Revision 140220139 of "Benutzer:WorldPeace25/Sinosphere" on dewiki

{{Importartikel}}

{| border="2" width="340" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" align="right" style="margin: 2px;"
|-
! style="text-align: center; background: #ccccff" colspan="2" | Sinosphäre
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Datei:East Asian Cultural Sphere.png|300px]]
|-
! style="text-align: center; background: #ccccff" colspan="2" | [[Chinesische Sprache|Chinesische Bezeichnung]]
|-
| [[Langzeichen|Langzeichen]]
| {{zh|kurz=|t=漢字文化圏}}
|-
| [[Kurzzeichen|Kurzzeichen]]
| {{zh|kurz=|v=汉字文化圈}}
|-
| - [[Pinyin|Pinyin (Mandarin)]]
| hànzì wénhuà quān
|-
| - [[Jyutping|Jyutping (Kantonesisch)]]
|  hon<sup>3</sup> zi<sup>6</sup> man<sup>4</sup> faa<sup>3</sup> hyun<sup>1</sup>
|-
! style="text-align: center; background: #ccccff" colspan="2" | [[Vietnamesische Sprache|Vietnamesische Bezeichnung]]
|-
| [[Vietnamesische Schrift|Quốc ngữ]]
| <small>1.</small> Hán tự văn hoá khuyên<br /> <small>2.</small> Khu vực văn hóa chữ Hán 
|- 
| [[Vietnamesische Schrift#Chữ Nho und Hán Tự|Hán tự]]
| <small>1.</small> {{lang|vi-Hani|漢字文化圈}} 
|-
| [[Hán Nôm]]
| <small>2.</small> 區域文化𡨸漢
|-
! style="text-align: center; background: #ccccff" colspan="2" | [[Koreanische Sprache|Koreanische Bezeichnung]]
|--
| [[Hangeul]]
| {{lang|ko-Hang|한자문화권}}
|-
| [[Hanja]]
| {{lang|ko-Hani|漢字文化圈}}
|-
| - [[Revidierte Romanisierung]]
| hanja munhwagwon
|-
! style="text-align: center; background: #ccccff" colspan="2" | [[Japanische Sprache|Japanische Bezeichnung]]
|-
| [[Kanji]]
| {{lang|ja|漢字文化圏く}}
|-
| [[Japanische Schrift#Kana|Kana]]
| {{lang|ja|かんじぶんかけん}}
|-
| - [[Japanische Schrift#R.C5.8Dmaji|Rōmaji]]
| kanji bunkaken
|}

<nowiki>Ostasiatischer Kulturkreis</nowiki>

[[File:漢字文化圈／汉字文化圈 · 한자 문화권 · Vòng văn hóa chữ Hán · 漢字文化圏.jpg|thumb|The ways of saying "Sinosphere" in major languages of Sinosphere.]]
[[File:Map-Chinese Characters.png|thumb|450px|The Sinosphere of countries where [[Chinese characters]] were/are used to write the official/dominant languages. Dark Green - Traditional Chinese characters used almost exclusively (Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau). Medium Green - Simplified Chinese characters used formally but traditional characters continue wide usage (Singapore and Malaysia). Green - Simplified characters used almost exclusively (Mainland China). Light Green- Chinese characters used in conjunction with native writing systems (Japan and South Korea). Light Yellow - Chinese characters once used in the official language but no longer used (Mongolia, North Korea and Vietnam).]]
In der [[Areallinguistik]], bezieht sich '''Sinosphäre''' ({{zh|v=汉字文化圈|t=漢字文化圏|p=Hànzì Wénhuà Quān}}) auf eine Gruppierung von Ländern und Regionen, die mehrheitlich von [[Han-Chinesen|Chinesen]] bewohnt werden oder historisch unter dem [[Chinesische Kultur|chinesischen kulturellen]] Einfluss waren. Der [[Sprachwissenschaftler]] James Matisoff prägte den Begriff "Sinosphäre", als Kontrast zur "Indosphäre".<ref>Matisoff, James A. (1990). [http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~bjoseph/Ling611/Lx611Matisoff1990.pdf On Megalocomparison]. ''Language'' 66.1, p. 113.</ref>

The terms Chinese cultural sphere and [[Chinese character]] cultural sphere are used interchangeably with "Sinosphere" but have different denotations. Chinese cultural sphere denotes a grouping of countries, regions, and people which have participated in or been heavily influenced by the  [[Culture of China]], such as [[Tibet]] or [[Sichuan]]. Countries such as [[Japan]] or [[Viet Nam]] which did in the past or do now use the [[Chinese writing system]] denote the other sense.

==Origins==

This cultural region closely corresponds to the ancient "Sinic civilization" and its descendants, the "Far Eastern civilizations" (the Mainland and the Japanese ones), which [[Arnold J. Toynbee]] presented in the 1930s in "[[A Study of History]]", along with the [[Western world|Western]], Islamic, Eastern Orthodox, Indic, etc. civilizations, among the major "units of study" of the world's history.<ref>See the "family tree" of Toynbee's "civilizations" in any edition of Toynbee's own work, or e.g. as Fig.1 on p.16 of: "The Rhythms of History: A Universal Theory of Civilizations", By Stephen Blaha. Pingree-Hill Publishing, 2002. ISBN 0-9720795-7-2.
</ref>

==Defining characteristics==
The Sinosphere is generally unified by first written language ability in [[Chinese language|Chinese]]. This defines the unifying factor as the influence of traditional Chinese cultural beliefs, marked by [[Confucianist]] social and moral ethics, [[Taoist]] or [[Mahayana Buddhist]] religious beliefs, as embodied in text using [[Chinese characters]]  (''[[Hanzi]]'' in Chinese, ''[[kanji]]'' in Japanese, ''[[hanja]]'' in Korean, and ''[[Chinese characters in Vietnamese|Hán tự]]'' in Vietnamese) whether within [[China proper]] or in a peripheral culture before it emerged from the dominance of the center.

Another indicator is the everyday use of [[chopsticks]], which also may have originated in China.

==Regionen==

* [[Großchina]]
** {{CHN}} ([[Festlandchina|Festland]])
** {{HKG}}
** {{MAC}}
** {{TWN}} [[Taiwan (Insel)|(Taiwan)]]
* [[Koreanische Halbinsel]]
** {{KOR}}
** {{PRK}}
* [[Geographie Japans|Japanischer Archipel]]
** {{JPN}} （das untergegange [[Geschichte der Ryūkyū-Inseln|Königreich Ryūkyū]] mitinbegriffen）
* [[Indochinesische Halbinsel]]
** {{VNM}}

==Siehe auch==
* [[Tianxia|Alles unter dem Himmel]]
* [[Großchina]]
* [[Sinozentrismus]]
* [[Sinisierung]]
* [[Ostasien]]
* [[Chinesische Schriftzeichen]]

==References==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last= Ankerl |first= Guy |title= Global communication without universal civilization |series= INU societal research |volume= Vol.1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations : Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western |publisher= INU Press |location= Geneva |isbn= 2-88155-004-5 |pages= |year= 2000 }}
* Joshua A. Fogel, '''Articulating the Sinosphere: Sino-Japanese Relations in Space and Time''' (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,  2009. Edwin O. Reischauer Lectures; 2007). ISBN 2008041259

* [http://www.zaobao.com/chinese/pages1/chinese_others240604.html Chinese Cultural Sphere and the Use of Chinese Characters], Zhe Shiya, Lianhe Zaobao, 24 June 2004, Singapore (in Chinese)
* [http://www.ccmedu.com/detail.aspx?boardID=12&ID=15897 Export of Chinese Culture and Balance of Power in the World], Shinfeng, People's Daily, 28 March 2006, Beijing (in Chinese)
{{Refend}}

== Notes ==

<references/>

==External links==
* [http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ Asia for Educators]. Weatherhead East Asian Institute, Columbia University.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2011}}

<nowiki>[[Category:Chinese culture]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Cultural spheres of influence]]
[[Category:Country classifications]]
[[Category:Chinese nationalism]]

[[es:Mundo chino]]
[[fr:Monde chinois]]
[[ko:한자 문화권]]
[[lt:Sinosfera]]
[[ja:漢字文化圏]]
[[ru:Китайский мир]]
[[vi:Văn hóa quyển chữ Hán]]
[[zh-yue:漢字文化圈]]
[[zh:漢字文化圈]]
</nowiki>