Revision 108697214 of "1964 New York World's Fair" on dewiki

[[Image:Unisphere.jpg|thumbnail|right|350px|View of the New York World's Fair from the observation towers of the New York State Pavilion; the [[Unisphere]] is at the left]]The '''1964/1965 New York World's Fair''' was the third major [[world's fair]] to be held in New York City.<ref>[http://archny.org/history/1960-1980.html Archdiocese History], Archdiocese of New York. Retrieved November 5, 2007.</ref> Hailing itself as a "Universal and International" exposition, the fair's theme was "Peace Through Understanding," dedicated to "Man's Achievement on a Shrinking Globe in an Expanding Universe"; although American corporations dominated the exposition as exhibitors. The theme was symbolized by a 12-story high, stainless-steel model of the earth called [[Unisphere]].<ref name="Gordon">[http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2006/5/2006_5_58.shtml John Steele Gordon] "The World's Fair," ''American Heritage'', Oct. 2006.</ref> The fair ran for two six-month seasons, April 22&ndash;October 18, 1964 and April 21&ndash;October 17, 1965. Admission price for adults (13 and older) was $2.00 in 1964 but $2.50 in 1965, and $1.00 for children (2-12) both years.<ref>[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40E14FC3B5D1B728DDDAA0994D9405B858AF1D3 NY Times Article]</ref>

The site, [[Flushing Meadows Corona Park]] in the [[Borough (New York City)|borough]] of [[Queens]], had also held the [[1939 New York World's Fair|1939/1940 New York World’s Fair]]. It was one of the largest world's fairs to be held in the [[United States]], occupying nearly a square mile (2.6&nbsp;km²) of land. The only larger fair was the 1939 fair, which occupied space that was filled in for the 1964/1965 exposition.  Preceding these fairs was the 1853-54 New York’s World’s Fair, called the [[Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations]], located on the site of [[Bryant Park]] in the borough of [[Manhattan]], New York City. 

The fair is best remembered as a showcase of mid-20th century American culture and technology. The nascent Space Age, with its vista of promise, was well-represented. More than 51 million people attended the fair, less than the hoped-for 70 million. It remains a touchstone for New York-area [[Baby Boomers]], who visited the optimistic fair as children before the turbulent years of the [[Vietnam War]], cultural changes and increasing struggles for civil rights.

== Controversial beginnings ==
The 1964/1965 Fair was conceived by a group of New York businessmen who fondly remembered their childhood experiences at the 1939 New York World's Fair and wanted to provide that same experience for their children and grandchildren. Thoughts of an economic boom to the city as the result of increased tourism was also a major reason for holding another fair 25 years after the 1939/1940 extravaganza. Then-New York City mayor, [[Robert F. Wagner, Jr.]], commissioned [[Frederick Pittera]], a producer of International fairs and exhibitions and author of the history of International Fairs & Exhibitions for the ''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]'' and ''Compton Encyclopedia'' to prepare the first feasibility studies for the 1964/1965 New York World's Fair. He was joined by Austrian Architect [[Victor Gruen]] (creator of the shopping mall) in studies that eventually led the Eisenhower Commission to award the world's fair to New York City in competition with a number of American cities.[[Image:NYWF Bag 1964.JPG|thumb|right|275px|Souvenir bag art]]

Organizers turned to private financing and the sale of bonds to pay the huge costs to stage them. The organizers hired New York's "Master Builder," [[Robert Moses]], to head the corporation established to run the fair because he was experienced in raising money for vast public projects. Moses had been a formidable figure in the city since coming to power in the 1930s. He was responsible for the construction of much of the city's highway infrastructure and, as parks commissioner for decades, the creation of much of the city's park system including the ill-fated World Trade Towers.

In the mid-1930s, Moses oversaw the conversion of a vast Queens tidal marsh/garbage dump into the fairgrounds that hosted the 1939/1940 World's Fair.<ref name=Caro>{{cite book | last = Caro | first = Robert | title = [[The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York]] | publisher = Knopf | year = 1974 | isbn = 0-394-48076-7}}</ref> Called [[Flushing Meadows Park]], it was Moses' grandest park scheme. He envisioned this vast park, comprising some <span style="white-space:nowrap">1,300&nbsp;acres&nbsp;(5&nbsp;km²)</span> of land and located in the center of the city, as a major recreational playground for New Yorkers. When the 1939/1940 World's Fair ended in financial failure, Moses did not have the available funds to complete work on his project.  He saw the 1964/1965 Fair as a means to finish what the earlier fair had begun.

To ensure profits to complete the park, fair organizers knew they would have to maximize receipts. An attendance of 70 million people would be needed to turn a profit and, for attendance that large, the fair would need to be held for two years. The World's Fair Corporation also decided to charge site rental fees to all exhibitors who wished to construct pavilions on the Fairgrounds. This decision caused the fair to come to terms with the [[Bureau of International Expositions]] (BIE), the international body headquartered in Paris that sanctions world's fairs. The United States was not a member of the BIE at the time but fair organizers understood that a sanction by the BIE would assure that its nearly 40 member nations would participate in the fair. 

BIE rules stated that an international exposition may run for one six-month period only, no rent may be charged to exhibitors who wish to participate and only one exposition may be held in any given country within a 10-year period.<ref name=Caro/>  Both [[Seattle|Seattle, Washington]] and [[Montreal, Canada]], had already been sanctioned by the BIE to host world's fairs in 1962 and 1967 respectively at the time New York put its bid before the BIE in 1960. Moses, undaunted by these rules, journeyed to Paris to seek official approval for the New York Fair. When the BIE balked at New York's bid, Moses, used to having his way in New York, angered the BIE delegates by taking his case to the press, publicly stating his disdain for their organization and their rules.<ref name=Caro/>  The BIE retaliated by formally requesting its member nations ''not'' to participate in the New York Fair.<ref name=Caro/>  The 1939/1940 and 1964/1965 New York World's Fairs were the only significant world's fairs in history to be held without BIE endorsement.

== International participation ==
[[Image:1965 new york world fair.jpg|left|thumbnail|300px|View of the Unisphere with world flags]]
The BIE decision was nearly a disaster for the fair. The absence of [[Canada]], [[Australia]], most of the major [[Europe]]an nations and the [[Soviet Union]], all members of the BIE, tarnished the image of the fair.<ref name=Caro/> Additionally, New York was forced to compete with both Seattle and Montreal for international participants, with many nations choosing the officially sanctioned world's fairs of those cities over the New York Fair. The fair turned to trade and tourism organizations within many countries to host national exhibits in lieu of official government sponsorship of pavilions. 

New York City, in the middle of the 20th century, was at a zenith of economic power and world prestige. Unconcerned by BIE rules, nations with smaller economies (as well as private groups in (or relevant to) some BIE members<ref>{{cite web|title=Pavilions &amp; Attractions - Pavilion of Paris - Page One <!-- BOT GENERATED TITLE -->|url=http://www.nywf64.com/pavpar01.shtml|work=|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5gWoDATli|archivedate=2009-05-04|deadurl=no|accessdate=2009-04-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pavilions &amp; Attractions - Berlin - Page One <!-- BOT GENERATED TITLE -->|url=http://www.nywf64.com/berlin01.shtml|work=|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5gWoCPtkh|archivedate=2009-05-04|deadurl=no|accessdate=2009-04-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nywf64.com/belvil01.shtml |title=Pavilions & Attractions - Belgian Village - Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |date= |accessdate=2010-08-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nywf64.com/switz02.shtml |title=Pavilions & Attractions - Switzerland - Page Two |publisher=Nywf64.com |date= |accessdate=2010-08-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nywf64.com/fiesta01.shtml |title=Pavilions & Attractions - Fiesta - Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |date= |accessdate=2010-08-21}}</ref>) saw it as an honor to host an exhibit at the Fair.{{citation needed|date=February 2007}} Therefore smaller nations and [[third world]] countries made up the majority of the international participation. [[Spain]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Pavilions &amp; Attractions - Spain - Page One <!-- BOT GENERATED TITLE -->|url=http://www.nywf64.com/spain01.shtml|work=|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5gWoCn3wP|archivedate=2009-05-04|deadurl=no|accessdate=2009-04-08}}</ref> [[Vatican City]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nywf64.com/vatican01.shtml |title=Pavilions & Attractions - Vatican - Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |date= |accessdate=2010-08-21}}</ref> [[Japan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nywf64.com/japan01.shtml |title=Pavilions & Attractions - Japan - Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |date=1964-08-16 |accessdate=2010-08-21}}</ref> [[Mexico]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nywf64.com/mexico01.shtml |title=Pavilions & Attractions - Mexico - Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |date= |accessdate=2010-08-21}}</ref> [[Sweden]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nywf64.com/sweden01.shtml |title=Pavilions & Attractions - Sweden - Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |date=1964-08-30 |accessdate=2010-08-21}}</ref> [[Austria]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nywf64.com/austria01.shtml |title=Pavilions & Attractions - Austria - Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |date= |accessdate=2010-08-21}}</ref> [[Denmark]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nywf64.com/denmark01.shtml |title=Pavilions & Attractions - Denmark - Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |date=1965-05-09 |accessdate=2010-08-21}}</ref> [[Thailand]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nywf64.com/thai01.shtml |title=Pavilions & Attractions - Thailand - Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |date= |accessdate=2010-08-21}}</ref> [[Philippines]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nywf64.com/philip01.shtml |title=Pavilions & Attractions - Philippines - Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |date= |accessdate=2010-08-21}}</ref> [[Greece]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nywf64.com/greece01.shtml |title=Pavilions & Attractions - Greece - Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |date= |accessdate=2010-08-21}}</ref> and [[Pakistan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nywf64.com/pakist01.shtml |title=Pavilions & Attractions - Pakistan - Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |date=1965-08-15 |accessdate=2010-08-21}}</ref> to name some, hosted national presences at the Fair.[[Image:Berlin Pavilion.jpg|right|thumbnail|180px|The West Berlin Pavilion]]

One of the fair's most popular exhibits was the Vatican Pavilion, where [[Michelangelo]]'s ''[[Pietà (Michelangelo)|Pietà]]'' was displayed, and a small plaza marking the spot (and [[Pope Paul VI]]'s visit in October 1965) remains there.  A copy was transported beforehand to ensure that the statue could be conveyed without being damaged. This copy is on view at [[St. Joseph's Seminary, Dunwoodie]], in [[Yonkers]].

A recreation of a medieval [[Belgium|Belgian]] village proved very popular. Fairgoers were treated to a new taste sensation in the form of the "Bel-Gem Waffle" — a combination of waffle, strawberries and whipped cream. As "Belgian Waffles" they continue to be sold in America.  A couple in Brussels, Belgium—Maurice Vermersch and his wife, are credited for the creation of [http://www.antwerp-tourist-guide.com/belgium-waffle-recipe.html Belgian Waffles]. The name of their product was changed from the Brussel Waffle to the Belgian Waffle when they arrived at the Fair. 

Fairgoers could also enjoy sampling sandwiches from around the world at the popular [[Seven Up]] International Gardens Pavilion which featured the innovative fiberglass Seven Up Tower.<ref>''The New York Times'', September 29, 1964, Pg. 21</ref><ref>''The New York Times'', May 31, 1964, p. R1</ref> While dining, visitors were treated to live performances of international music by the 7-Up Continental Band as well as musical selections from the Broadway stage.<ref>''The New York Times'', September 12, 1964, Pg. 21</ref><ref>''The New York Times''October 16, 1964, Pg. 31</ref>   

Emerging African nations displayed their wares in the [[Africa]] Pavilion. Controversy broke out when the Jordanian pavilion displayed a mural emphasizing the plight of the [[Palestinian people]]. The Jordanians also donated an ancient column which remains at their site.  The city of [[West Berlin]], a [[Cold War]] hot-spot, hosted a popular display.

== Federal and state exhibits ==
The US Pavilion was titled "Challenge to Greatness" and focused on President [[Lyndon Johnson]]'s "[[Great Society]]" proposals. The main show in the multi-million dollar pavilion was a 15-minute ride through a filmed presentation of American history. Visitors seated in moving grandstands rode past movie screens that slid in, out and over the path of the traveling audience. Elsewhere, there were tributes to [[President of the United States|President]] [[John F. Kennedy]], who had broken ground for the pavilion in December 1962 but had been assassinated in November 1963 before the fair opened. 

A {{convert|2|acre|m2|adj=on}} United States Space Park was sponsored by [[NASA]], the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] and the fair.  Exhibits included a full-scale model of the aft skirt and five [[F-1 (rocket engine)|F-1]] engines of the [[S-IC|first stage]] of a [[Saturn V]], a [[Titan II GLV|Titan II]] booster with a [[Project Gemini|Gemini]] capsule, an Atlas with a Mercury capsule and a [[Thor-Delta]] rocket.  On display at ground level were ''[[Aurora 7]]'', the Mercury capsule flown on the second US manned orbital flight; full-scale models of an [[X-15]] aircraft, an [[RM-81 Agena|Agena upper stage]]; a Gemini spacecraft; an [[Apollo Command/Service Module|Apollo command/service module]], and a [[Lunar Module|Lunar Excursion Model]].  Replicas of unmanned spacecraft included lunar probe Ranger VII; [[Mariner 2|Mariner II]] and [[Mariner IV]]; [[Syncom]], [[Telstar|Telstar I]], and Echo II communications satellites; [[Explorer I]] and Explorer XVI; and [[Tiros]] and [[Nimbus]] weather satellites.<ref>Stanton,  Jeffrey "Showcasing Technology at the 1964-1965 New York World's Fair" (2006) http://www.westland.net/ny64fair/map-docs/technology.htm</ref> [[Image:Wisconsin Pavilion.jpg|thumb|170px|left|The Wisconsin Pavilion]]

New York State played host to the fair at its six million dollar open-air pavilion called the "Tent of Tomorrow." Designed by famed modernist architect [[Philip Johnson]], the pavilion also boasted the fair's high spot observation towers. The main floor of the pavilion was a large scale design of a [[Texaco]] highway map of New York State.  An idea floated after the fair to use the floor for the World Trade Center didn't materialize.  Once the red ceiling tiles were removed from the pavilion in the late 1970s, the floor was subject to the elements of weather and was ruined.

[[Wisconsin]] exhibited the "World's Largest Cheese." [[Florida]] brought a [[dolphin]] show, flamingos, a talented cockatoo from Miami's [[Parrot Jungle]], and water skiers to New York. [[Oklahoma]] gave weary fairgoers a restful park to relax in. [[Missouri]] displayed the state's space-related industries. Visitors could dine at [[Hawaii]]'s "Five Volcanoes" restaurant.  At the New York City pavilion, a huge scale model of the City of New York was on display complete with a simulated helicopter ride for easy viewing. Left over from the 1939 Fair, this building had also hosted the [[United Nations]] from 1947-1952.
{{clear}}

==American industry in the spotlight==

At the 1939/1940 World's Fair, industrial exhibitors played a major role by hosting huge, elaborate exhibits. Many of them returned to the 1964/1965 fair with even more elaborate versions of the shows they had presented twenty-five years earlier. The most notable of these was General Motors Corporation whose Futurama, a show in which visitors seated in moving chairs glided past detailed scenery showing what life might be like in the "near-future," proved to be the fair's most popular exhibit. Nearly 26 million people took the journey into the future during the fair's two-year run.[[Image:GM Concept Car 1964 NY World's Fair.jpg|right|thumbnail|220px|Concept car inside the General Motors Pavilion]]

Other popular exhibits included that of the IBM Corporation, where a giant five hundred-seat grandstand was pushed by hydraulic rams high up into a rooftop theater. There, a nine-screen film showed the workings of computer logic.  IBM also demonstrated handwriting recognition on a 350 series mainframe computer running a program to look up what happened on a particular date that a person wrote down&mdash;the first interaction for many with a computer.  The [[Bell System]] hosted a 15-minute ride in moving armchairs depicting the history of communications in dioramas and film. Other Bell exhibits included the picture phone (to go on sale at the time of the fair) as well as a demonstration of the computer modem. [[DuPont]] presented a musical review by composer [[Michael Brown (writer)|Michael Brown]] called "The Wonderful World of Chemistry." At [[Parker Pen Company|Parker Pen]], a computer would make a match to an international penpal.  The [[Westinghouse Electric Corporation (1886)|Westinghouse Corporation]] planted a second [[time capsule]] next to the 1939 one; today both [[Westinghouse Time Capsules]] are marked by a monument southwest of the Unisphere which is to be opened in the year 6964. Some of its contents were a [[1965 Official Guide New York World's Fair|World's Fair Guidebook]], an electric toothbrush, credit cards and a 50-star U.S. flag.[[Image:Westinghouse 1964 exhibit.gif|thumb|left|180px|The Westinghouse Pavilion]] 

The Sinclair Oil Corporation sponsored Dinoland, featuring life-size replicas of nine different dinosaurs, including the corporation's signature [[brontosaurus]].  An informal poll of youngsters under eight years of age who attended the fair indicated that they overwhelmingly considered Dinoland to be the "coolest" exhibit at the fair.  After the fair closed, Dinoland spent a period of time as a traveling exhibit.

The fair was also a showplace for independent films. One of the most noted was a religious film titled ''[[Parable]]'' which showed at the [[Protestant]] Pavilion. It depicted humanity as a traveling circus and [[Christ]] as a clown.<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0320239/</ref> This marked the beginning of a new depiction of [[Jesus]],<ref name="artsandfaith.com">{{cite web|url=http://artsandfaith.com/index.php?showtopic=6350 |title=The films of Rolf Forsberg |publisher=Arts and Faith |date= |accessdate=2010-08-21}}</ref> and was the inspiration for the musical ''[[Godspell]]''. ''Parable'' later went on be honored at [[Cannes]], as well as the [[Edinburgh Film Festival]] and [[Venice Film Festival]].<ref name="artsandfaith.com"/> Another religious film was presented by the evangelist [[Billy Graham]], who sponsored his own pavilion. The film ''[[Man in the 5th Dimension]]'' was shot in the [[70mm]] [[Todd-AO]] widescreen process for exclusive presentation in a specially designed theater equipped with audio equipment that enabled viewers to listen to the film in [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Russian language|Russian]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]].<ref name=IN70>[http://www.in70mm.com/news/2005/5th_dimension/chapters/credits.htm "Man in the 5th Dimension," In 70mm News / The 70mm Newsletter]</ref>

The surprise hit of the fair was a non-commercial movie short presented by the [[SC Johnson]] Company (S.C. Johnson Wax) called ''[[To Be Alive!]]'' The film celebrated the joy of life found worldwide and in all cultures, and it would later win a special award from the [[New York Film Critics Circle]] and an [[Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject)]]. 

The [[Ford Motor Company]] introduced the [[Ford Mustang]] automobile to the public at its pavilion on April 17, 1964.

==Disney influence==
[[File:Fountains, NY Worlds Fair '64.JPG|thumb|right|Fountains]]
The fair also is remembered as the vehicle [[Walt Disney]] utilized to design and perfect the system of "[[Audio-Animatronics]]", in which a combination of sound, mechanical electronics and computers controls the movement of lifelike robots to act out scenes.{{citation needed|reason=please give a reliable source for this assertion. Were 'computers' used, or were they controlled by mechanical means?|date=January 2009}} [[The Walt Disney Company]] designed and created four shows at the fair:

*In the "[[It's a Small World]]" attraction at the [[Pepsi-Cola|Pepsi]] pavilion, animated dolls and animals frolicked in a spirit of international unity on a boat ride around the world. The song was provided by the [[Sherman Brothers]]. Each of the animated dolls had an identical face, originally designed by New York (Valley Stream) artist Gregory S. Marinello in partnership with Walt Disney himself. 

*[[General Electric]] sponsored "[[Carousel of Progress|Progressland]]" where an audience seated in a revolving auditorium viewed an audio-animatronic presentation of the progress of electricity in the home. The [[Sherman Brothers]] song "[[There's a Great Big Beautiful Tomorrow]]" was composed for this attraction.

*[[Ford Motor Company]] presented Disney's "[[Ford Magic Skyway]]," the second most popular exhibit at the fair, using Ford cars in an early prototype of what would become the [[PeopleMover]] ride system to move the audience through scenes featuring life-sized audio-animatronic dinosaurs and cavemen. The Walt Disney Company had earlier been asked by General Motors to produce their exhibit, but they declined.{{citation needed|reason=please give a reliable source for this assertion|date=January 2009}}

*At the [[Illinois]] pavilion, a lifelike President [[Abraham Lincoln]] recited his famous speeches in "[[Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln]]".

After the fair, there was some discussion of the Disney company retaining these exhibits on-site and converting Flushing Meadows Park into an east coast version of Disneyland,{{citation needed|reason=please give a reliable source for this assertion|date=January 2009}} but this idea was abandoned. Instead, Disney relocated several of these exhibits to [[Disneyland Park (Anaheim)|Disneyland]] and subsequently replicated them at other Disney theme parks. [[Walt Disney World]] is essentially the realization of the original concept of an "east coast Disneyland" with [[Epcot Center]] designed as a "permanent" world's fair. All four attractions are still represented in one way or another: Two attractions from the fair are relatively unchanged, including a replica of "it's a small world" and the original (albeit updated) Carousel of Progress.  The two remaining attractions exist as evolutions of the originals: The Magic Skyway inspired the [[PeopleMover]], and later the [[Tomorrowland Transit Authority]]; and Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln was expanded into [[The Hall of Presidents]]. Meanwhile, [[Disneyland]] still hosts the original [[It's a Small World]] and [[Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln]] transferred from New York, as well as the now-unused track of the original Disneyland PeopleMover based on the Ford Magic Skyway. The original Carousel of Progress was first moved to Disneyland in 1967 and then to its current home at the Magic Kingdom in 1973.

== Failure of amusements ==
One of the fair's major shortcomings was the absence of a [[Midway (fair)|midway]].  The fair's organizers were opposed, on principle, to the honky-tonk atmosphere engendered by midways, and this was another thing that irked the BIE, which insisted that all officially sanctioned fairs have a midway.  What amusements the fair actually had ended up being largely dull.  The Meadow Lake Amusement Area wasn't easily accessible, and officials objected to shows being advertised.  Furthermore, although the Amusement Area was supposed to remain open for four hours after the exhibits closed at 10 p.m., the fair presented a fountain-and-fireworks show every night at 9 p.m. at the Pool of Industry.  Fairgoers would see this show and then leave the fair rather than head to the Amusement Area; one was hard pressed to see anyone on the fairgrounds by midnight.  The fair's big entertainment spectacles, including the "Wonder World" at the Meadow Lake Amphitheater, "To Broadway with Love" in the Texas Pavilion, and [[Dick Button]]'s "Ice-travaganza" in the New York City Pavilion, all closed early, with heavy losses.  It was apparent fairgoers did not go to the fair for its entertainment value, especially as there was plenty of entertainment in Manhattan.<ref>''Life'', August 7, 1964, p. 85-87, "But Where's the Fun?  Lost in a $7 Million Fiasco"</ref>

==Demonstrations==
Seven [[Rutgers University]] students were arrested protesting, with the [[Congress of Racial Equality]] and [[James L. Farmer, Jr.]], [[Bayard Rustin]], Rev. Donald Harrington, [[Michael Harrington]], and [[Norman Fruchter]].<ref>{{cite news| title=UNIVERSITY STUDENTS ARRESTED AT FAIR: ONE HELD IN $2,000 BAIL ON ASSAULT CHARGE| author=R. S. Shapiro. | work=Rutgers Daily TARGUM| date=April 23, 1964| url=http://www2.scc.rutgers.edu/njh/1960/fair.php|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5k42EbYde|archivedate=2009-09-25|deadurl=no|accessdate=2009-09-21}}</ref>

== Controversial ending ==
The Fair ended in controversy over allegations of financial mismanagement. Controversy had plagued it during much of its two-year run.  The Fair Corporation had taken in millions of dollars in advance ticket sales for both the 1964 and 1965 seasons.  However, the receipts of these sales were booked entirely against the first season of the Fair.<ref name=Caro/> This made it appear that the Fair had plenty of operating cash when, in fact, they were borrowing from the second season's gate to pay the bills. Before and during the 1964 season, the Fair spent much money despite attendance that was below expectations. By the end of the 1964 season Moses, and the press, began to realize that there would not be enough money to pay the bills and the Fair teetered on bankruptcy.<ref name=Caro/>

While the 1939-1940 New York World's Fair returned 40 cents on the dollar to bond investors, the 1964/1965 fair returned only 19.2 cents on the dollar.<ref name=Caro/>

== Reuse of pavilions==
[[Image:New York Worlds Fairgrounds.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Aerial view of the remaining structures in Flushing Meadows in 2004]]
Like its predecessor, the 1964/1965 New York World's Fair lost money. It was unable to repay its financial backers their investment, and it became embroiled in legal disputes with its creditors until 1970, when the books were finally closed and the New York World's Fair 1964-1965 Corporation was dissolved. Most of the pavilions constructed for the fair were demolished within six months following the fair's close. While only a handful of pavilions survived, some of them traveled great distances and found reuse following the fair:
*The Austria pavilion became a ski lodge in western New York. 
*The Wisconsin pavilion's front tee-pee-like portion became a radio station in [[Neillsville, Wisconsin]]. The pavilion's large rear structure that formed a squat-looking "H" (if seen from above) is the combined kitchen, dining hall, and recreation hall of [[Camp Ramah]] in upstate Lakewood, Pennsylvania.
*The US Royal tire-shaped [[Ferris wheel]] was relocated to become a [[Allen Park, MI#World's largest tire|landmark]] along [[Interstate 94]] in the [[Metro Detroit]] [[Downriver]] community of [[Allen Park, Michigan]].
*The Pavilion of Spain relocated to [[St. Louis, Missouri]] and is now a part of a [[Hilton Hotel]]. 
*The Parker Pen pavilion became offices for the Lodge of Four Seasons in [[Lake of the Ozarks]], Missouri. 
*The Johnson Wax disc-shaped theater was reworked and became part of the S.C. [[Johnson Wax Headquarters|Johnson Wax complex]] in [[Racine, Wisconsin]] designed by [[Frank Lloyd Wright]].
*The stained glass windows from the Vatican pavilion were built into Saint Mary's Church in [[Groton, Connecticut]].
*The Christian Science pavilion became a church in [[Poway, California]].  The structure was demolished in 2006.
*The Mormon pavilion became a church in [[Plainview, New York]], dedicated December 2, 1967 and still in use.
*A large oil painting of a woman, painted in 1964 by [[Roy Lichtenstein]] and titled "New York World's Fair", is in the [[Weisman Art Museum]] in [[Minneapolis]], [[Minnesota]].
*The carillon from the [[Coca-Cola]] Pavilion was moved to [[Stone Mountain Park]], near [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]].
*The illuminated "G" from the large fiberglass square and compasses that stood in front of the Masonic Brotherhood Center was moved to the New York Masonic Home campus in [[Utica]], [[New York]] and installed into a smaller sculpture. The Grand Lodge of New York installed a bronze sculpture by artist [[Donald De Lue]] of George Washington in Masonic regalia at the fairgrounds after it closed. It still stands near the soccer fields. (De Lue also sculpted the Fair's iconic "Rocket Thrower" sculpture.)
*As noted, the [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]]-created attraction "It's a Small World" was transferred to Disneyland, along with the "Carousel of Progress" and the first Abraham Lincoln audio-animatronics figure for the original "Great Moments With Mr. Lincoln" show.  Scenery and the audio-animatronics dinosaurs from the Ford Magic Skyway show were installed in the [[Disneyland Railroad]]'s Primeval World Diorama, and the attraction's actual WEDway ride system was improved upon and used for Tomorrowland's [[PeopleMover]].
*Some of the light fixtures that lined the walkways can be found still functioning at Penn Hills Resort in the [[Poconos]], Analomink, Pennsylvania, the [[Orange County Fairgrounds]] in [[Middletown, Orange County, New York|Middletown, New York]], and [[Canobie Lake Park]] in [[Salem, New Hampshire]].<ref>[http://www.onlinesalem.com/FairLights/ 1964 World's Fair Luminaries at Canobie Lake Park]</ref>
*The Skyway tower structures and gondolas were moved to ''[[Six Flags Great Adventure]]'' (at that time called ''Great Adventure'') in [[New Jersey]] for use from 1974 to the present.<ref>[http://www.greatadventurehistory.com/Skyride.htm 1964 World's Fair Sky ride at Great Adventure]</ref>
*The New England Pavilion was disassembled and moved to South Portland, Maine where most of it was reassembled and still in use today as a small shopping mall at 50 Maine Mall Road.
*The Travelors Exhibit is on display in a museum in Cincinnati, Ohio, reference AAA Travel Guide.

==Legacy==
[[File:Unisphere-20100731.jpg|thumb|250px|left|The Unisphere on July 31, 2010.]]

New York City was left with a much improved Flushing Meadows Park following the fair, taking possession of the park from the Fair Corporation in June 1967. It is heavily used for both walking and recreation. The paths and their names remain almost unchanged from the days of the fair.

At the center of the park stands the symbol of "Man's Achievements on a Shrinking Globe in an Expanding Universe" – the fair's Unisphere symbol, depicting our earth of "The Space Age". The Unisphere was made famous again in 1997 when it was featured in the film ''[[Men in Black (film)|Men in Black]]''. The Unisphere has become a symbol of [[Queens]], and has appeared on the cover of the county's phone books. The city also received a multi-million dollar Science Museum and Space Park exhibiting the rockets and vehicles used in America's early space exploration projects.

[[Image:WorldFairTower1.jpg|thumb|120px|right|The observatory towers today]]

Both the New York State pavilion and the US Pavilion were retained for future use. No reuse was ever found for the US Pavilion, and it became severely deteriorated and vandalized before being demolished in 1977. The New York State pavilion also found no residual use other than as TV and movie sets, such as an episode of ''[[McCloud (TV series)|McCloud]]''; for ''[[The Wiz]]''; and part of the setting (and the plot) for ''Men in Black''. In the decades after the fair closed, it remains an abandoned and badly neglected relic, with its roof gone and the once bright floors and walls almost faded away.  In 1994, the Queens Theatre took over the Circarama adjacent to the towers and continues to operate there, using the ruined state pavilion as a storage depot.

The Space Park deteriorated due to neglect, but the surviving rockets were restored and placed back on display in 2004. It is presently open again as part of the [[New York Hall of Science]], a portion of which is a remnant of the fair. The fair's Heliport has found reuse as a banquet/catering facility called "[[Terrace on the Park]]". 

In 1978, Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, as it is now called, became the home of the [[United States Tennis Association]], and the [[U.S. Open (tennis)|US Open]] tennis tournament is played there annually. The former Singer Bowl, later renamed [[Louis Armstrong Stadium]], was the tournament's primary venue until the larger [[Arthur Ashe Stadium]] was built on the site of the former Federal Pavilion and opened in August 1997. Collectively, the complex is called the [[USTA National Tennis Center]].

The [[R36 World's Fair (New York City Subway car)|R36]] cars built for the IRT 7 subway route that served the 1964 fair ran the route for over 39 years afterwards, with some cars lasting into 2003. Some of them still survive today in work use or storage.

The former New York City building is home to the [[Queens Museum of Art]] and continues to display the multi-million dollar model of the city of New York.  This historic structure also (as of 2007) has an excellent display of memorabilia from the two fairs.  The section where the early United Nations General Assembly met has now reverted back to its historic role as an [[ice skating]] rink. 

[[Shea Stadium]], while not part of the fairgrounds proper, was opened at the same time as the fair and was listed in the fair's maps. It was the home of the [[New York Mets]] baseball team until 2008. It was demolished and the space used for parking for the adjacent new stadium ([[Citi Field]]) in 2009.

Commemorative [[postage stamp]]s were produced for the fair, souvenir medals were issued, and a lot of memorabilia remains in private hands.  There is significant interest in collecting these pieces.  Items of all types, many quite inexpensive, frequently appear in sales.  

For many years the fair's [[amateur radio]] station console was used by the [[American Radio Relay League]].  Later sold, in 2006 it was purchased by a [[Collins Radio]] collector in Texas.<ref>''QST'', September, 2009, pp. 92-3, "Vintage Radio: Displaying Your Collection"</ref>

Also, parts of [[Universal Studios Florida]] in [[Orlando, Florida]] may have been inspired by the 1964 New York World's Fair.{{citation needed|date=April 2008}} The entrance to the park has a globe that resembles the [[Unisphere]] with "Universal Studios" on it (although [[Universal Studios]] began using the globe as its logo decades earlier), and an area of the park called "World Expo" that features worldly music and flags of many nations. In 1999, the World Expo area expanded and opened the [[Men in Black (film)#Theme park ride|Men In Black: Alien Attack]] attraction with recreations of New York observatory towers in front of the building. The attraction itself is based on a fictional World's Fair pavilion. Visitors enter as tourists but soon ride an elevator to the facility and learn that they are trying out to be a part of the ''[[Men in Black (film)|Men in Black]]''.

Walt Disney moved most of his attractions from the fair to Disneyland. Today, "It's a Small World" is still active,  Mr. Lincoln returned in late 2009 after a four year hiatus. Parts of Ford's Magic Skyway are installed along the [[Disneyland Railroad]], while the Carousel of Progress still spins at [[Walt Disney World]]'s [[Magic Kingdom]]. [[It's a Small World]] is an attraction at all five Disney Magic Kingdom-style parks, and its theme song is among the most popular on the planet. Disney used the technologies from the fair to create the [[Pirates of the Caribbean (theme park ride)|Pirates of the Caribbean]] attraction, and [[Epcot Center]]'s original attractions borrowed heavily from the [[audio-animatronic]] advances of the fair and its general ideals.{{citation needed|date=July 2008}}

In 1995, [[PBS]] produced ''The 1964 World's Fair'', a 52-minute [[documentary film|documentary]] about the fair, narrated by [[Judd Hirsch]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/B000055XOB |title=The 1964 World's Fair: Narrated By Judd Hirsch: Movies & TV |publisher=Amazon.com |date= |accessdate=2010-08-21}}</ref>

In the 2010 movie ''[[Iron Man 2]]'', Flushing Meadow Park is where the fictional Stark Expo 2010 and Stark Expo 74 take place.

=== Use in sports ===
Many of the funds from the fair went into the building of [[Shea Stadium]].  This building served as home for the [[New York Mets]] baseball team from 1964 to 2008, when it was demolished.  The stadium played host to the [[World Series]] four times, in [[1969 World Series|1969]], [[1973 World Series|1973]], [[1986 World Series|1986]], and [[2000 World Series|2000]]. The Mets moved to the stadium from the aging [[Polo Grounds]] in Manhattan.  Shea Stadium also served as the home of the [[New York Jets]] from 1964 to 1983, the [[New York Yankees]] in 1974 and 1975 while [[Yankee Stadium (1923)|Yankee Stadium]] was being renovated, and the [[New York Giants]] in 1975. In the Mets' new ballpark, [[Citi Field]], there is a food court called the World's Fare Market which pays homage to the team's connection to the fair. 
The Unisphere and the top of the NY Pavilion can be seen from the food court entrance/exit.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mets unveil dining options at Citi Field &#124; mets.com: News <!-- BOT GENERATED TITLE -->|url=http://pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20090331&content_id=4096474&vkey=news_nym&fext=.jsp&c_id=nym|work=|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5gWoDcO1x|archivedate=2009-05-04|deadurl=no|accessdate=2009-04-08}}</ref>

== Cultural references ==

*New York native band [[They Might Be Giants]] has paid homage to the fair several times:<ref>[[TMBW:1964 World's Fair|1964 World's Fair at ''This Might Be a Wiki'']]</ref>
:* "[[Ana Ng]]" mentions the line "All alone at the Sixty-Four World's Fair / Eighty dolls yelling 'Small Girl After All'", a direct reference to the fair and the "It's a Small World" attraction.  It also mentions the [[DuPont]] Pavilion.
:* The band made the music video for their single "[[Don't Let's Start]]" at the former fair site, in Queens, New York. 
:* The band performed a cover of the theme song to the Carousel of Progress ("[[There's a Great Big Beautiful Tomorrow]]") on the soundtrack to the film ''[[Meet the Robinsons (soundtrack)|Meet the Robinsons]]''.
* The Unisphere, observatory towers, and New York state pavilion can be seen as a site in ''[[Grand Theft Auto IV]]'' as part of "Meadows Park" in the borough of Dukes.
* In the 1997 film ''[[Men in Black (film)|Men in Black]]'', the observation towers are revealed to contain the ships used by the first extraterrestrials to visit Earth. The World's Fair was organized to cover up the evidence of their landing ("Why else would they hold it in Queens?" says [[Agent K]]).
* The ''[[Flight of the Conchords (TV series)|Flight of the Conchords]]'' TV show often films at Flushing Meadows Park, with the Unisphere and observatory towers as a backdrop.
* Queens based rap duo [[M.O.P.]] appears in front of the Unisphere throughout the video for their song "World Famous"
*Unisphere and Tent of Tomorrow in Flushing Meadows, and part of World's Fair park appeared in ''[[CSI:NY]]'''s [[CSI: NY (season 6)|season 6 episode ''Manhattanhenge'']] where the team were looking for the Compass Killer ([[Skeet Ulrich]]).
*The fair was the inspiration and design for the [[Gotham City]]'s World Fair in the [[1993]] animated film ''[[Batman: Mask of the Phantasm]]''.
*''[[The Simpsons]]'' episode "[[Marge vs. the Monorail]]" showed the poorly-built [[monorail]] system starting to decay by showing the decal that says "Springfield Monorail" come undone, revealing that the original decal reads "1964 World's Fair Model".
* In ''[[Iron Man 2]]'', the [[Stark Expo]] was filmed on the site of the 1964 World's Fair.

==Gallery==
{{Gallery
|width=240
|File:Westinghouse replicas Sep 65.jpg|Westinghouse Time Capsule
|File:RCA Pavilion.jpg|RCA Pavilion
|File:Johnson Wax Pavilion.jpg|Johnson Wax Pavilion
|File:Kodak Pavilion.jpg|Kodak Pavilion
|File:Ford Pavilion.jpg|Ford Pavilion
|File:Transportation & Travel Pavilion.jpg|Transportation and Travel Pavilion
|File:Alaska Pavilion.jpg|Alaska Pavilion
|File:Hong Kong Pavilion.jpg|Hong Kong Pavilion
}}

==Bibliography==
*''World's Fair Legacies'' William P. Young.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nywf64.com/legacies01.shtml |title=World's Fair Legacies - Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |date= |accessdate=2010-08-21}}</ref>
*''Flushing Meadows-Corona Park Today'' William P. Young.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nywf64.com/fmcp01.shtml |title=Flushing Meadows-Corona Park Today - Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |date= |accessdate=2010-08-21}}</ref>
*''International Participation in the New York World's Fair 1964-1965'' Sharyn Elise Jackson.<ref>[http://nywf64.com/intpar00.01.shtml ]{{dead link|date=August 2010}}</ref>
*Editors, Time-Life Books ''Official Guide: 1964-1965 New York World's Fair'' . Book Sales: 1963-1965.
*''Third Supplemental Report on New York World's Fair 1964 -1965 Corporation Covering Operations from Inception to December 31, 1966''. October 26, 1967.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nywf64.com/farewell06.shtml |title=Farewell to the Fair - Page Six |publisher=Nywf64.com |date= |accessdate=2010-08-21}}</ref>
*''The 1964-1965 New York World's Fair: Creation and Legacy''. Bill Cotter, Bill Young. Arcadia Publishing, 2008. ISBN 0-7385-5745-5.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fisher |first=Amy |url=http://www.qgazette.com/news/2008/0723/Review |title=Front Page &#124; www.qgazette.com &#124; Queens Gazette |publisher=www.qgazette.com |date=2008-07-23 |accessdate=2010-08-21}}</ref>
* ''The End of the Innocence: The 1964-1965 New York World's Fair''. Lawrence R. Samuel. Syracuse University Press, 2007.
* [[New York Public Library]] archives of '64-'65 World's Fair. Manuscripts & Archives Division of Fair Administration, Construction, Maintenance, Participation, and Public Relations.<ref>[http://www.nypl.org/research/chss/spe/rbk/faids/nywf64.pdf ]{{dead link|date=August 2010}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{commonscat}}
* [http://www.westland.net/ny64fair New York 1964-1965 World's Fair]
* [http://www.nywf64.com/ nywf64.com (1964/1965 New York World's Fair Website)]
* [http://www.peacethroughunderstanding.org/ "Peace Through Understanding" - A New York World's Fair Community and Electronic Bulletin Board]
* [http://www.bbqproductions.com/ "BBQ Productions" - An independent film production company that spent 15 years to produce a documentary film about The 1964/65 New York world's Fair]
* [http://www.bygoneli.com/bygone/wf_64_pg_1.php/ Bygone LI 64 Worlds Fair Page]
* [http://www.butkus.org/information/worlds_fair_1964/worlds_fair_1964.htm '64 World's Fair Guide book] multiple PDF document of complete guide booklet.

===Videos===
*[http://www.filmbaby.com/films/2998 Documentary film about the 1964 New York World's Fair]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_SUeE7dpMWg&feature=related Bring Back the New York World's Fair 1964]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHvd-HWXYK4&feature=related Black and White newsreel of 1964 World's Fair]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPHbVY-Kq_A&feature=related The 1964-1965 New York World's Fair Remembered]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j0L3dFUW2qY&feature=related 1964-1965 New York World's Fair - A look back slideshow]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S3csalpg4fs&feature=related New York World's Fair 1964 1965 - New York State Pavilion] 
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JrMTx56sQDk&feature=related Color home movie of 1964 New York World's Fair exhibits] 
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qcJAULZpvNU&feature=related Aerial view of the 1964 New York World's Fair showing the pavilions] 
*[http://www.archive.org/details/1964-03-02_New_York_Worlds_Fair Internet Archive: New York World's Fair, 1964/03/02 Newsreel] 
* [http://www.archive.org/details/ToTheFairA Internet Archive: To The Fair! (Part 1) (1965)] Film about a trip to the 1964 New York World's Fair. Part 1
* [http://www.archive.org/details/ToTheFairB Internet Archive: To The Fair! (Part 2) (1965)] Film about a trip to the 1964 New York World's Fair. Part 2
* [http://www.archive.org/details/1964NewY1961 Internet Archive: 1964 New York World's Fair Report (1961)] Film about planning the fair with [[Robert Moses]].
* [http://www.archive.org/details/out_of_this_world Internet Archive: Out Of This World] Film about a woman going to the [[General Motors]] Pavilion to see the Kitchen of Tomorrow.

[[Category:1964 New York World's Fair| ]]
[[Category:1964 in the United States|New York World's Fair]]
[[Category:New York City World's Fairs]]
[[Category:Queens, New York City]]
[[Category:Robert Moses projects]]

[[es:Feria mundial Nueva York 1964]]
[[fr:Foire internationale de New York 1964-1965]]
[[ja:ニューヨーク万国博覧会 (1964年)]]