of Rights of 1689]], later inherited by Canada, which established the principle of [[Parliamentary sovereignty]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. Nonetheless, the monarch is still the sovereign of Canada. In [[Canadian federalism|Canada's federal system]], the [[Head of state|headship of state]] is not a part of either the federal or provincial jurisdictions; the Queen reigns impartially over the country as a whole; meaning the [[sovereignty]] of each jurisdiction is passed on not by the Governor General or the [[Parliament of Canada|Canadian parliament]], but through the Crown itself. Thus, the Crown is "divided" into eleven legal jurisdictions, eleven "crowns" – one federal and ten provincial.<ref>[http://www.monarchist.ca/cmnews/CMN_winter_spring_2003_Update-3.pdf Jackson, Michael; ''Canadian Monarchist News'': Golden Jubilee and Provincial Crown; Spring, 2003]</ref> The [[:Category:Fathers of Confederation|Fathers of Confederation]] viewed this system of constitutional monarchy as a bulwark against any potential fracturing of the [[Canadian confederation|Canadian federation]].<ref>Smith, David E.; The Invisible Crown; University of Toronto Press; 1995; p. 26</ref> {{See|Monarchy in the Canadian provinces}} In practice, the sovereign rarely personally exercises her executive, judicial or legislative powers; since the monarch does not normally reside in Canada, she appoints a [[Governor General of Canada|governor general]] to represent her and exercise most of her powers. The person who fills this role is selected on the advice of the prime minister. "Advice" in this sense is a choice generally without options since it would be highly unconventional for the prime minister's advice to be overlooked; a convention that protects the monarchy. As long as the monarch is following the advice of her ministers, she is not held personally responsible for the decisions of the government. The governor general has no [[term limit]], and is said to serve "[[At Her Majesty's Pleasure|at Her Majesty's pleasure]]"; however, the practice is for the governor general to be replaced after about five years in office. Just as the sovereign's choice of governor general is on the prime minister's advice, the vice-regal figure exercises the executive powers of state on the advice of the [[Minister of the Crown|ministers of the Crown]] who make up the [[Cabinet of Canada|Cabinet]]. The term "[[the Crown]]" is used to represent the power of the monarch. Though the sovereign or viceroy rarely intervene directly in political affairs, the real powers of the position of the monarch in the [[Constitution of Canada|Canadian Constitution]] should not be downplayed. The monarch does retain all power, but it must be used with discretion, lest its use cause a [[constitutional crisis]]. Placement of power in the sovereign's hands provides a final check on executive power. If, for instance, she believed a proposed law threatened the freedom or security of her [[Canadian nationality law|citizens]], the Queen could decline [[Royal Assent]]. Furthermore, armed removal of her by parliament or government would be difficult, as the monarch remains [[Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Forces|Commander-in-Chief]] of the armed forces,<ref>[http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/ca_1867.html Constitution Act, 1867]</ref> who swear an [[Oath of Allegiance (Canada)|oath of allegiance]] to her. ===Cabinet=== [[Image:Government of Canada signature.svg|right|250px]] The [[Prime Minister of Canada]] is the [[head of government]]. The prime minister is appointed by the governor general, but to ensure the continuity of a stable government, this person must have the confidence of the [[Canadian House of Commons|House of Commons]] to lead the government. In practice, the position usually goes to the leader of the political party that has the most seats in the [[lower house]]. On several occasions in Canadian history no party has had a majority in the House of Commons and thus one party, usually the largest, forms a [[minority government]]. As of 2008, Canada's government has a minority government. The prime minister holds office until he resigns or is removed by the governor general; therefore, the party that was in government before the election may attempt to continue to govern if it so desires, even if it holds fewer seats than another party. [[Coalition government]]s are rare at the federal level: since Sir [[John A. Macdonald]]'s [[Liberal-Conservative]] governments in the mid 1800s, Canada has had only one other coalition government, the [[Union Government]] of Sir [[Robert Borden]] during [[World War I]]. [[Political party|Political parties]] are not mentioned in the constitution. By the convention of [[responsible government]], the prime minister and most of his cabinet are [[Member of Parliament|members of Parliament]] so they can answer to Parliament for their actions. But any Canadian adult is constitutionally eligible for the position, and prime ministers have held office after being elected leader but before taking a seat in the Commons ([[John Turner]], for example), or after being defeated in their [[constituency|constituencies]]. The Prime Minister selects the other ministers of the Crown to head the various government departments and form the [[Cabinet of Canada|Cabinet]]; these individuals are appointed by the governor general and remain in office at the pleasure of the viceroy. If the Commons passes a [[motion of no confidence]] in the government, the prime minister and the rest of Cabinet are expected either to resign their offices or to ask for [[Dissolution of parliament|a dissolution of Parliament]] so that a [[general election]] can be held. To avoid a no-confidence motion from passing, parties enforce strong [[party discipline]], in which members of a party – especially from the [[ruling party]] – are strongly urged to vote the "[[party line (politics)|party line]]" (see [[Chief Government Whip (Canada)]]) or face consequences. While a member of a governing party is free to vote his conscience, he is constrained by the fact that voting against the party line (especially in confidence votes) might prevent advancement within the party or lead to expulsion from the party. Expulsion leads to loss of election funding and the former party backing an alternative candidate. While the government likes to keep control of the agenda, by convention a government can only fall if a [[money bill]] (financial or budget) is defeated. However, if a government finds that it can not pass any legislation, it is common (but not required) for a vote of confidence to be held. In addition, the prime minister may declare a given bill to be a matter of confidence. When there are enough seats for another party to form a government after the resignation of a prime minister, the governor general may ask the other party to try to form the government. This became clear after the [[King-Byng Affair]] in 1926. In practice, it is unlikely that a new alliance could be formed that would have the confidence of Parliament. ==Legislative power== [[Parliament of Canada|Canada's Parliament]] consists of the Monarch and a [[bicameral]] [[legislature]]: an elected [[Canadian House of Commons|House of Commons]] and an appointed [[Canadian Senate|Senate]]. In practice, legislative power rests with the party that has the majority of seats in the House of Commons, which is elected from 308 constituencies (also called ridings or [[electoral district (Canada)|electoral districts]]) for a period not to exceed five years. Canada's highly disciplined political parties and [[First Past the Post electoral system|first-past-the-post electoral system]] have, since the 1970s, usually given one political party control of the Commons. The five-year period has only been extended once: in 1916. The prime minister may ask the governor general to dissolve Parliament and call new elections at virtually any time. That request was refused only once, during the minority government of 1926. By custom, prime ministers usually call new elections after four years in power. The Senate is not without power. Because the governing party generally nominates its supporters as senators, the Senate's influence is usually the greatest when a new party comes to power after another party has been in power a long time. The Constitution contains a special provision that allows the prime minister to counteract that situation by recommending the appointment of an additional eight senators. ==Judiciary== {{Main|Court system of Canada}} [[Criminal law]], most of which is contained in the federal [[Criminal Code of Canada|Criminal Code]] (R.S.C. 1985, Chapter C-46), is uniform throughout the nation, and is under [[federal jurisdiction]]. [[Civil law]] is based on the [[common law]] of [[England]], except in [[Quebec]], to which Britain granted the right in 1774 to retain the French [[civil code]]. While legislation regarding non-criminal matters is generally different from province to province, some non-criminal legislation, such as the federal Divorce Act (R.S.C. 1985, Chapter 3 (2nd Supp.)), is applicable throughout the nation. Justice is administered by federal, provincial, and municipal courts. The [[Supreme Court of Canada]] is the [[court of last resort]]. The Supreme Court has nine justices, who are appointed by the [[Governor General of Canada|governor general]] and led by the [[Chief Justice of Canada]]. This court hears appeals from decisions rendered by the various appellate courts from the provinces and territories. Trial courts from common law provinces are required to follow previous decisions from both the Supreme Court of Canada and the appellate court of its respective province or territory. In contrast, a Quebec trial-level court may treat judgments from higher courts to be persuasive but not binding. See [[Courts of Canada]]. ==Federalism== {{see|Canadian federalism}} Residual power — that is, all powers not specified in the Constitution — resides with the federal government. The [[original intent]] of this provision was to avoid the [[sectionalism]] which had resulted in the [[American Civil War]]; however, the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]] ruled in 1895 that the federal government could exercise its residual power only in wartime. As a result, responsibilities for new functions of government such as labour law or social welfare had to be accommodated under powers specified in the [[British North America Act]]. Many ended up being assigned to the [[provinces and territories of Canada|provinces]], so that today Canada is a highly [[decentralize]]d [[federation]]. Further decentralization of functions has been implemented to accommodate [[Quebec]]. All provinces however have the right to assume the powers now exercised only by Quebec. Each province has a [[Lieutenant-Governor (Canada)|lieutenant-governor]] to represent the [[Monarchy of Canada|Canadian sovereign]], a [[Premier (Canada)|premier]] and [[cabinet]] to advise the [[viceroy]], and a ([[unicameral]]) legislature. Provincial governments operate under a [[parliamentary system]] similar in nature to that of the federal government, with the premier chosen in the same manner as the prime minister. Lieutenant governors are appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * [http://www.canada.ca/ Official website of the Government of Canada] * [http://www.gg.ca/ Governor General of Canada] * [http://www.pm.gc.ca/ Prime Minister of Canada] * [http://direct.srv.gc.ca/cgi-bin/direct500/BE Government Telephone Directory] * [http://publiservice.gc.ca/directories/infor_e.html Information on the Government of Canada] * [http://publiservice.gc.ca/directories/email/email_e.html Federal government e-mail naming standards] * [http://publiservice.gc.ca/forms/formsdept_e.html Government Forms] * [http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/default.asp?Language=E&Page=Publications&doc=guidemin/guidemin_annexes_e.htm Privy Council Office: Governing Responsibly: A Guide for Ministers and Ministers of State] * [http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/ Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat] * [http://gov.canadiancontent.net/ Government of Canada search engine] * [http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/pubs_pol/sipubs/tb_fip/titlesoffedorg_e.asp Federal Identity Program - Titles of Federal Organizations] * [http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/fip-pcim/index_e.asp Federal Identity Program] from [[Treasury Board|Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat]] [[Category:Politics of Canada]] * [http://publiservice.gc.ca/directories/genenq/enquiries_e.html General Enquiries - Federal Government Organizations] * [http://publiservice.gc.ca/directories/pgtd/pgtd_e.html Provincial Government Telephone Directories] {{canleg}} [[fa:دولت کانادا]] [[he:ממשלת קנדה]] [[sk:Kanadský systém vlády]] All content in the above text box is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license Version 4 and was originally sourced from https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=133009848.
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