Revision 108142714 of "Benutzer:WorldPeace25/Sinosphere" on dewiki

{{Importartikel}}

{{Infobox
 | Titel = Sinosphäre
 | Bildname = East Asian Cultural Sphere.png
 | Bildbreite = 300px
 | Bildtext = 

 | Stil = 2
 | Style = width:300px
 | Titelfarbe = 2
 | Abschnittsfarbe =6
 | Feldstyle = ''leer''

 | Feldname1 =     -     | Daten1 = Chinesische Bezeichnung
 | Feldname2 =  [[Langzeichen]]| Daten2 = {{zh|kurz=|c=漢字文化圏}}
 | Feldname3 =  [[Kurzzeichen]]| Daten3 = 汉字文化圈
 | Feldname4 =  [[Pinyin| - Pinyin (Mandarin)]]| Daten4 = Hànzì Wénhuà Quān
 | Feldname5 =  [[Jyutping| - Jyutping (Kantonesisch)]]| Daten5 = hon<sup>3</sup> zi<sup>6</sup> man<sup>4</sup> faa<sup>3</sup> hyun<sup>1</sup>
 | Feldname6 =     -     | Daten6 = Vietnamesische Bezeichnung
 | Feldname7 =  [[Vietnamesische Schrift|Quốc Ngữ]]| Daten7 = <small>1.</small> Hán tự văn hoá khuyên<br /> <small>2.</small> Khu vực văn hóa chữ Hán
 | Feldname8 =  [[Vietnamesische Schrift#Chữ Nho und Hán Tự|Hán tự]]| Daten8 = <small>1.</small> 漢字文化圈
 | Feldname9 =  [[Hán Nôm]]| Daten9 = <small>2.</small> 區域文化𡨸漢
 | Feldname10 =     -     | Daten10 = Koreanische Bezeichnung
 | Feldname11 = [[Hangeul]]| Daten11 = 한자문화권
 | Feldname12 = [[Hanja]]| Daten12 = 漢字文化圈
 | Feldname13 = [[Revidierte Romanisierung| - Revidierte<br />Romanisierung]]| Daten13 = hanja munhwagwon
 | Feldname14 =     -     | Daten14 = Japanische Bezeichnung 
 | Feldname15 = [[Kanji]]| Daten15 = 漢字文化圏
 | Feldname16 = [[Japanische Schrift#Kana|Kana]]| Daten16 = かんじぶんかけん
 | Feldname17 = [[Japanische Schrift#Rōmaji| - Rōmaji]]| Daten17 = kanji bunkaken
}}

<nowiki>Ostasiatischer Kulturkreis</nowiki>

[[File:漢字文化圈／汉字文化圈 · 한자 문화권 · Vòng văn hóa chữ Hán · 漢字文化圏.png|thumb|The ways of saying "Sinosphere" in major languages of Sinosphere.]]
[[File:Map-Chinese Characters.png|thumb|450px|The Sinosphere of countries where [[Chinese characters]] were/are used to write the official/dominant languages. Dark Green - Traditional Chinese characters used almost exclusively (Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau). Medium Green - Simplified Chinese characters used formally but traditional characters continue wide usage (Singapore and Malaysia). Green - Simplified characters used almost exclusively (Mainland China). Light Green- Chinese characters used in conjunction with native writing systems (Japan and South Korea). Light Yellow - Chinese characters once used in the official language but no longer used (Mongolia, North Korea and Vietnam).]]
In [[areal linguistics]], '''Sinosphere''' ({{Zh|s=汉字文化圈|t=漢字文化圏|p=Hànzì Wénhuà Quān|l=Chinese character culture circle}}) refers to a grouping of countries and regions that are currently inhabited with a majority of [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] population or were historically under [[Culture of China|Chinese cultural]] influence. The linguist [[James Matisoff]] coined the term "Sinosphere" in 1990, contrasting with the [[Indosphere]], "I refer to the Chinese and Indian areas of linguistic / cultural influence in Southeast Asia as the 'Sinosphere' and the 'Indosphere'."<ref>Matisoff, James A. (1990). [http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~bjoseph/Ling611/Lx611Matisoff1990.pdf On Megalocomparison]. ''Language'' 66.1, p. 113.</ref>

The terms Chinese cultural sphere and [[Chinese character]] cultural sphere are used interchangeably with "Sinosphere" but have different denotations. Chinese cultural sphere denotes a grouping of countries, regions, and people which have participated in or been heavily influenced by the  [[Culture of China]], such as [[Tibet]] or [[Sichuan]]. Countries such as [[Japan]] or [[Viet Nam]] which did in the past or do now use the [[Chinese writing system]] denote the other sense.

==Origins==

This cultural region closely corresponds to the ancient "Sinic civilization" and its descendants, the "Far Eastern civilizations" (the Mainland and the Japanese ones), which [[Arnold J. Toynbee]] presented in the 1930s in "[[A Study of History]]", along with the [[Western world|Western]], Islamic, Eastern Orthodox, Indic, etc. civilizations, among the major "units of study" of the world's history.<ref>See the "family tree" of Toynbee's "civilizations" in any edition of Toynbee's own work, or e.g. as Fig.1 on p.16 of: "The Rhythms of History: A Universal Theory of Civilizations", By Stephen Blaha. Pingree-Hill Publishing, 2002. ISBN 0-9720795-7-2.
</ref>

==Defining characteristics==
The Sinosphere is generally unified by first written language ability in [[Chinese language|Chinese]]. This defines the unifying factor as the influence of traditional Chinese cultural beliefs, marked by [[Confucianist]] social and moral ethics, [[Taoist]] or [[Mahayana Buddhist]] religious beliefs, as embodied in text using [[Chinese characters]]  (''[[Hanzi]]'' in Chinese, ''[[kanji]]'' in Japanese, ''[[hanja]]'' in Korean, and ''[[Chinese characters in Vietnamese|Hán tự]]'' in Vietnamese) whether within [[China proper]] or in a peripheral culture before it emerged from the dominance of the center.

Another indicator is the everyday use of [[chopsticks]], which also may have originated in China.

==See also==
* [[All under heaven]]
* [[Greater China]]
* [[Sinocentrism]]
* [[Sinoxenic]]

==References==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last= Ankerl |first= Guy |title= Global communication without universal civilization |series= INU societal research |volume= Vol.1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations : Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western |publisher= INU Press |location= Geneva |isbn= 2-88155-004-5 |pages= |year= 2000 }}
* Joshua A. Fogel, '''Articulating the Sinosphere: Sino-Japanese Relations in Space and Time''' (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,  2009. Edwin O. Reischauer Lectures; 2007). ISBN 2008041259

* [http://www.zaobao.com/chinese/pages1/chinese_others240604.html Chinese Cultural Sphere and the Use of Chinese Characters], Zhe Shiya, Lianhe Zaobao, 24 June 2004, Singapore (in Chinese)
* [http://www.ccmedu.com/detail.aspx?boardID=12&ID=15897 Export of Chinese Culture and Balance of Power in the World], Shinfeng, People's Daily, 28 March 2006, Beijing (in Chinese)
{{Refend}}

== Notes ==

<references/>

==External links==
* [http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ Asia for Educators]. Weatherhead East Asian Institute, Columbia University.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2011}}

<nowiki>[[Category:Chinese culture]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Cultural spheres of influence]]
[[Category:Country classifications]]
[[Category:Chinese nationalism]]
</nowiki>
[[es:Mundo chino]]
[[fr:Monde chinois]]
[[ko:한자 문화권]]
[[lt:Sinosfera]]
[[ja:漢字文化圏]]
[[ru:Китайский мир]]
[[vi:Văn hóa quyển chữ Hán]]
[[zh-yue:漢字文化圈]]
[[zh:漢字文化圈]]