Revision 118527551 of "Benutzer:Thoken/Clark Kerr" on dewiki

{{Importartikel}}

'''Clark Kerr''' (* 17. Mai 1911 in [[Stony Creek (Pennsylvania)|Stony Creek]]; † 1. Dezember 2003 in [[El Cerrito (Kalifornien)|El Cerrito]]) war [[Vereinigte Staaten|US-amerikanischer]] [[Volkswirtschaftslehre|Volkswirt]] mit Forschungsschwerpunkten [[Arbeitsökonomik]] und [[Industriegesellschaft]]en, er war von 1958 bis 1967 als [[Präsident (Verwaltung)|Präsident]] der [[University of California]] Mitinitiator einer für das staatliche [[Bildungssystem in den Vereinigten Staaten#Hochschulwesen|Hochschulwesen der Vereinigten Staaten]] beispielgebenden Reform.<ref name=irle-kerr>{{cite web | url=http://www.irle.berkeley.edu/events/fall03/kerr.html | title=Clark Kerr (1911-2003) | accessdate=2012-08-26 | date=2003 | publisher=Institute for Research on Labor & Employment (IRLE) | language=en | archiveurl= | archivedate= | quote='' ... his true passion has always been the study of labor economics and industrial societies. ... created the blueprint for public higher education in the United States while president of the University of California system ...''}}<!-- (schuf als Präsident des UC-Verbunds die Vorlage für öffentliche Hochschulbildung in den USA) --></ref> Wegen seiner mäßigenden Haltung gegenüber [[Bürgerschaftliches Engagement|politischer Betätigung]] Studierender auf Universitätsgelände wurde er sowohl vom [[Free Speech Movement]] als auch von [[Konservatismus|konservativen]] Politikern wie [[Ronald Reagan]], 1966 zum [[Gouverneur von Kalifornien|Gouverneur]] von [[Kalifornien]] gewählt, und dem [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] kritisiert.

== Leben  ==
Kerr studierte am [[Swarthmore College]] und an der [[Stanford University]] und promovierte 1939 in [[Wirtschaftswissenschaft]]en an der [[UC Berkeley]]. 1945 wurde er Professor für [[Industrielle Beziehungen]] und Gründungsdirektor des Instituts für Industrielle Beziehungen in Berkeley.

Kerr was born in [[Stony Creek, Pennsylvania]], and earned his [[Bachelor of Arts|A.B.]] from [[Swarthmore College]] in 1932, an [[Master's degree|M.A.]] from [[Stanford University]] in 1933, and a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in economics from UC Berkeley in 1939. In 1945, he became an associate professor of industrial relations and was the founding director of the Institute of Industrial Relations.

===Career===
==== U.C. Berkeley ====
During the [[McCarthy era]] in 1949, the [[Regents of the University of California]] adopted an [[anti-communist]] loyalty oath to be signed by all University of California employees. Kerr signed the oath, but fought against the firing of those who refused to sign. Kerr gained respect from his stance and was named UC Berkeley's first chancellor when that position was created in 1952. As chancellor, Kerr oversaw the construction of 12 high-rise dormitories. In September, 1953, President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] appointed him to the [[Commission on Intergovernmental Relations]].

==== University of California regents ====
In 1958, Kerr was the Regents' choice to lead the entire university system. His term as UC president saw the opening of campuses in [[University of California, San Diego|San Diego]], [[University of California, Irvine|Irvine]], and [[University of California, Santa Cruz|Santa Cruz]] to accommodate the influx of [[baby boom]]ers. Faced with a dramatic increase of students entering college, Kerr helped establish the now much-copied [[California Master Plan for Higher Education|California system]] of having the handful of [[University of California]] campuses act as 'top tier' research institutions, the more numerous [[California State University]] campuses handle the bulk of undergraduate students and the very numerous [[California Community College]] campuses provide vocational and transfer-oriented college programs to the remainder.

In 1959, Kerr along with Chancellor [[Glenn T. Seaborg]] helped found the Berkeley [[Space Sciences Laboratory]].

==== Student protests====
[[Image:Clark Kerr on the cover of TIME Magazine, October 17, 1960.jpg|thumb|Clark Kerr on the cover of ''TIME'', October 17, 1960]]
Controversy exploded in 1964 when Berkeley students led the [[Free Speech Movement]] in protest of regulations limiting political activities on campus, including Civil Rights advocacy and [[Opposition to the Vietnam War|protests against the Vietnam war]]. It culminated in hundreds of arrested students at a sit-in. Kerr’s initial decision was to not expel University of California students that participated in sit-ins off campus. That decision evolved into reluctance to expel students who later would protest on campus in a series of escalating events on the Berkeley campus in late 1964. Kerr was criticized both by students for not agreeing to their demands and by conservative UC Regent [[Edwin Pauley]] and others for responding too leniently to the student unrest.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A04E0DC1E3AF931A35751C1A9659C8B63|title=Clark Kerr, Leading Public Educator and Former Head of California's Universities, Dies at 92|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2008-02-10|last=Hechinger|first=Grace| date=2001-12-02}}</ref>

==== Blacklisting ====
In 2002, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] released documents that had Kerr blacklisted{{Clarify|date=April 2009}} as part of a campaign to suppress people at UC deemed subversive.<ref name=campusfiles>{{cite news|author=Seth Rosenfeld|title=The Campus Files|url=http://sfgate.com/news/special/pages/2002/campusfiles|work=The San Francisco Chronicle|date=2002-06-09|accessdate=2008-11-30}}</ref> This information had been classified by the FBI and was only released after a fifteen-year legal battle that went all the way to the US Supreme Court. President [[Lyndon Johnson]] had picked Kerr to become secretary of Health, Education and Welfare but withdrew the nomination after the FBI background check on Kerr included damaging information the agency knew to be false. 

[[Edwin Pauley]] approached the CIA Director [[John McCone]] (a Berkeley alum and associate) for assistance. McCone in turn met with FBI Director [[J. Edgar Hoover]].<ref name=trouble>{{cite news|author=Seth Rosenfeld|title=The Campus Files: Trouble on campus |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2002/06/09/MNCF2.DTL|work=The San Francisco Chronicle|date=2002-06-09| accessdate=2008-11-30}}</ref><ref name=campusfiles5>{{cite news|author=Seth Rosenfeld|title=The Campus Files: The McCone Meeting| url=http://sfgate.com/news/special/pages/2002/campusfiles/documents/5b.shtml|work=The San Francisco Chronicle|date=2002-06-09| accessdate=2008-11-30}}</ref> Hoover agreed to supply Pauley with confidential FBI information on "ultra-liberal" regents, faculty members, and students, and to assist in removing Kerr. Pauley received dozens of briefings from the FBI to this end. The FBI assisted Pauley and [[Ronald Reagan]] in painting Kerr as a dangerous "liberal."

Kerr's perceived leniency was key in Reagan's election as [[Governor of California]] in 1966 {{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} and in Kerr's dismissal as president by the university’s Board of Regents in 1967. In response, Kerr stated that he left the university just as he entered it: "fired with enthusiasm."

Kerr’s second memoir, ''The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the [[University of California]], 1949-1967 Volume Two: Political Turmoil'' details what he refers to as his greatest blunders in dealing with the [[Free Speech Movement]] that ultimately led to his firing.

<center><gallery style="center">
Image:McCone-Hoover, UC Berkeley 1965.gif|CIA's McCone, at Pauley's request, asks Hoover to target anti-war protests at UC Berkeley.
Image:Reagan-Hoover_UCB_memo1.gif|1969 FBI memo re: Ronald Reagan's purge of UC Berkeley, p.1.
Image:Reagan-Hoover_UCB_memo2.gif|1969 FBI memo re: Ronald Reagan's purge of UC Berkeley, p.2.
Image:Reagan-Hoover_UCB_memo3.gif|1969 FBI memo re: Ronald Reagan's purge of UC Berkeley, p.3.
</gallery></center>

Following his dismissal, Kerr served on the [[Carnegie Commission on Higher Education]] until 1973 and was chairman of the [[Carnegie Council on Policy Studies]] in Higher Education from 1974 to 1979.

Kerr also served as Chairman, 1984 USPS National Agreement arbitration chairman—and then joined the USPS panel of national contract arbitrators.

===Personal life===
Kerr was married to Catherine Spaulding on Christmas Day, 1934. They had three children; Clark E., Jr., Alexander, and Caroline Gage. He died in his sleep in [[El Cerrito, California]], following complications from a fall.

==Legacy and honors==
There are Kerr Halls on the campuses of [[University of California, Davis|U.C. Davis]], [[University of California, Santa Barbara|U.C. Santa Barbara]], [[University of California, Santa Cruz|U.C. Santa Cruz]], and U.C. Berkeley.<ref>{{cite web|title= Clark Kerr Campus|url=http://www.housing.berkeley.edu/livingatcal/clarkkerr.html|work=Living at Cal|publisher=U.C. Berkeley|year= 2008|accessdate=2008-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=UCSC - Virtual Tour: Kerr Hall|url=http://www.ucsc.edu/about/vtour/kerr.asp |publisher=U.C. Santa Cruz|accessdate=2008-11-30}}</ref>

The Berkeley facility is located a few blocks from the main campus, and includes residences and sports practice facilities. The Spanish-style residential complex houses 700 students and features landscaped gardens and a conference center. It was previously the site of the [[California School for the Blind|California School for the Deaf and Blind]], and was acquired by The University after a court battle.  (The University was not a party to the case.  It was offered the site after the Schools for the Deaf and Blind relinquished it to the State as surplus property.)

The [[Clark Kerr Medal]] is named in his honor.

Another legacy was his wit—after writing a serious book "The Uses of the University", Kerr surprised an audience with this riposte--"The three purposes of the University?--To provide sex for the students, sports for the alumni, and parking for the faculty."<ref>W.J. Rorabaugh, Berkeley at War: The 1960s, p. 12, quoted at http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=kt687004sg&chunk.id=d0e21648&brand=calisphere&doc.view=entire_text</ref>

And after being fired by California's Governor (future President) Ronald Reagan, Kerr responded that he left office as he had begun--"Fired with enthusiasm".{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}

==Bibliography==
*Kerr, Clark, ''The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949-1967''
*Kerr, Clark, ''The Uses of the University'', 5th edition. 1963; Harvard University Press, 2001.
*Kerr, Clark, John T. Dunlop, Frederick H. Harbison, and Charles A. Myers, ''Industrialism and Industrial Man: The Problem of Labor and Management in Economic Growth''. Harvard University Press, 1960.
*Burress, Charles, "The Long, Hard Years at Berkeley; Second Volume of Clark Kerr’s Memoir Covers Politics and ‘Blunders'," ''San Francisco Chronicle'', 9 February 2003, Sunday Review, p.&nbsp;1.
*"UC Won’t Expel Sit-in Students," ''Los Angeles Times'', 6 May 1964, p.&nbsp;8.
*"The Arrests at Berkeley," ''New York Times'', 5 December 1964, p.&nbsp;30.
*Levine, Arthur (ed., 1993). ''Higher Learning in America''. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

==References==
<references />
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote|Clark_Kerr|lang=en}}
*[http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2003/12/02_kerr.shtml U.C. Berkeley news release]
* ''San Francisco Chronicle'', "[http://sfgate.com/news/special/pages/2002/campusfiles/ Reagan, Hoover, and the UC Red Scare]," 9 June 2002.
*[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2003/12/02/MNG833E5DM1.DTL AP obituary]
*[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1529663 NPR ''All Things Considered'' - Educator Clark Kerr Dies at 92]
*[http://sfgate.com/news/special/pages/2002/campusfiles/ account of secret files of the FBI] on Kerr, and Kerr's ouster.
*[http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/senate/inmemoriam/clarkkerr.html In Memoriam] at the University of California.

{{Personendaten
|NAME=Kerr, Clark
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=US-amerikanischer Wirtschaftswissenschaftler
|GEBURTSDATUM=17. Mai 1911
|GEBURTSORT=[[Stony Creek (Pennsylvania)]]
|STERBEDATUM=1. Dezember 2003
|STERBEORT=[[El Cerrito (Kalifornien)]]
}}

[[:en:Clark Kerr]]
[[:he:קלארק קר]]
[[:zh:克拉克·克尔]]

<pre>
{{UCBerkeleyChancellors}}
{{UCPresidents}}

{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME              = Kerr, Clark
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = 
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = 
| DATE OF BIRTH     = 1911-05-17
| PLACE OF BIRTH    = [[Stony Creek, Pennsylvania]], [[United States|USA]]
| DATE OF DEATH     = 2003-12-01
| PLACE OF DEATH    = [[El Cerrito, California]], [[United States|USA]]
}}
{{SORTIERUNG:Kerr, Clark}}
[[Kategorie:Hochschullehrer (University of California)]]
[[Kategorie:Wirtschaftswissenschaftler]]
[[Kategorie:US-Amerikaner]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1911]]
[[Kategorie:Gestorben 2003]]
[[Kategorie:Mann]]

[[Category:American academics]]
[[Category:Chancellors of the University of California]]
[[Category:Stanford University alumni]]
[[Category:Swarthmore College alumni]]
[[Category:University of California regents]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley faculty]]
[[Category:University of Washington faculty]]
[[Category:People from Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:People from Berkeley, California]]
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]


</pre>