Difference between revisions 155997278 and 155997279 on dewiki

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[[Image:Black hills from space.jpg|frame|The Black Hills, [[South Dakota]], [[United States]] image from space.]]'''The Black Hills Land Claim''' is an ongoing land dispute between Native Americans from the Sioux nation and the United States Federal Government.

== Background ==
=== Geography ===
(contracted; show full)ld Rush]] attracted more settlers to the Black Hills.<ref name="AW2">Allen Weinstein,. Story of America Freedom and Crisis From Settlement to Superpower (New York: DK Pub. Co., 2002), 320.</ref> As a result, the [[Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)]] was formed to establish land rights and maintain peace between traveling miners and the Sioux. Under this treaty, the formation of reservations began where pieces of allotted land were distributed to several tribes.<ref name="AW4"
>Allen Weinstein,. ''Story of America Freedom and Crisis From Settlement to Superpower'' (New York: DK Pub. Co., 2002), 319.</ref/>

The treaty recognized the Sioux territory of the Black Hills which were located between the [[North Platte River]] and [[Yellowstone River]] and obligated the government to pay $50,000 annually.<ref name="AW4" />  However, a United States military war against [[Red Cloud]] proved to be a victory for the Sioux, which resulted in the [[Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)]]. This treaty ultimately protected the Black Hills from white settlement.<ref name="AW4" /> 

(contracted; show full);Black Hills/White Justice'', 452.</ref>  Also, article 7 states that only full blood Indians residing on the reservation are allowed to the agreements and benefits from this act as well as past treaties.<ref name="L454">Lazarus, ''Black Hills/White Justice'', 454.</ref>  The controversies around this act state that the government purchased the land from the reservation but there is no valid record of this transaction.<ref name="AKLMCC"
>Akta Lakota Museum and Cultural Center, ''Paha Sapa, Black Hills'', http://www.aktalakota.org/index.cfm?cat=1&artid=244.</ref/>

== Late 1970s and early 1980s ==
=== Background ===
The legal struggle for the Black Hills land claim began in the early 1920s under tribal lawyer Richard Case where he argued that the 1877 Act of February was illegal and that the United States never made a legitimate purchase of the land.<ref name="L176">Lazarus, Black Hills/White Justice, 176-188.</ref>  Tribal Lawyers Marvin Sonosky and Arthur Lazarus took over the case in 1956 until they won in 1980.<ref name="STJR&qu(contracted; show full)*[http://www.nps.gov/archive/wica/History_of_the_Black_Hills.htm National Park Website: History of the Black Hills]
*[http://www.crazyhorsememorial.org/ Official Website of the Crazy Horse Memorial]

[[Category:Black Hills]]
[[Category:Lakota]]
[[Category:Internal territorial disputes of the United States]]
[[Category:Native American tribes in South Dakota]]
[[Category:Native American tribes in Wyoming]]