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Revision 139891652 of "Benutzer:Cccefalon/Werkstatt/20-point agreement" on dewiki{{Importartikel}}
{{Infobox
| name = 20-point Agreement
| long_name = Agreement relating to Malaysia between United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore
| image = Agreement relating to Malaysia (1963) Malay Texts.djvu
| image_width = 200px
| caption = Agreement relating to Malaysia
| type =
| date_drafted =
| date_signed = 9 July 1963
| location_signed = [[London]], [[United Kingdom]]
| date_sealed =
| date_effective =
| condition_effective =
| date_expiration =
| signatories = Government of [[United Kingdom]]<br />Government of [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]]<br />Government of [[Sabah|North Borneo]]<br />Government of [[Sarawak]], and<br />Government of [[Singapore]]
| parties = {{flag|United Kingdom}}<br />{{flag|Malaya}}<br />{{flagicon|North Borneo}} [[Sabah|North Borneo]]<br />{{flag|Sarawak|colonial}}<br /> {{flag|Singapore|colonial}}
| depositor = [[United Kingdom|British]] Government<br>dated 21 September 1970<br>The [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|Secretary-General]] of the {{flag|United Nations}} acting in his capacity as depositary the following:<ref>''See'' : [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 97 (1)]]</ref> <br>([http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/21/36/00041791.pdf English]), ([http://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20750/volume-750-I-10760-French.pdf French]), and ([http://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20750/volume-750-I-10760-Other.pdf Malay])<br>[http://treaties.un.org/pages/showDetails.aspx?objid=080000028011f470 Registered Nr. I-10760]
| languages = [[English language|English]] and [[Malay language|Malay]]
| website =
}}
[[File:Agreement Relating to Malaysia between UK, N. Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore.djvu|thumb|Agreement Relating to Malaysia in English texts (document)]]
[[File:Malaysia Act 1963.pdf|thumb|Malaysia Act 1963 (document)]]
'''20-point agreement''' oder '''20-point memorandum''' ist eine Liste von 20 Punkten, mit dem der frühere Staat [[North Borneo]] im Verlauf der Verhandlungen zur Gründung von [[Malaysia]] die Bedingungen für seinen Anschluss als Bundesstaat [[Sabah]] an die [[Föderation Malaya]] niederlegte. It accomplished through the enactment of the Malaysia Act (1963), clause 1(1) of which states that on Malaysia Day, ''Her Majesty’s sovereignty and jurisdiction in respect of the new states shall be relinquished so as to vest in the manner agreed'',<ref>''See'': Section 1(1), [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1963/35/pdfs/ukpga_19630035_en.pdf Malaysia Act 1963], Chapter 35 (UK).</ref> on 16 September 1963.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/21/36/00041791.pdf |title=No.10760: Agreement relating to Malaysia |accessdate=2010-09-22|publisher=United Nations |work=United Nations Treaty Collection |format=PDF |year=1963 |month=July}}</ref><ref>Agreement Concluded Between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore. Government Press, Kuala Lumpur (1 January 1963)</ref> In the Malaysia Bill of the [[Malaysia Agreement]] some of the twenty points were incorporated, to varying degrees, into what became the [[Constitution of Malaysia]]; others were merely accepted orally, thus not gaining legal status. That act often serves as a focal point amongst those who argue that Sabah's rights within the Federation have been eroded over time.<ref name = "Human Rights Watch">
{{Citation
| title = Abdication of Responsibility: The Commonwealth and Human Rights
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=_QTz5PCDvjEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=abdication+of+responsibility+and&hl=en&ei=a2eQTNLiDYimvQOfjuDVCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
| accessdate = 2010-09-15
| date = October 1991
| publisher = Human Rights Watch
| location = United States of America
| isbn = 1-56432-047-2
| pages = 33–34
| quote=
}}
</ref> Conversely, it can be also contended that the provision under the 20-point agreement which had been tabled under the Malaysia Bill is now rendered to be [[Void (law)|null and void]] following the [[History_of_Singapore#Separation|expulsion of Singapore]] from Malaysia in 1965.{{who|date=September 2012}} {{citation needed|date=September 2012}}
== Geschichte ==
From the international law perspective, moves were already afoot to turn decolonization into a major international issue. On 14 December 1960, the United Nations General Assembly had adopted the [[Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples]] – the famous Resolution 1514<ref>''See'': [http://unyearbook.un.org/1960YUN/1960_P1_SEC3_CH4.pdf General Assembly 15th Session - resolution 1541 (XV)] (pages:509-510)</ref> – with 89 votes in favour and only 9 abstentions.<ref>The states which abstained were: Australia, Belgium, Dominican Republic, France, Spain, South Africa, United Kingdom and the United States of America.</ref> Article 5 of Resolution 1514, states: ''Immediate steps shall be taken, in [[United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories|Trust and Non-Self-Governing Territories]] or all other territories which have not yet attained independence, to transfer all powers to the peoples of those territories, without any conditions or reservations, in accordance with their freely expressed will and desire, without any distinction as to race, creed or colour, in order to enable them to enjoy complete independence and freedom'', moreover, Article 3 provided that ''[i]nadequacy of political, economic, social or educational preparedness should never serve as a pretext for delaying independence.’ To monitor the implementation of Resolution 1514, the General Assembly created the Special Committee on the Situation With Regard to the Implementation of the [[Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples]] (referred to popularly as the [[Special Committee on Decolonization|UN Committee on Colonialism]]) in 1961. Even though Great Britain abstained from voting on Resolution 1514, pressure on her to decolonize was palpable. Not only did this pressure come from the international community, it came from its strongestally, the United States of America who extracted this concession from the British in the [[Atlantic Charter]].<ref>''See'': Clause 3 of the Charter reads: ''Third, they respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live; and they wish to see sovereign rights and self government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them''.</ref>
Under an agreement signed between Great Britain and the Federation of Malaya, the issue of [[self-determination]] with respect to the peoples of North Borneo and Sarawak, formed the bedrock of yet another challenge to the formation of the Federation of Malaysia. A Joint Statement issued by the British and Malayan Federal Governments on 23 November 1961, clause 4 provided: Before coming to any final decision it is necessary to ascertain the views of the peoples of North Borneo and Sarawak to supported the proposal to create the new federation with Malaya and Singapore. It has accordingly been decided to set up a Commission to carry out this task and to make recommendations.
In the spirit of ensuring that [[decolonization]] was carried in accordance with the wishes of the peoples of Singapore, Sarawak, Brunei and North Borneo, the British Government, working with the Federation of Malaya Government, appointed a [[Cobbold Commission|Commission]] of Enquiry for North Borneo and Sarawak in January 1962 to determine if the people supported the proposal to create a Federation of Malaysia. The five-man team, which comprised two Malayans and three British representatives, was headed by [[Cameron Cobbold, 1st Baron Cobbold|Lord Cameron Cobbold]].<ref>Cobbold was Governor of the Bank of England from 1949 to 1961. The other members were Wong Pow Nee, Chief Minister of Penang, Mohammed Ghazali Shafie, Permanent Secretary to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Anthony Abell, former Governor or Sarawak and David Watherston, former Chief Secretary of the Federation of Malaya.</ref> and The Lansdowne Committee, an inter-governmental committee was appointed to work out the details of the final of the Malaysia Agreement of opinion in North Borneo and Sarawak by [[George Petty-Fitzmaurice, 8th Marquess of Lansdowne|Lord Lansdowne]] served for Britain and [[Tun Abdul Razak]], Deputy Prime Minister of the Federation of Malaya served for Malaya.<ref name="Lansdowne Committee">{{cite book |title=Malaysia; Selected Historical Readings |last=Bastin |first=John Sturgus |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1979 |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |location= [[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]] |isbn=9783262012165 |pages= |pages=526 |chapter= |url= |accessdate= {{date|2012|06|30}}}}</ref>
Die ''20 points'' wurden mit der Absicht verfasst, die Interessen, Rechte und die Autonomie der Einwohner Sabahs bei der Bildung der malaysischen Föderation zu wahren. Ein ähnlicher Vorschlag mit inhaltlichen Unterschieden wurde von [[Sarawak]] eingebracht und wird als ''18-point agreement'' ("18-Punkte-Vereinbarung") bezeichnet.
Diese Memoranda werden auch heute noch häufig von denjenigen zitiert, die der Auffassung sind, dass die darin festgelegten Prinzipien nach dem Anschluß an die Föderation nicht mehr konsequent eingehalten wurden. Zahlreiche Rufe nach einer Überarbeitung der 20 Punkte unter Berücksichtigung der sozialen, ökonomischen und politischen Änderungen der letzten Jahrzehnte wurden bereits laut.<ref name = "Daily Express 2004(2)">
{{cite news
| title = Sabah, S'wak urged to review agreements
| publisher = Daily Express
| date = 2004-12-21
| url = http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=31501
| accessdate = 2010-09-15
}}
</ref>
=== Zeitleiste relevanter Ereignisse (1961-1963) ===
[[File:The Report of the Inter-Governmental Committee. On August 1st, 1962.PNG|thumb|200px|The Report of the Inter-Governmental Committee. On August 1st, 1962]]
*'''Januar 1961'''<br>[[Tunku Abdul Rahman]], der Premierminister der [[Föderation Malaya]] beginnt eine Freundschaftsreise durch [[Sarawak]], [[North Borneo]], [[Brunei]] und [[Singapure]] um
to enlarge his voiced out of the idea at the UMNO conference in 1955.<ref>''See'': [[United Malays National Organisation]]</ref>
*'''27 May 1961'''<br>[[Tunku Abdul Rahman]], Prime Minister of [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]] at a dinner gathering for South East Asian journalists in [[Singapore]] held a press conference to announce his proposal to form the formation of [[Malaysia]], comprising [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]], [[Singapore]], [[Sarawak]], [[Brunei]] and [[North Borneo]].<ref name="Formation of Malaysia">[http://www.malaysiamerdeka.gov.my Sambutan Kemerdekaan 55 tahun]: [http://www.malaysiamerdeka.gov.my/v2/en/history/the-formation-of-malaysia The Formation of Malaysia]</ref>
*'''23 August 1961'''<br>An official meeting was held between Singapore and Federation of Malaya was discussing Singapore autonomy.
*'''23 November 1961'''<br>a Joint Statement issued by the British and Malayan Federal Governments under clause 4 provided that before coming to any final decision it is necessary to ascertain the views of the peoples of North Borneo, and Sarawak to supported the proposal to create a new federation greater than the Federation of Malaya — Greater Malaysia.<ref>[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+Kitingan+case,+the+Borneo+states,+and+the+Malaysian+constitution.-a0179660416 The Kitingan case, the Borneo states, and the Malaysian constitution]</ref>
*'''17 January 1962'''<br>The Commission of Enquiry ([[Cobbold Commission]]) was announced to observe the views of the people of [[Singapore]], [[Sarawak]], [[Brunei]] and [[North Borneo]].<ref name="Formation of Malaysia"/>
*'''21 March 1962'''<br>At a meeting of the Greater Malaysia Committee there was with an initial Malaysia proposal to the [[North Borneo Federation|Borneo States]] namely, [[North Borneo]], and the State of [[Singapore]] by The Commission of Enquiry ([[Cobbold Commission]]) was headed by [[Cameron Cobbold, 1st Baron Cobbold|Lord Cameron Cobbold]] and The Lansdowne Committee, an inter-governmental committee was appointed to work out the details of the final of the [[Malaysia Agreement]] of opinion in North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore by [[George Petty-Fitzmaurice, 8th Marquess of Lansdowne|Lord Lansdowne]] served for Britain and [[Tun Abdul Razak]], Deputy Prime Minister of the Federation of Malaya served for Malaya.<ref name="Lansdowne Committee"/> An agreement that it would be preferable to wait for the both which had been tasked with assessment of support for the proposal in North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore to complete its report, in order to consider its findings before a decision was made on the federation with Malaya.
*'''21. Juni 1962'''<br>Der [[Cobbold Report]] wurde fertiggestellt und als vertrauliches Dokument den Premierministern von Großbritannien und Malaya übergeben. Der Bericht stellte fest, dass ein Drittel die Idee vollständig unterstützen, ein weiteres Drittel war unter der Voraussetzung, dass The report concluded that one third fully supported the idea, one third were in favour provided that safeguards were included, and the remaining one third were divided between those who would prefer North Borneo and Sarawak to gain independence prior to the merger and those who rejected the merger outright. The Commission's view was - firm support for a federated Malaysia (with transfer of sovereignty within twelve months), incorporating a transitional arrangement in which the British would remain for the first few years.<ref name="Cobbold01">{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalibrary.my/dmdocuments/malaysiakini/767_Report%20of%20the%20Commission%20of%20EnquiryNorth%20Borneo%20&%20Sarawak%20&%20IGC%201962.pdf |title=Report of the Commission of Enquiry, North Borneo and Sarawak, 1962 |accessdate=2010-09-16 |publisher=DigitaLibrary Malaysia |work=DigitaLibrary |author=Cobbold Commission |format=pdf |year=1962}}</ref>
*'''31. Juli 1962'''<br>Die Britische und Malaiische Regierung entscheiden, dass die vorgeschlagene Föderation vom Grundsatz her zum 31. August 1963 verwirklicht werden soll. Ein Gremium der beiden Regierungen, das ''Inter-Governmental Committee (IGC)'' sollte die Arbeit an der Ausgestaltung der zukünftigen Verfassung übernehmen.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=juXAmf2t1qEC&pg=PA377&dq=%22agreement+on+setting+up+of+Federation+of+Malaysia%22&hl=en&ei=Ug2RTPfHLcS2cajbrfMM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false A J Stockwell (2004), p.377]</ref>
*'''1 August 1962'''<br>The Commission of Enquiry ([[Cobbold Commission]]) survey results that more than 70% of people of [[North Borneo]] in favour. <br>The Lansdowne Report was published to all parties. Reportedly, this came as a surprise to North Borneo.
*'''13 – 14 August 1962'''<br>[[Tun Fuad Stephens|Donald Stephens]] convened a meeting of political leaders (leading representatives of UNKO, [[United Sabah National Organization|USNO]], the Democratic and United Parties and UNPMO<ref>Stockwell: Malaysia, S. 624</ref>, who drew up a 14 point (later extended to 20 point) memorandum of minimum demands. This memorandum was signed by three representatives of each of the 5 parties, and was presented to [[Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne|Lord Lansdowne]] and [[Abdul Razak Hussein|Tun Razak]] when they visited North Borneo. This demand gained support from Sarawak.<ref>Stockwell: Malaysia, S. 386 [141]</ref>
*'''1. September 1962'''<br>Singapore National Referendum to decide on the island's position within the Malaysia. (''Option A'' received the majority of the vote at 71.1%, a degree of autonomy and state power, such as over labour and education and to keep their language policies)<ref> ''See'': [[Singaporean national referendum, 1962]] </ref>
*'''12 & 26 September 1962 (respectively)'''<br> North Borneo and Sarawak legislative council agreed to the formation of Malaysia (A report by [[Senu Abdul Rahman]] stated that indigenous people of North Borneo wanted freedom from British — who were of Malay stock voiced support).<ref>James F. Ongkili, '''THE PROBLEMS OF KADAZANDUSUN BUMIPUTERAISM: PROMISES, PRIVILEGES AND POLITICS''', Kajian Malaysia, Vol.XXI Nos. 1 & 2, 2003, School of History, Politics and Strategic Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor</ref>on condition that state rights were safeguarded.<ref name = "A J Stockwell" />
[[File:Brunei to Keep Its Riches (The Straits Times, 3 February 1963, p. 1).png|thumb|150px|The Straits Times, 3 February 1963 - BRUNEI to KEEP ITS RICHES "SULTAN SATISFIED".]]
*'''8 February 1963'''<br>Brunei will retain its very substantial accumulation of investments and rich oil reserves on joining [[Malaysia]], [[Neil Lawson]] [[Queen's Counsel|QC]] legal adviser to the Sultan of Brunei said that the federation government had given assurances on this and matters relating to the special position of the Sutan of Brunei and his people.<ref>{{cite news |title=BRUNEI to KEEP ITS RICHES - SULTAN SATISFIED |author= |url=http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19630208.2.2.aspx |newspaper=The Straits Times |date=1963-02-08 |accessdate=2012-08-11}}</ref>
*'''February - June 1963'''<br>Negotiations with [[Brunei]] in conditions that had to be negotiated, number of seats in Legislature and Parliament, Control on oil and other minderals, Monetary autonomy, Brunei’s earlier investments, Method of taxation, Authority in education and welfare, Matters of religion, Citizenship, Security of Brunei, and position of the Sultan and the status of Brunei within formation of Malaysia with [[Neil Lawson]] [[Queen's Counsel|QC]], a Lawer in London was the constitutional adviser to the Sultan of Brunei.<ref name="Conflict, deadlock and agreement">{{cite book |title=British Document on the End of Empire: Malaysia|last=Stockwell |first=Anthony |authorlink=Anthony Stockwell |coauthors= |year=2004 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO)|location=London|isbn=0-11-290581-1 |pages=520 |pages=659 |volume=Series B - Volume 8 "Conflict, deadlock and agreement"|url= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*'''17 June 1963'''<br>[[Tunku Abdul Rahman]] brought all most senior cabinet ministers to meet the Sultan of Brunei in Kuala Lumpur ([[Tun Abdul Razak]], [[Razali Ismail]] and [[Tan Siew Sin]])<ref name="Conflict, deadlock and agreement"/>
*'''21 June 1963'''<br>[[Tun Abdul Razak]] writes a report that Sultan of Brunei cannot accept of his status to the [[Conference of Rulers|Council of Rulers]] of the Article 2 of the [[Constitution of Malaysia|Constitution]], Brunei said that she will join Malaysia on her own terms.<ref name="Conflict, deadlock and agreement"/><br> [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]] makes strong statement that Malaysia will be established by 31 August 1963, with or without Singapore.
*'''8 July 1963'''<br>[[Brunei]] pulled out one day before the [[Malaysia Agreement]] signed on 9 July 1963. (Brunei cannot accept with the main issue was seniority of the Sultan of Brunei and second issue was how much to pay Malaya from oil concessions and when to pay).<ref name="Conflict, deadlock and agreement"/>
*'''9 July 1963'''<br>[[Malaysia Agreement]] signed by the Governments of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]], [[Federation of Malaya]], [[North Borneo]], [[Sarawak]] and [[Singapore]] in [[London]]
*'''31 July 1963'''<br>[[Manila Accord]] (lists a series of Manila Declaration was signed on 3 August 1963 and Joint Statement was signed on 5 August 1963) between [[Federation of Malaya| Malaya]] (now [[Malaysia]]), [[Republic of Indonesia|Indonesia]] and the [[Republic of the Philippines|Philippines]], after a meeting of from 7 June to 5 August 1963 at [[Manila]]. This agreements agreed to abide by the wishes of the people of [[North Borneo]] within the context of [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1541 (XV)]], Principle 9 of the Annex,<ref>[http://unyearbook.un.org/1960YUN/1960_P1_SEC3_CH4.pdf General Assembly 15th Session – The Trusteeship System and Non-Self-Governing Territories (pages:509–510)]</ref><ref>[http://unyearbook.un.org/1963YUN/1963_P1_SEC1_CH3.pdf General Assembly 18th Session – the Question of Malaysia (pages:41–44)]</ref> taking into account referendum in North Borneo and [[Sarawak]] that would be free and without coercion.<ref>[http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/16/16/00030780.pdf United Nations Treaty Registered No. 8029, Manila Accord between Philippnes, Federation of Malaya and Indonesia (31 JULY 1963)]</ref> which is reinforced by the Agreement relating to the implementation of the Manila Accord signed on 7 February 1966 between [[Malaysia]] and the [[Republic of the Philippines|Philippines]]<ref>[http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/18/5/00034224.pdf United Nations Treaty Series No. 8809, Agreement relating to the implementation of the Manila Accord]</ref>
*'''28 August 1963'''<br>Amending the [[Malaysia Agreement]] for proposed date of [[Malaysia Day]] from 31 August 1963 was substituted to 16 September 1963 signed by the Governments of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]], [[Federation of Malaya]], [[North Borneo]], [[Sarawak]] and [[Singapore]] in [[Singapore]].
*'''16 September 1963'''<br>Celebrating of the [[Malaysia Day]] and during the beginning on 16 September 2010, the September 16 or the [[Malaysia Day]] to be a federal public holiday in [[Malaysia]].<ref>http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/10/19/nation/20091019103509&sec=nation The Star, October 19, 2009</ref>
At the least the [[Constitution of Malaysia|Malaysian Constitution]] be based on the [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]] Constitution<ref>[http://www.malaysia.gov.my myGovernment] : [http://www.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/GovConstitution/HistoryConstitution/Pages/HistoryofConstitution.aspx History of the Constitution]</ref> declaring that the position of Islam being the religion of the [[Malaysia]], protection for the powers of [[Conference of Rulers|Malay rulers]], while the term of citizenship on the basis of ''[[jus soli]]'' was repealed in favour for special rights for the Malays and more stringent conditions for citizenship for non-Malays. And, on 27 April 1965 [[Lee Kuan Yew]] forms a ''United Opposition Front'' with the aim to fight for equal rights — ''Malaysia for Malaysians'' campaign started <ref>''See'': ''[[Malaysian Malaysia]]''</ref> then Singapore cease to be a state of Malaysia on 9 August 1965 become an independent state.<ref>''See'': the [http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/non_version/cgi-bin/cgi_retrieve.pl?actno=REVED-INDEP Independence of Singapore Agreement 1965] and the Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1966/29/contents Singapore Act 1966].</ref>
== Die 20 Punkte ==
=== Punkt 1: Religion ===
Da keine Einwände gegen den Islam als Staatsreligion von Malaysia gelten gemacht werden, sollte es keine Staatsreligion in Nordborneo geben und die Bestimmungen in der derzeitigen Verfassung von Malaya hinsichtlich des Islams sollten nicht auf Nordborneo angewandt werden.<<ref>Stockwell: Malaysia, S. 624</ref>
=== Punkt 2: Sprache ===
*a. Die Landessprache der Föderation sollte Malaiisch sein.
*b. Die Englische Sprache sollte für einen Zeitraum von zehn Jahren nach dem ''Malaysia Day'' weitergenutzt werden.
*c. Die Englische Sprache sollte für unbeschränkte Zeit eine offizielle Sprache von Nordborneo für alle Zwecke, sei es Bundes- oder Landesebene, sein.<ref>Stockwell: Malaysia, S. 624</ref>
=== Punkt 3: Verfassung ===
Obwohl Einigkeit darüber herrscht, dass die derzeitige ''Verfassung der Föderation Malaya'' die Ausgangsbasis für eine ''Verfassung von Malaysia'' bilden sollte, sollte die ''Verfassung von Malaysia'' ein neues Dokument sein, das im Lichte eines freien Zusammenschlussen der Staaten entworfen und beschlossen wird und nicht eine Sammlung von Ergänzungen zu einer Verfassung, die von anderen Staaten unter völlig anderen Umständen entworfen und beschlossen wurde. Eine neue Verfassung für Nordborneo war selbstverständlich unbedingt erforderlich.
Whilst accepting that the present Constitution of the Federation of Malaya should form the basis of the Constitution of Malaysia, the Constitution of Malaysia should be a completely new document drafted and agreed in the light of a free association of states and should not be a series of amendments to a Constitution drafted and agreed by different states in totally different circumstances. A new Constitution for North Borneo was of course essential<ref>Stockwell: Malaysia, S. 624</ref>
=== Punkt 4: Head of Federation ===
The Head of State in North Borneo should not be eligible for election as Head of the Federation, but the Ruler or Governors of [[North Borneo]] (later more commonly known as and [[Sarawak]] shall be members of the [[Conference of Rulers]]<ref name= "Malaysia Bill">''See'' : [[s:Agreement relating to Malaysia between United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore/Annex A|Agreement relating to Malaysia between United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore - Annex A - Malaysia Bill]]</ref> its main responsibility is the election of the [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]].
=== Punkt 5: Name der Föderation ===
“Malaysia” aber nicht “Melayu Raya”.
=== Punkt 6: Einwanderung ===
Die Kontrolle über die Einwanderung nach Malaysia im allgemeinen sollte bei der Zentralregierung liegen, aber eine Zuwanderung nach Nordborneo sollte auch der Genehmigung der Landesregierung bedürfen. Die Regierung der Föderation sollte bei Personen, die aus Gründen der Landesregierung nach Nordborneo einreisen, nicht Einspruch einlegen dürfen, es sei denn aus reinen Sicherheitsgründen. Nordborneo sollte uneingeschränkte Kontrolle über alle Personenbewegungen von anderen Teilen Malaysias nach Nordborneo haben, mit Ausnahme von Angestellten der Föderationsregierung.<ref>Stockwell: Malaysia, S. 624</ref>
=== Point 7: Right of Secession ===
There should be no right to secede from the Federation.<ref name = "R B Mandal">Ram Bahadur Mandal:[http://books.google.com/books?id=XWwCHWwgKt0C&pg=PA252&dq=%22Twenty+point%22+north+borneo&hl=en&ei=lW-QTIfiC5KmvQOP0LTPCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDcQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q&f=false Patterns of Regional Geography: An International Perspective, Vol. 3], Seite 252–254, Concept Publishing, New Delhi, 1990, ISBN 81-7022-292-3; Zugriff am 17. Oktober 2012</ref>
=== Punkt 8: Borneanisation ===
Borneanisation of the public service should proceed as quickly as possible.<ref name = "R B Mandal"/>
=== Punkt 9: British Officers ===
Every effort should be made to encourage British Officers to remain in the public service until their places can be taken by suitably qualified people from North Borneo.<ref name = "R B Mandal"/>
=== Punkt 10: Citizenship ===
The recommendation in paragraph 148(k) of the Report of the Cobbold Commission should govern the citizenship rights in the Federation of North Borneo subject to the following amendments:
*a) sub-paragraph (i) should not contain the proviso as to five years residence
*b) in order to tie up with our law, sub-paragraph (ii)(a) should read “7 out of 10 years” instead of “8 out of 10 years”
*c) sub-paragraph (iii) should not contain any restriction tied to the citizenship of parents – a person born in North Borneo after Malaysia must be federal citizen.<ref name = "R B Mandal"/>
=== Punkt 11: Tariffs and Finance ===
North Borneo should retain control of its own finance, development and tariff,<ref name = "R B Mandal"/> and should have the right to work up its own taxation and to raise loans on its own credit.
=== Punkt 12: Stellung der indigenen Bevölkerung ===
Analog zu den Rechten der Malaien in Malaya sollten der indigenen Bevölkerung von Nordborneo vom Prinzip her besondere Rechte zugestanden werden. Die entsprechende Formulierung in der derzeitigen Verfassung von Malaya ist allerdings nicht notwendigerweise auf Nordborneo anwendbar.<ref name = "R B Mandal"/>
=== Punkt 13: State Government ===
*a) the Chief Minister should be elected by unofficial members of Legislative Council
*b) There should be a proper Ministerial system in North Borneo.<ref name = "R B Mandal"/>
=== Punkt 14: Übergangsperiode ===
Diese sollte sieben Jahre währen und während dieser Periode muss die Legislative per Verfassung in der Hand des Staates Nordborneo liegen und nicht einfach von der malaysischen Bundesregierung an die Landesregierung delegiert werden.<ref name = "R B Mandal"/>
=== Punkt 15: Bildungswesen ===
Das bestehende Bildungswesen von Nordborneo soll beibehalten werden und aus diesem Grund sollte es unter der Kontrolle des Bundesstaates sein.<ref name = "R B Mandal"/>
=== Punkt 16: Constitutional safeguards ===
No amendment modification or withdrawal of any special safeguard granted to North Borneo should be made by the Central Government without the positive concurrence of the Government of the State of North Borneo
Das Recht, die Verfassung von Nordborneo abzuändern, sollte ausschließlich den Menschen im Bundesstaat vorbehalten sein.<ref name = "R B Mandal"/><br />
(Hinweis: Um eine Änderung der jweiligen Bundes- oder Landesverfassung in Kraft treten zu lassen, betrachten die Parteien United Party, Democratic Party und Pasok Momogun Party betrachten eine [[Mehrheit#Qualifizierte_Mehrheit|Drei-Viertel-Mehrheit]] als erforderlich, während die Parteien UNKO und USNO einer [[Mehrheit#Qualifizierte_Mehrheit|Zwei-Drittel-Mehrheit]] als ausreichend erachten.
=== Punkt 17: Representation in Federal Parliament ===
This should take account not only of the population of North Borneo but also of its size and potentialities and in any case should not be less than that of Singapore.<ref name = "R B Mandal"/>
=== Punkt 18: Name des Staatsoberhauptes ===
Yang di-Pertua Negara.<ref name = "R B Mandal"/>
=== Punkt 19: Name des Bundesstaats ===
Sabah.<ref name = "R B Mandal"/>
=== Punkt 20: Grundbesitz, Wälder, Kommunalverwaltung, etc. ===
Die Bestimmungen in der Verfassung der Föderation hinsichtlich der Vollmachten des ''National Land Council'' sollten nicht auf Nordborneo angewandt werden. Ebenso sollte der ''National Council for Local Government'' keine Anwendung in Nordborneo finden.<ref name = "R B Mandal"/>
==Dokumente ==
{|
Das ''Malaysia Agreement'' lists annexes of the 20-point agreement were therein
|-
|Annex A: Malaysia Bill
|-
| First Schedule—Insertion of new Articles in Constitution
|-
| Second Schedule—Section added to Eighth Schedule to Constitution
|-
| Third Schedule—Citizenship (amendment of Second Schedule to Constitution)
|-
| Fourth Schedule—Special Legislative Lists for Borneo States and Singapore
|-
| Fifth Schedule—Additions for Borneo States to Tenth Schedule (Grants and assigned revenues) to Constitution
|-
| Sixth Schedule—Minor and consequential amendments of Constitutions
|-
| Annex B: The Constitution of the State of Sabah
|-
| The Schedule—Forms of Oaths and Affirmations
|-
| Annex C: The Constitution of the State of Sarawak
|-
| The Schedule—Forms of Oaths and Affirmations
|-
| Annex D: The Constitution of the State of Singapore
|-
| First Schedule—Forms of Oaths and Affirmations
|-
| Second Schedule—Oath of Allegiance and Loyalty
|-
| Third Schedule—Oath as Member of the Legislative Assembly
|-
| Annex F: Agreement of External Defence and Mutual Assistance
|-
| Annex G: North Borneo (Compensation and Retiring benefits) Order in Council, 1963
|-
| Annex H: Form of public officers agreements in respect of Sabah and Sarawak
|-
| Annex I: Form of public officers agreements in respect of Singapore
|-
| Annex J: Agreement between the Governments of the Federation of Malaya and Singapore on common and financial arrangements
|-
| Annex to Annek J—Singapore customs ordinance
|-
| Annex K: Arrangements with respect to broadcasting and television in Singapore
|}
== Literatur ==
* A.J. Stockwell: [http://books.google.nl/books?id=juXAmf2t1qEC ''Malaysia''], Serie B Band 8 der Reihe ''British Documents on the End of Empire'', TSO (The Stationery Office), Norwich, UK, 2004, ISBN 0-11-290581-1
== Weblinks ==
{{wikisource|en:Agreement relating to Malaysia between United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore}} (englisch)
== References ==
<references />
<nowiki>
[[Kategorie:Geschichte von Sabah]]
[[Category:Sabah–Malaysia relations]]
[[Category:Political history of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1963]]
[[en:20-point agreement]]
[[ms:Perjanjian 20 Perkara Sabah]]
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