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{{Wikify|date=January 2010}}
[[Image:Black_hills_from_space.jpg|frame|The Black Hills, [[South Dakota]], [[United States]] image from space.]]'''The Black Hills Land Claim''' is an ongoing land dispute between Native Americans from the Sioux nation and the United States Federal Government. 
== Background == 
=== Geography === 
(contracted; show full)

=== Origin of the land claim === 
In 1849 the [[Californian Gold Rush]] attracted more settlers to the Black Hills.<ref name="AW2"> Allen Weinstein,. Story of America Freedom and Crisis From Settlement to Superpower (New York: DK Pub. Co., 2002), 320.</ref> As a result, the 
1851[[Treaty of Fort Laramie Treaty(1851)]] was formed to establish land rights and maintain peace between traveling miners and the Sioux. Under this treaty, the formation of reservations began where pieces of allotted land were distributed to several tribes. <ref name="AW4"> Allen Weinstein,. ''Story of America Freedom and Crisis From Settlement to Superpower'' (New York: DK Pub. Co., 2002), 319.</ref>

The treaty recognized the Sioux territory of the Black Hills which were located between the [[North Platte River]] and [[Yellowstone Rivers]] and obligated the government to pay $50,000 annually.<ref name="AW4" />  However, a United States military war against [[Red Cloud]] proved to be a victory for the Sioux, which resulted in the [[Treaty of Fort Laramie Treaty of (1868)]]. This treaty ultimately protected the Black Hills from white settlement.<ref name="AW4" /> 

The treaty was violated when gold was discovered in [[Montana]] in 1874. However, the Sioux did not face intruders until Brevet Major General [[George Armstrong Custer]] and his army [[Custer's 1874 Black Hills Expedition|entered the Black Hills]] in 1874 and publicly announced their discovery of gold. By 1875 the announcement led to the establishment of large mining towns, such as [[Deadwood, Central CitySouth Dakota|Deadwood]], [[Central City, South Dakota|Central City]] and [[Lead, South Dakota|Lead]] within the Black Hills. <ref name="AW51">Akta Lakota Museum and Cultural Center, ''Paha Sapa, Black Hills'', http://www.aktalakota.org/index.cfm?cat=1&artid=244.</ref>  Accordingly, the United States unilaterally imposed the [[Manypenny Agreement]], claimed the land, and officially removed the Black Hills by passing the February Act of 1877.<ref name="AW51" /> Congressional Act of February 28, 1877. (19 Stat., 254)<ref name="AW51" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Kappler|first=Charles Joseph |title=Indian affairs: Laws and treaties|volume=1|year=1904|publisher=Govt. Printing Office|pages=168-€“172}} </ref><ref name="oj650">{{cite web|url=http://openjurist.org/650/f2d/140|title=650 F2d 140 Oglala Sioux Tribe of Pine Ridge Indian Reservation v. United States|last=United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.|publisher=OpenJurist.org|accessdate=13 June 2010}}</ref><ref name="br720">{{cite web|url=http://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/722/722.F2d.1407.82-2101.html|title=The OGLALA SIOUX TRIBE OF the PINE RIDGE INDIAN RESERVATION, Appellant, v. HOMESTAKE MINING CO., et al., Appellees.|last=United States Court of Appeals|first=Eighth Circuit|publisher=Public.Resource.Org|accessdate=13 June 2010}}</ref>

== Land rights and treaties == 

=== 1851 Fort Laramie Treaty === 
Congress passed an appropriations bill in February of 1851 to allow Commissioner of Indian Affairs Luke Lea to negotiate with the Native Americans living on the Black Hills. <ref name="SMB"> Smith Burton, “Politics and the Crow Indian Land Cessions.” ''Montana'': ''The Magazine of Western History'' 36, no. 4 (Autumn. 1986), 27.</ref>  The Fort Laramie Treaty was developed to pre(contracted; show full)*[http://www.nps.gov/archive/wica/History_of_the_Black_Hills.htm National Park Website: History of the Black Hills]
*[http://www.crazyhorsememorial.org/ Official Website of the Crazy Horse Memorial]

[[Category:Black Hills]]
[[Category:Lakota]]
[[Category:Internal territorial disputes of the United States]]
[[Category:Native American tribes in South Dakota]]
[[Category:Native American tribes in Wyoming]]