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{{Infobox serial killer
| name        = Ted Bundy
| image       = Ted-bundy.jpg
| caption     = 1975 Utah mug shot
| birthname   = Theodore Robert Cowell
| alias       = Kenneth Misner, Chris Hagen, Richard Burton, Officer Roseland, Rolf Miller<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/flsupct/59128/59128ini.pdf |title=1982 Bundy appeal brief, p. 11 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-07-14}}</ref>
| birth_date       = {{Birth date|1946|11|24}}
| birth_place    = [[Burlington, Vermont]], [[United States]]
| death_date       = {{Death date and age|1989|01|24|1946|11|24}}
| cause       = [[Electric chair|Execution by electric chair]]
| victims     = 26–35+
| country     = United States
| states      = [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]], [[Oregon]], [[Utah]], [[Idaho]], [[Colorado]], [[Florida]]
| beginyear   = 1974
| endyear     = 1978
| apprehended = August 16, 1975; escaped December 30, 1977; re-apprehended February 15, 1978
| sentence    = [[Death penalty|Death]]
}}

'''Theodore Robert "Ted" Bundy''', born '''Theodore Robert Cowell''' (November 24, 1946&nbsp;– January 24, 1989), was an [[United States|American]] [[serial killer]] active between 1974 and 1978. He escaped twice from county jails before his final apprehension in February 1978. Bundy was executed by [[electric chair]] for his last murder by the state of [[Florida]] in 1989.

After more than a decade of vigorous denials, he eventually confessed to over 30 murders, although the actual total of victims remains unknown. Estimates range from 26 to over 100, the general estimate being 35. Typically, Bundy would [[club (weapon)|bludgeon]] his victims, then [[Strangling|strangle]] them to death. He also engaged in [[rape]] and [[necrophilia]]. 

== Early life ==
=== Childhood ===

Ted Bundy was born Theodore Robert Cowell at the Elizabeth Lund Home For Unwed Mothers in [[Burlington, Vermont]], to Eleanor Louise Cowell. While the identity of his father is unknown, Bundy's [[birth certificate]] lists a "Lloyd Marshall" (b. 1916),{{sfn|Rule|2000|pp=8, 17}} although Bundy's mother would later tell of being seduced by a war veteran named "Jack Worthington".<!-- See [[WP:MOS]] for punctuation guidelines --> However, Bundy's family did not believe this story, and expressed suspicion about Louise's violent, [[child abuse|abusive]] father, Samuel Cowell.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|p=56}} Whatever the truth of Bundy's parentage, to avoid [[social stigma]], Bundy's maternal grandparents, Samuel and Eleanor Cowell, claimed him as their son. He grew up believing that his mother was his older sister. Bundy biographers Stephen Michaud and [[Hugh Aynesworth]] wrote that he learned Louise was actually his mother while he was in high school.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|p=63}} [[True crime]] writer [[Ann Rule]], who knew Bundy personally, believes it was around 1969, shortly after a [[Psychological trauma|traumatic]] breakup with his college girlfriend.{{sfn|Rule|2000|pp=16–17}}

For the first few years of his life, Bundy and his mother lived in [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]]. In 1950, they moved to live with relatives in [[Tacoma, Washington]]. Here, Louise had her son's surname changed from Cowell to Nelson.{{sfn|Rule|2000|p=8}} In 1951, one year after their move, Louise Cowell met Johnny Culpepper Bundy at an adult singles night held at Tacoma's [[First Methodist Church]].{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|p=57}} In May that year, the couple were married, and soon after Johnny Bundy [[adoption|adopted]] Ted, legally changing his last name to "Bundy".{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|p=57}}  

Johnny and Louise Bundy had more children, whom the young Bundy spent much of his time babysitting. Johnny Bundy tried to include his high school aged stepson in [[camping]] trips and other father-son activities, but the boy remained distant from his stepfather.{{sfn|Rule|2000|p=10}} 

Bundy remained shy and introverted throughout his high school and early college years. He would say later that he "hit a wall" in high school and that he was unable to understand social behavior, stunting his social development.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|p=64}} He maintained a facade of social activity, but he had no natural sense of how to get along with other people, saying: "I didn't know what made things tick. I didn't know what made people want to be friends. I didn't know what made people attractive to one another. I didn't know what underlay social interactions."{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|p=66}}

As a teen, Bundy would look through libraries for detective magazines and books on crime, focusing on sources that described sexual violence and featured pictures of dead bodies and violent sexuality.{{sfn|Nelson|1994|pp=277–278}} Before he left high school, Bundy was a [[Kleptomania|compulsive thief]] and a [[Shoplifting|shoplifter]].{{sfn|Rule|2000|p=12}} To support his love of [[skiing]], Bundy stole skis and equipment and [[forgery|forged]] ski-lift tickets.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|p=62}}

=== University years ===

[[File:Ted Bundy headshot.jpg|thumb|150px|In custody, Florida, July 1978]]

In 1965, Bundy graduated from Woodrow Wilson High School. Awarded a scholarship by the [[University of Puget Sound]] (UPS), he began that fall taking courses in [[psychology]] and [[Oriental studies]]. After two semesters at UPS, he decided to transfer to Seattle's [[University of Washington]] (UW).

While he was a university student, Bundy worked as a grocery bagger and shelf-stocker at a Seattle [[Safeway Inc.|Safeway]] store on [[Queen Anne Hill]], as well as other odd jobs. At this time Bundy did not hold any one job for longer than a few months, and though he was never caught stealing while at work he had been regarded with some suspicion by employers. As part of his course of studies in psychology, he later worked as a night-shift volunteer at Seattle's [[Suicide]] Hot Line, a suicide crisis center that served the greater Seattle metropolitan and suburban areas. He met and worked alongside former Seattle [[police officer]] and then-fledgling [[crime writer]] [[Ann Rule]], who would later write one of the definitive biographies of Bundy and his crimes, ''[[The Stranger Beside Me]]''.{{sfn|Rule|2000|pp=22–33}}

He began a relationship with fellow university student "Stephanie Brooks" (a [[pseudonym]]), whom he met while enrolled at UW in 1967. She ended the relationship after her 1968 graduation and returned to her family home in [[California]], fed up with what she described as Bundy's immaturity and lack of ambition. Thrown into a deep [[clinical depression|depression]] by the breakup, Bundy dropped out of college and travelled east. Rule states that, around this time, Bundy decided to visit his birthplace of Burlington, Vermont. There he visited the local records clerk and finally uncovered the truth about his parentage.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|p=53}}

After his discovery, Bundy became a more focused and dominant person. Back home in Washington by 1968, he managed the Seattle office of [[Nelson Rockefeller]]'s Presidential campaign and attended the [[1968 Republican National Convention]] in [[Miami]], Florida as a Rockefeller supporter.{{sfn|Larsen|1980|pp=5, 7}} He re-enrolled at UW, this time with a major in psychology. Bundy became an honors student and was well liked by his professors.{{sfn|Rule|2000|pp=18–20}} In 1969, he started dating Elizabeth Kloepfer (known in Bundy literature as Meg Anders or Liz Kendall), a [[divorce]]d secretary with a daughter, who fell deeply in love with him.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|p=74}} They would continue dating for more than six years, until he went to prison for [[kidnapping]] in 1976.

Bundy graduated in 1972 from UW with a degree in psychology.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|p=76}} Soon afterward, he again went to work for the [[Washington State Republican Party]], which included a close relationship with Governor [[Daniel J. Evans]].<ref>[http://students.english.ilstu.edu//smdare/bundy/actualletterofrec.htm ''Letter] from Gov. [[Daniel J. Evans]] to the Dean of Admissions at University of Utah''.</ref> During the campaign, Bundy followed Evans' [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] opponent around the state, tape recording his speeches and reporting back to Evans personally. A minor scandal later followed when the Democrats found out about Bundy, who had been posing as a college student.{{sfn|Larsen|1980|pp=7–10}}<ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cjcQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Ao8DAAAAIBAJ&dq=theodore-bundy&pg=6225%2C3131787 "Evans' man followed Rosy"], ''Ellensburg Daily Record'' (from UPI), Aug. 30, 1973.</ref> In the fall of 1973, Bundy enrolled in the [[law school]] at the [[University of Puget Sound]], but he did poorly. He began skipping classes, and finally dropped out in spring 1974; at the same time young women began to disappear in the [[Pacific Northwest]].

While on a business trip to [[California]] in the summer of 1973, Bundy came back into the life of his ex-girlfriend "Stephanie Brooks" with a new look and attitude; this time as a serious, dedicated professional who had been accepted to law school. Bundy continued to date Kloepfer as well, and neither woman was aware the other existed. Bundy courted Brooks throughout the rest of the year, and she accepted his marriage proposal. Two weeks later, however, shortly after New Year's 1974, he unceremoniously dumped her, refusing to return her phone calls. A few weeks after this breakup, Bundy began a murderous rampage in Washington state.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|pp=81–84}}{{sfn|Rule|2000|pp=44–47}}

== Murders ==
=== Washington ===

[[File:TedBundyprisonFlorida.jpg|150px|thumb|left|At press conference announcing his indictment for murder, Florida, July 1978]]

There is no definitive agreement on when and where Bundy began killing people. Bundy refused to give details on when and where he committed his first murder, even when confessing to thirty murders immediately prior to his execution.{{sfn|Keppel|2005|p=400}} The day before his execution, Bundy told his lawyer that he made his first attempt to [[kidnap]] a woman in 1969,{{sfn|Nelson|1994|p=282}} and implied that he committed his first actual murder sometime in 1972.{{sfn|Nelson|1994|pp=283–284}} A psychiatrist who interviewed him said Bundy claimed to have killed two women while staying with family in [[Philadelphia]] in 1969.{{sfn|Sullivan|2009|p=57}} At one point in his [[death row]] confessions with [[Robert D. Keppel]], a [[King County Sheriff's Office (Washington)|King County]] detective who investigated the 1974 Washington murders, Bundy said he committed his first murder in 1972,{{sfn|Keppel|2005|p=387}} and he also alluded to killing a hitchhiker in the [[Tumwater, Washington]] area around May 1973.{{sfn|Keppel|2005|p=396}} In 1973, one of Bundy's friends saw a pair of handcuffs in the back of Bundy's Volkswagen.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|p=81}} Bundy's earliest known, identified murders were committed in 1974, when he was 27.

Shortly after midnight on January 4, 1974, Bundy entered the basement bedroom of 18-year-old "Joni Lenz" (a [[pseudonym]]), a dancer and student at UW. Bundy bludgeoned her with a metal rod from her bed frame while she slept and [[sexual assault|sexually assaulted]] her with a [[Speculum (medical)|speculum]].{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|p=28}} Lenz was found the next morning by her roommates lying in a pool of her own blood. She was in a coma for ten days, but she survived the attack.{{sfn|Sullivan|2009|p=14}} Bundy's next victim was Lynda Ann Healy, another UW student (and his cousin's roommate). In the early morning of February 1, 1974, Bundy broke into Healy's room, knocked her unconscious, dressed her in jeans and a shirt, wrapped her in a bed sheet, and carried her away.

Young female college students began disappearing at a rate of roughly one per month. On March 12, 1974, in [[Olympia, Washington|Olympia]], Bundy kidnapped and murdered Donna Gail Manson, a 19-year-old student at [[The Evergreen State College]]. On April 17, 1974, Susan Rancourt disappeared from the campus of Central Washington State College (now [[Central Washington University]]) in [[Ellensburg, Washington|Ellensburg]]. Later, two different CWSC students would recount meeting a man with his arm in a sling—one that night, one three nights earlier—who asked for their help to carry a load of books to his [[Volkswagen Beetle]].{{sfn|Keppel|2005|pp=42–46}}{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|pp=31–33}} Next was Kathy Parks, last seen on the campus of [[Oregon State University]] in [[Corvallis, Oregon]], on May 6, 1974. Brenda Ball, the first victim who was not a college student, was never seen again after leaving The Flame Tavern in [[Burien, Washington|Burien]] on June 1, 1974. Bundy then murdered Georgeann Hawkins, a student at UW and a member of [[Kappa Alpha Theta]], an on-campus [[sorority]]. In the early morning of June 11, 1974, she walked through an alley from her boyfriend's dormitory residence to her sorority house. She was never seen again. Witnesses later reported seeing a man with a leg cast struggling to carry a briefcase in the area that night.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|p=38}} One student reported that the man had asked for her help in carrying the briefcase to his car, a Beetle.{{sfn|Rule|2000|p=75}}

Bundy's Washington killing spree culminated on July 14, 1974, with the daytime abduction of Janice Ott and Denise Naslund from a crowded beach at [[Lake Sammamish State Park]] in [[Issaquah, Washington|Issaquah]]. That day, eight different people told the police about the handsome young man with his left arm in a sling who called himself "Ted". Five of them were women whom "Ted" asked for help unloading a sailboat from his [[Volkswagen Beetle]]. One of them went with "Ted" as far as his car, where there was no sailboat, before declining to accompany him any further. Three more witnesses testified to seeing him approach Ott with the story about the sailboat and to seeing her walk away from the beach in his company. She was never seen alive again.{{sfn|Keppel|2005|pp=3–6}} Naslund disappeared without a trace four hours later.

From this incident, King County detectives now had a description both of the suspect and his car. Some witnesses told investigators that the "Ted" they encountered spoke with a clipped, quasi-[[British English|British accent]]. Soon, fliers were up all over the Seattle area. After seeing the police sketch and description of the Lake Sammamish suspect in both of the local newspapers and on television news reports, Bundy's girlfriend, one of his psychology professors at UW, and former co-worker Rule{{sfn|Rule|2000|pp=103–105}} all reported him as a possible suspect.{{sfn|Keppel|2005|pp=61–62}} The police, receiving up to 200 tips per day,{{sfn|Keppel|2005|p=40}} did not pay any special attention to a tip about a clean-cut law student.

Two hunters stumbled across the fragmented remains of Ott and Naslund on September 7, 1974, off [[Interstate 90]] near Issaquah, one mile from the park.{{sfn|Keppel|2005|pp=8–15}} Found along with the women's remains were an extra [[femur]] bone and [[vertebrae]], which Bundy shortly before his execution identified as that of Georgeann Hawkins.{{sfn|Keppel|2005|p=18}} Between March 1 and March 3, 1975, the skulls and jawbones of Healy, Rancourt, Parks and Ball were found on Taylor Mountain just east of Issaquah.{{sfn|Keppel|2005|pp=25–30}} Years later, Bundy claimed that he had also dumped Donna Manson's body there,{{sfn|Rule|2000|p=516}} but no trace of her was ever found.

=== Idaho, Utah and Colorado ===

[[File:Ted Bundy Volkswagen Beetle.jpg|thumb|Ted Bundy's 1968 VW Bug that he used for most of his murders On display at the [[National Museum of Crime & Punishment]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/18/AR2010021803532.html | title = Ted Bundy's VW goes on display at D.C. crime museum, but should it? | first = Philip | last = Kennicott | publisher = Washington Post | work = WashingtonPost.com | date = 2010-02-19 | accessdate = 2010-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.crimemuseum.org/Ted_Bundy_Car | title = Ted Bundy's Car at National Museum of Crime and Punishment | publisher = CrimeMuseum.org | date = | accessdate = 2010-07-23 }}</ref>]]

That autumn, Bundy moved to [[Salt Lake City]] to attend the [[S. J. Quinney College of Law|University of Utah]] [[law school]]. It was there that he became a member of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], or a [[Mormon]]. <ref>{{cite web | url = http://http://famousmormons.net/infamous.html</ref>  On Sept. 2, he picked up a hitchhiker in Idaho, [[rape]]d her and strangled her to death; her identity remains unknown and no body was ever found.{{sfn|Nelson|1994|pp=257–259}}{{sfn|Rule|2000|p=527}} Nancy Wilcox disappeared from [[Holladay, Utah]], on October 2, 1974.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|p=91}} Shortly before his execution, Bundy recounted the Wilcox murder for Utah police. According to Bundy, he went out intending to "de-escalate" his pathology by finding a victim to rape but not to murder. He spotted Wilcox walking down a dark street and, without planning ahead, attacked her and dragged her into a wooded area. He strangled her to death, claiming to the police that he had only intended to silence her screams and protests.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1989|pp=143–146}}

On October 18, 1974, Bundy raped, [[sodomy|sodomized]] and strangled Melissa Smith, the 17-year-old daughter of [[Midvale, Utah|Midvale]] police chief Louis Smith. Her body was found nine days later. Postmortem examination indicated that she had been kept alive for at least five days after she disappeared.{{sfn|Sullivan|2009|p=96}} Next was Laura Aime, also 17, who disappeared when she left a [[Halloween]] party in [[Lehi, Utah]], on October 31, 1974; her naked, beaten and strangled corpse was found nearly a month later by hikers on [[Thanksgiving (United States)|Thanksgiving Day]], on the banks of a river in [[American Fork Canyon]].

In [[Murray, Utah]], on November 8, 1974, Carol DaRonch narrowly escaped Ted Bundy with her life. Claiming to be "Officer Roseland" of the Murray Police Department, Bundy approached DaRonch at Fashion Place Mall, told her someone had tried to break into her car, and asked her to accompany him to the police station. She got into his car but refused his instruction to buckle her seat belt. They drove for a short time before Bundy suddenly pulled to the shoulder and attempted to handcuff DaRonch. During their struggle, Bundy fastened each handcuff to the same wrist. Bundy pulled out his crowbar, but DaRonch caught it in the air just before it struck her skull. She then managed to get the car door open and tumbled out onto the highway, escaping from her would-be killer.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|pp=93–95}}

About an hour later, a strange man showed up at [[Viewmont High School]] in [[Bountiful, Utah]], nineteen miles away from Murray.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bing.com/maps/default.aspx?wip=2&v=2&rtp=~&FORM=MSNH#JnJ0cD1wb3MucXM5OWd3NXA4YzkzX011cnJheSUyYytVVF9fX2VfJTdlcG9zLnF0ZDd3NjVwOTNtbl9Cb3VudGlmdWwlMmMrVVRfX19lXyZydG9wPTAlN2Uw | title = Bing Maps; Murray to Bountiful | work = Bing.com | publisher = Microsoft | date = | accessdate = 2010-07-23}}</ref> The Viewmont High drama club was putting on a play in the auditorium. The strange man approached the drama teacher and then a student, asking both to come out to the parking lot to identify a car. Both declined. The drama teacher saw him again shortly before the end of the play, this time breathing hard, with his hair mussed and his shirt untucked. Another student saw the man lurking in the rear of the auditorium. Debby Kent, a 17-year-old Viewmont High student, left the play at intermission to go and pick up her brother, and was never seen again.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|pp=95–97}} Later, investigators found a small key in the parking lot outside Viewmont High. It unlocked the handcuffs taken off Carol DaRonch.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|p=101}}

[[File:Caryn Campbell Ted Bundy victim.jpg|thumb|125px|upright|Caryn Campbell]]

In 1975, while still attending law school at the [[University of Utah]], Bundy shifted his crimes to [[Colorado]]. On January 12, 1975, Caryn Campbell disappeared from the Wildwood Inn at [[Snowmass, Colorado]], where she had been vacationing with her fiancé and his children. She vanished somewhere in a span of 50 feet between the elevator doors and her room. Her body was found on February 17, 1975, by a dirt road just outside of Snowmass.{{sfn|Rule|2000|pp=132–136}} Next, [[Vail, Colorado|Vail]] ski instructor Julie Cunningham disappeared on March 15, 1975, and Denise Oliverson in [[Grand Junction, Colorado|Grand Junction]] on April 6, 1975. Oliverson's bike was found abandoned under a freeway overpass.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|p=110}} Before his execution, Bundy confessed in detail to the Cunningham murder, telling Colorado investigators that he used crutches to approach her after asking her to help him carry some ski boots to his car. At the car, Bundy clubbed her with his crowbar and immobilized her with handcuffs, later strangling her in a crime highly similar to the Hawkins murder.{{sfn|Keppel|2005|pp=402–407}}

Lynette Culver, a 12-year-old girl, went missing on May 6, 1975. In a crime similar to the later murder of Kimberly Leach, Bundy lured her from her junior high school in [[Pocatello, Idaho]], took her to a [[Holiday Inn]] where Bundy had a room, raped her and drowned her.{{sfn|Sullivan|2009|pp=137–138}} Back in Utah, Susan Curtis vanished from the campus of [[Brigham Young University]] on June 28, 1975. (Bundy confessed to the Curtis murder minutes before his execution, as he was walking down the hall to the electric chair.){{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|p=343}} The bodies of Wilcox, Kent, Cunningham, Culver, Curtis and Oliverson have never been recovered.

Meanwhile, back in Washington, investigators were attempting to prioritize their enormous list of suspects. They used [[computer]]s to cross-check different likely lists of suspects (classmates of Lynda Healy, owners of Volkswagens, people whose names had been given to the police, etc.) against each other, and then identify suspects who turned up on more than one list. "Theodore Robert Bundy" was one of 25 people who turned up on four separate lists, and his case file was next on the "To Be Investigated" pile when the call came from Utah of an arrest.{{sfn|Keppel|2005|pp=62–66}}

== Arrest, first trial, and escapes ==

[[File:Ted Bundy murder kit.JPG|left|thumb|Items taken from Bundy's Volkswagen, August 16, 1975]]

Bundy was arrested for the first time on August 16, 1975, in [[West Valley City, Utah|Granger]], a suburb of Salt Lake City, Utah, for failure to stop for a police officer.<ref>[http://archive.deseretnews.com/archive/31887/ROUTINE-STOP-BROUGHT-PATROL-OFFICER-FACE-TO-FACE-WITH-MASS-MURDERER.html Account] of the arrest by Sgt. Robert Hayward, ''[[Deseret News]]'', 24 January 1989.</ref> A search of his car revealed a ski mask, another mask made from pantyhose, a crowbar, handcuffs, trash bags, a coil of rope, an ice pick, and other items that were thought by the police to be [[burglary]] tools. Bundy remained calm during questioning, explaining that he needed the mask for skiing and had found the handcuffs in a dumpster.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|pp=98–9, 113–5}} Utah detective Jerry Thompson connected Bundy and his Volkswagen to the DaRonch kidnapping and the missing girls, and searched his apartment. The search uncovered a guide to Colorado ski resorts, with a check mark by the Wildwood Inn where Caryn Campbell had disappeared,{{sfn|Keppel|2005|p=71}} and a brochure advertising the Viewmont High School play in Bountiful from where Debby Kent had disappeared.{{sfn|Sullivan|2009|p=151}} After searching his apartment, the police brought Bundy in for a lineup before DaRonch and the Bountiful witnesses. They identified him as "Officer Roseland" and as the man lurking about the night Debby Kent disappeared. Following a week-long trial, Bundy was convicted of DaRonch's kidnapping on March 1, 1976, and was sentenced to 15 years in [[Utah State Prison]]. Colorado authorities were pursuing murder charges, however, and Bundy was [[extradition|extradited]] there to stand trial.

[[File:Pitkin County Courthouse.jpg|thumb|Pitkin County Courthouse. Bundy jumped from the second window from left, second story{{sfn|Winn|Merrill|1980}}]]

On June 7, 1977, in preparation for a hearing in the Caryn Campbell murder trial, Bundy was taken to the [[Pitkin County, Colorado|Pitkin County]] courthouse in [[Aspen, Colorado|Aspen]]. During a court recess, he was allowed to visit the courthouse's law library, where he jumped out of the building from a second-story window and escaped, spraining his right ankle during the jump. In the minutes following his escape, Bundy at first ran and then strolled casually through the small town toward [[Aspen Mountain (Colorado)|Aspen Mountain]].{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|p=197}} He made it all the way to the top of Aspen Mountain without being detected, where he rested for two days in an abandoned hunting cabin. But afterwards, he lost his sense of direction and wandered aimlessly in circles around the mountain for the next two days, missing two trails that led down off the mountain to his intended destination, the town of [[Crested Butte, Colorado|Crested Butte]]. At one point he talked his way out of danger after coming face-to-face with a gun-toting citizen who was one of the searchers scouring Aspen Mountain for Ted Bundy. On June 13, 1977, Bundy stole a car he found on the mountain near another cabin. Despite being stricken with fatigue, sleep-deprivation, and in constant and intense pain from his sprained ankle, he drove back into Aspen and could have gotten away, but two police deputies noticed the Cadillac with dimmed headlights weaving in and out of its lane and pulled Bundy over. They recognized him and took him back to jail. Bundy had been [[on the lam]] for six days.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|pp=203–205}}

He was back in custody, but Bundy worked on a new escape plan. He was being held in the [[Glenwood Springs, Colorado]] jail while he awaited trial. He had acquired a hacksaw blade and $500 in cash; he later claimed the blade came from another prison inmate and the money was smuggled in by visiting friends. Over two weeks, he sawed through the welds fixing a small metal plate in the ceiling and, after dieting to lose weight, was able to fit through the hole and access the crawl space above. An informant in the prison told officers that he had heard Bundy moving around the ceiling during the nights before his escape, but the matter was not investigated.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|p=209}} When Bundy's Aspen trial judge ruled on December 23, 1977, that the Caryn Campbell murder trial would start on January 9, 1978,{{sfn|Rule|2000|p=6}} and changed the venue to Colorado Springs, Bundy realized that he had to make his escape before he was transferred out of the Glenwood Springs jail. On the night of December 30, 1977, Bundy dressed warmly and packed books and files under his blanket to make it appear as though he was sleeping. He wriggled through the hole and up into the crawlspace. Bundy crawled over to a spot directly above the jailer's linen closet—the jailer and his wife were out for the evening—dropped down into the jailer's apartment, and walked out the door.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|pp=209–211}}

Bundy was free, but he was on foot in the middle of a bitterly cold, snowy Colorado night. He stole a broken-down [[MG (car)|MG]], but it stalled in the mountains. Bundy was stuck on the side of [[Interstate 70]] in the middle of the night in a blizzard until another driver gave him a ride into the town of Vail. From there he caught a bus to [[Denver]] and boarded the [[TWA]] 8:55 a.m. flight to [[Chicago]]. The Glenwood Springs jail officers did not notice Bundy was gone until noon on December 31, 1977, 17 hours after his escape, by which time Bundy was already in Chicago.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|pp=212–213}}

== Florida ==

[[File:FBI-360-Ted Bundy FBI 10 most wanted photo.jpg|thumb|125px|Bundy's mugshot used for [[FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives]] list]]

Following his arrival in Chicago, Bundy then caught an [[Amtrak]] train to [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]], where he got a room at the [[YMCA]]. On January 2, 1978, he went to an Ann Arbor bar and watched the [[University of Washington Huskies]], the team of his alma mater, beat Michigan in the [[1978 Rose Bowl|Rose Bowl]].{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|pp=215–216}} He later stole a car in Ann Arbor, which he abandoned in [[Atlanta]], Georgia before boarding a bus for [[Tallahassee, Florida]], where he arrived on January 8. There, he rented a room at a boarding house under the alias of "Chris Hagen" and committed numerous petty crimes including shoplifting, purse snatching, and auto theft. He grew a mustache and drew a fake mole on his right cheek when he went out, but aside from that, he made no real attempt at a disguise. Bundy tried to find work at a construction site, but when the personnel officer asked Bundy for his driver's license for identification, Bundy walked away. This was his only attempt at job hunting.

[[File:LevyBowmanBundyvictims.jpg|thumb|left|Lisa Levy and Margaret Bowman]]

One week after Bundy's arrival in Tallahassee, at approximately 3 a.m. on January 15, Bundy entered the [[Florida State University]] [[Chi Omega]] [[sorority]] house and killed two sleeping women, Lisa Levy and Margaret Bowman. Bludgeoning and strangling them both, he also sexually assaulted Levy. Bundy then moved from Levy's and Bowman's rooms to bludgeon and severely injure two other Chi Omegas, roommates Karen Chandler and Kathy Kleiner. The entire episode took no more than half an hour. After leaving the Chi Omega house, Bundy broke into another home a few blocks away, clubbing and severely injuring [[Florida State University]] student Cheryl Thomas.{{sfn|Rule|2000|pp=283–305}}

On February 8, Bundy traveled to Jacksonville, driving a van stolen from the FSU audio-visual department. He approached a fourteen-year-old girl named Leslie Parmenter in a [[K-Mart]] parking lot, pretending to be "Richard Burton, Fire Department", but left hurriedly when her older brother arrived.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|pp=243–244}} He moved on to [[Lake City, Florida]]. The next day he abducted 12-year-old Kimberly Leach from the grounds of Lake City Junior High School. Bundy raped and murdered Leach, throwing her body under a small pig shed. On February 12, he stole yet another Volkswagen Beetle and left Tallahassee for good, heading west across the Florida panhandle. On February 15, shortly after 1 a.m., Bundy was stopped by [[Pensacola, Florida|Pensacola]] police officer David Lee. When the officer called in a check of the license plate, the vehicle came up as stolen.<ref>[http://www.pensacolapolice.com/details.asp?pid=2482 Account of Bundy's arrest] at the Pensacola P.D. official site.</ref> Bundy then scuffled with the officer before he was finally subdued. As Lee took the unknown suspect to jail, Bundy said "I wish you had killed me."{{sfn|Rule|2000|pp=321–323}} The [[Florida Department of Law Enforcement]] made a positive [[fingerprint]] identification early the next day. He was immediately transported to Tallahassee, where he was later charged with the Chi Omega murders.

== Conviction and execution==

[[File:Dental evidence ted bundy.jpeg|thumb|175px|Bite mark testimony at the Chi Omega trial]]

After a change of venue to Miami, Bundy went to trial for the Chi Omega murders in June 1979, with [[Miami-Dade County, Florida|Dade County]] Circuit Court Judge [[Edward Cowart|Edward D. Cowart]] presiding.<ref name="CB2">{{cite web |last=Lundin|first=Leigh |title=Last Words |url=http://www.criminalbrief.com/?p=13542#bundy |work=Capital Punishment |publisher=Criminal Brief | date=2010-08-22 }}</ref> Despite having five court-appointed lawyers, he insisted on [[Pro se legal representation in the United States|acting as his own attorney]] and even [[cross-examination|cross-examined]] witnesses, including the police officer who had discovered Margaret Bowman's body. He was prosecuted by Assistant State Attorney Larry Simpson.<ref>[http://www.kjshlaw.com/simpson.cfm Larry Simpson bio].</ref>

Two pieces of [[evidence]] proved crucial. First, Chi Omega member Nita Neary, getting back to the house very late after a date, saw Bundy as he left, and identified him in court.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|pp=227, 283}} Second, during his homicidal frenzy, Bundy bit Lisa Levy in her left buttock, leaving obvious bite marks. Police took plaster casts of Bundy's teeth and a [[forensics]] expert matched them to the photographs of Levy's wound.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|pp=230, 283–285}} Bundy was convicted on all counts and [[capital punishment|sentenced to death]] for the murders of Levy and Bowman.

Bundy was tried in a second, separate proceeding at the [[Old Orange County Courthouse (Florida)|Old Orange County Courthouse]] in [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]] for the Kimberly Leach murder in January 1980.<ref name="True TV Crime Library">{{cite web | last = Bell |first = Rachael | title = The Ted Bundy Story | publisher = True TV Crime Library: Criminal Minds and Methods | url = http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/notorious/bundy/15.html| accessdate = 2009-12-22}}</ref> On February 7, 1980, he was again convicted on all counts, principally due to fibers found in the stolen FSU van that matched Leach's clothing{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|pp=306–307}} and an eyewitness that saw him leading Leach away from the school,{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|p=303}} and sentenced to death. During the Kimberly Leach trial, on February 9, 1980, Bundy took advantage of an old law still on the books in the state of Florida that allowed a "declaration" in court to constitute a legal marriage. Bundy proposed to former coworker Carole Ann Boone, who had moved to Florida to be near Bundy, in the courtroom while questioning her on the stand. She readily accepted and Bundy announced to the courtroom that they were married.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|pp=308–310}}<ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19810930&id=uPknAAAAIBAJ&sjid=u4MDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6906,4332847 "Bundy's wife is pregnant&nbsp;– but she refuses to kiss, tell."] ''Deseret News'', September. 30, 1981].</ref> Following numerous [[conjugal visit]]s between Bundy and his new wife, Boone gave birth to a daughter in October 1982.{{sfn|Nelson|1994|p=56}} However, in 1986 Boone moved back to Washington and never returned to Florida. The current whereabouts of Boone and her daughter are unknown.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.annrules.com/news3.htm |title=Newsletter (page 3) |publisher=Annrules.com |date= |accessdate=2009-01-14}}</ref>

While awaiting execution in [[Florida State Prison|Starke Prison]], Bundy was housed in the cell next to serial killer [[Ottis Toole]], who police believe is the murderer of [[Murder of Adam Walsh|Adam Walsh]].{{sfn|Rule|2000|p=465}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Almanzar |first=Yolanne |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/17/us/17adam.html?_r=1&hp |title=27 Years Later, Case of Slain Boy Adam Walsh Is Closed |location=Florida |work=The New York Times |date=2008-12-16 |accessdate=2009-01-14}}</ref> FBI profiler [[Robert K. Ressler]] met with him there as part of his work interviewing serial killers, but found Bundy uncooperative and manipulative, willing to speak only in the third person, and only in hypothetical terms. Writing in 1992, Ressler said of Bundy that "This guy was an animal, and it amazed me that the media seemed unable to understand that."<ref name="ressler">Ressler, Robert K. and Tom Schachtman. ''Whoever Fights Monsters: My Twenty Years Hunting Serial Killers for the FBI.'' New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992, pp. 63–66. ISBN 0312078838.</ref>

[[File:Ted Bundy mug shot.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Bundy mug shot, 1980, the day after he was sentenced to death for the murder of Kimberly Leach]]

However, during the same period, Bundy was often visited by Special Agent William Hagmaier of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]'s Behavioral Sciences Unit. Bundy came to confide in Hagmaier, going so far as to call him his best friend. Eventually, Bundy confessed to Hagmaier many details of the murders that had until then been unknown or unconfirmed. In October 1984, Bundy contacted former [[King County, Washington|King County]] homicide detective [[Robert D. Keppel|Bob Keppel]] and offered to assist in the ongoing search for the [[Gary Ridgway|Green River Killer]] by providing his own insights and analysis.{{sfn|Keppel|2005|p=176}} Keppel and Green River Task Force detective [[Dave Reichert]] traveled to Florida's death row to interview Bundy. Both detectives later stated that these interviews were of little actual help in the investigation; they provided far greater insight into Bundy's own mind, however, and were primarily pursued in the hope of learning the details of unsolved murders which Bundy was suspected of committing.

Bundy contacted Keppel again in 1988. At that point, his [[appeal]]s were exhausted. Bundy had beaten previous [[death warrant]]s for March 4, 1986, July 2, 1986, and November 18, 1986.{{sfn|Nelson|1994|p=33, 101, 135}} With execution imminent, Bundy confessed to eight official unsolved murders in Washington State for which he was the prime suspect. Bundy told Keppel that there were actually five bodies left on Taylor Mountain, not four as they had originally thought. Bundy confessed in detail to the murder of Georgeann Hawkins, describing how he lured her to his car with the crutches routine, clubbed her with a tire iron that he had stashed on the ground under his car, drove away with her in the car with him, and later raped and strangled her.{{sfn|Keppel|2005|pp=367–378}}
After the interview, Keppel reported that he had been shocked in speaking with Bundy, and that he was the kind of man who was "born to kill." Keppel stated:

{{cquote|He described the Issaquah crime scene [where Janice Ott, Denise Naslund and Georgeann Hawkins had been left], and it was almost like he was just there. Like he was seeing everything. He was infatuated with the idea because he spent so much time there. He is just totally consumed with murder all the time.{{sfn|Rule|2000|p=519}}}}

Bundy also confessed to murders in Idaho, Utah and Colorado. Bundy hoped he could use the revelations and partial confessions to get another [[stay of execution]] or possibly [[clemency|commute]] his sentence to [[life imprisonment]]. At one point, a legal advocate working for Bundy asked some of the families of the victims to [[fax]] letters to [[Governor of Florida|Florida Governor]] [[Robert Martinez]] and ask for mercy for Bundy in order to find out where the remains of their loved ones were. All of the families refused.{{sfn|Rule|2000|p=518}} Keppel and others reported that Bundy gave scant detail about his crimes during his confessions, and promised to reveal more and other body dump sites if he were given "more time." The ploy failed and Bundy was executed on schedule.

The night before he was executed, Bundy granted a taped interview to Dr. [[James Dobson]], psychologist and founder of the [[Evangelicalism|Christian evangelical]] organization [[Focus on the Family]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pureintimacy.org/piArticles/A000000433.cfm |title=Final Interview with Dr. James Dobson |publisher=Pureintimacy.org |date=1989-01-24 |accessdate=2010-07-23}}</ref> During the interview, Bundy made repeated, previously unclaimed statements regarding the [[pornography|pornographic]] "roots" of his crimes. Bundy stated that while pornography did not cause him to commit murder, the consumption of violent pornography helped "shape and mold" his violence into "behavior too terrible to describe." He alleged that he felt that violence in the media, "particularly sexualized violence," sent boys "down the road to being Ted Bundys." In the same interview, Bundy stated:

{{cquote|You are going to kill me, and that will protect society from me. But out there are many, many more people who are addicted to pornography, and you are doing nothing about that.<ref>[http://obscenitycrimes.org/clineart.cfm 'Pornography's Effects on Adults and Children.' Cline, Victor B., Ph.D., obscenitycrimes.org''.]{{Dead link|date=July 2010}}</ref>}} 

According to Hagmaier, Bundy contemplated [[suicide]] in the days leading up to his execution, but eventually decided against it.<ref>[http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19990124&slug=2940372 ''Seattle Times''], 24 January 1999.</ref>  Ted Bundy was electrocuted by the state of Florida at 7:06 a.m. on January 24, 1989.

== Modus operandi and victim profiles ==

[[File:TedBundyincustody.JPG|thumb|175px|In custody, 1979]]

Bundy had a fairly consistent ''[[modus operandi]]''. He would approach a potential victim in a public place, even in daylight or in a crowd, as when he abducted Ott and Naslund at Lake Sammamish or when he kidnapped Leach from her school. Bundy had various ways of gaining a victim's trust. Sometimes, he would feign injury, wearing his arm in a sling or wearing a fake cast, as in the murders of Hawkins, Rancourt, Ott, Naslund, and Cunningham. At other times Bundy would impersonate an authority figure. He pretended to be a policeman when approaching Carol DaRonch, and a fireman to Leslie Parmenter.

Bundy had a remarkable advantage in that his facial features were attractive, yet not especially memorable. In later years, he would often be described as [[chameleon]]-like,{{sfn|Keppel|2005|p=80}}{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|p=176}} able to look totally different by making only minor adjustments to his appearance, e.g., growing a beard or changing his hairstyle.

All of Bundy's victims were [[White American|white]] females and most were of [[middle class]] background. Almost all were between the ages of 15 and 25. Many were college students. In her book, Rule notes that most of Bundy's victims had long straight hair parted in the middle—just like Stephanie Brooks, the woman to whom Bundy was engaged in 1973. Rule speculates that Bundy's resentment towards his first girlfriend was a motivating factor in his string of murders.{{sfn|Rule|2000|pp=431–432}} However, in a 1980 interview, Bundy dismissed this [[hypothesis]]: "[t]hey... just fit the general criteria of being young and attractive... Too many people have bought this crap that all the girls were similar&nbsp;— hair about the same color, parted in the middle... but if you look at it, almost everything was dissimilar...physically, they were almost all different."{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1989|p=156}}

After luring a victim to his car, Bundy would hit her in the head with a crowbar he had placed underneath his Volkswagen or hidden inside it. Every recovered skull, except for that of Kimberly Leach, showed signs of [[blunt trauma|blunt force trauma]]. Every recovered body, except for that of Leach, showed signs of strangulation. Many of Bundy's victims were transported a considerable distance from where they disappeared, as in the case of Kathy Parks, whom he drove more than 260 miles from Oregon to Washington. Bundy often would drink alcohol prior to finding a victim;{{sfn|Keppel|2005|p=379}} Carol DaRonch testified to smelling alcohol on his breath.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|p=94}}

Hagmaier stated that Bundy considered himself to be an amateur and impulsive killer in his early years, and then moved into what he considered to be his "prime" or "predator" phase. Bundy stated that this phase began around the time of the Lynda Healy murder, when he began seeking victims he considered to be equal to his skill as a murderer.

On death row, Bundy admitted to decapitating at least a dozen of his victims with a hacksaw.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|p=339}} He kept the severed heads later found on Taylor Mountain (Rancourt, Parks, Ball, Healy) in his room or apartment for some time before finally disposing of them.{{sfn|Keppel|2005|p=378, 393}} He confessed to [[cremation|cremating]] Donna Manson's head in his girlfriend's fireplace.{{sfn|Keppel|2005|p=395}} Some of the skulls of Bundy's victims were found with the front teeth broken out.{{sfn|Keppel|2005|p=30}} Bundy also confessed to visiting his victims' bodies over and over again at the Taylor Mountain body dump site. He stated that he would lie with them for hours, applying makeup to their corpses and having sex with their decomposing bodies until [[putrefaction]] forced him to abandon the remains. Not long before his death, Bundy admitted to returning to the corpse of Georgeann Hawkins for purposes of [[necrophilia]].{{sfn|Keppel|2005|pp=22–23}}

Bundy confessed to keeping other souvenirs of his crimes. The Utah police who searched Bundy's apartment in 1975 missed a collection of photographs that Bundy had hidden in the utility room, photos that Bundy destroyed when he returned home after being released on bail.{{sfn|Nelson|1994|p=258}} His girlfriend Elizabeth once found a bag in his room filled with women's clothing.{{sfn|Rule|2000|p=167}}

When Bundy was confronted by officers who stated that they believed the number of individuals he had murdered was 36, Bundy told them that they should "add one digit to that, and you'll have it." Rule speculated that this meant Bundy might have killed over 100 women.{{sfn|Rule|2000|p=335}} Speaking to his lawyer Polly Nelson in 1988, however, Bundy dismissed the 100+ victims speculation and said that the more common estimate of approximately 35 victims was accurate.{{sfn|Nelson|1994|p=257}}

== Pathology ==

[[File:Ted Bundy 3.jpg|thumb|150px|Bundy in a fit of rage at the trial for the murder of Kimberly Leach]]

In December 1987, Bundy was examined for seven hours by [[Dorothy Otnow Lewis]], a professor from [[New York University]] Medical Center. Lewis diagnosed Bundy as a [[bipolar disorder|manic depressive]] whose crimes usually occurred during his [[clinical depression|depressive]] episodes.{{sfn|Nelson|1994|p=152}} To Lewis, Bundy described his childhood, especially his relationship with his maternal grandparents, Samuel and Eleanor Cowell. According to Bundy, grandfather Samuel Cowell was a deacon in his church. Along with the already established description of his grandfather as a tyrannical bully, Bundy described him as a [[bigot]] who hated [[black people|blacks]], [[Italian people|Italians]], [[Catholic]]s and [[Jew]]s. He further stated that his grandfather [[zoosadism|tortured animals]], beating the family dog and swinging neighborhood cats by their tails. He also told Lewis how his grandfather kept a large collection of pornography in his greenhouse where, according to relatives, Bundy and a cousin would sneak to look at it for hours. Family members expressed skepticism over Louise's "Jack Worthington" story of Bundy's parentage and noted that Samuel Cowell once flew into a violent rage when the subject of the boy's father came up.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|p=330}} Bundy described his grandmother as a timid and obedient wife, who was sporadically taken to hospitals to undergo [[Electroconvulsive therapy|shock treatment]] for depression.{{sfn|Nelson|1994|p=154}} Toward the end of her life, Bundy said, she became [[agoraphobia|agoraphobic]].{{sfn|Rule|2000|pp=501–508}}

Louise Bundy's younger sister Julia recalled a disturbing incident with her young nephew. After lying down in the Cowells' home for a nap, Julia woke to find herself surrounded by knives from the Cowell kitchen. Three-year-old Ted was standing by the bed, smiling at her.{{sfn|Rule|2000|p=505}}

Bundy used stolen [[credit card]]s to purchase more than 30 pairs of socks while on the run in Florida; he was a self-described [[foot fetish]]ist.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|p=241}}

In the Dobson interview before his execution, Bundy said that violent pornography played a major role in his [[sex crime]]s. According to Bundy, as a young boy he found "outside the home again, in the local grocery store, in a local drug store, the [[soft core pornography]] that people called soft core...And from time to time we would come across pornographic books of a [[Hardcore pornography|harder]] nature...."<ref name="PG_160" /> Bundy said, "It happened in [[Pornography addiction#Stages in Pornography addiction|stages]], gradually. My experience with pornography generally, but with pornography that deals on a violent level with [[Human sexuality|sexuality]], is once you become addicted to it—and I look at this as a kind of [[Behavioral addiction|addiction]] like other kinds of addiction—I would keep looking for more potent, more explicit, more graphic kinds of material. Until you reach a point where the pornography only goes so far, you reach that jumping off point where you begin to wonder if maybe actually doing it would give that which is beyond just reading it or looking at it."<ref name="PG_160">{{cite book|last=Shapiro|first=Ben |title=Porn Generation|publisher=Regnery Publishing|year=2005|page=160|isbn=0895260166}}</ref> Some researchers believe Bundy's late insistence upon pornography as a contributing factor in his crimes was another attempt at manipulation; a vain hope of forestalling his execution by feeding Dobson's own agenda regarding pornography and telling him what he wanted to hear.{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1989|p=320}}<ref name="CB1">{{cite web|url=http://criminalbrief.com/?p=412| title=The Objective Hoax| last=Sharp|first=Kathleen| date=2007-12-18| publisher=Criminal Brief}}</ref><ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19890517&id=lzodAAAAIBAJ&sjid=E6YEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5679,5124386 "Bundy: a study in contrast, conflict, violence"], Gregory Enns, ''[[The New York Times]]'' News Service, printed in the ''Tuscaloosa News'', May 18, 1989. Comments from Art Norman and William Hagmaier.</ref>

In a letter written shortly before his escape from the Glenwood Springs jail, Bundy said "I have known people who...radiate vulnerability. Their facial expressions say 'I am afraid of you.' These people invite abuse... By expecting to be hurt, do they subtly encourage it?"{{sfn|Kendall|1981|p=168}} In a 1980 interview, speaking of a serial killer's justification of his actions, Bundy said "So what's one less? What's one less person on the face of the planet?"{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1989|p=188}} When Florida detectives asked Bundy to tell them where he had left Kimberly Leach's body to give her family closure, Bundy allegedly said, "But I'm the most cold-hearted son of a bitch you'll ever meet."{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|p=263}}

== Victims ==

Below is a chronological list of Ted Bundy's known victims. Bundy never made a comprehensive confession of his crimes and his true total is not known, but before his execution, he confessed to Hagmaier to having committed 30 murders, only 20 of which were identified. The total included 11 in Washington state (three unidentified, Kathy Parks included in the eleven), eight in Utah (three unidentified), three in Colorado, three in Florida, two in Oregon (both unidentified), two in Idaho (one unidentified), and one in California (unidentified).{{sfn|Michaud|Aynesworth|1999|p=339}} Included below are the twenty known, identified Bundy murder victims and five women who are known to have survived attacks from Ted Bundy.

=== 1974 ===

* January 4: "Joni Lenz" (pseudonym) (survived). University of Washington first-year student who was bludgeoned in her bed and impaled with a [[Speculum (medical)|speculum]] in her vagina as she slept.
* February 1: Lynda Ann Healy (21). Bludgeoned while asleep and abducted from the house she shared with other female [[University of Washington]] students.
* March 12: Donna Gail Manson (19). Abducted while walking to a jazz concert on the [[Evergreen State College]] campus, Olympia, Washington. Bundy confessed to her murder, but her body was never found.
* April 17: Susan Elaine Rancourt (18). Disappeared as she walked across Ellensburg's [[Central Washington University|Central Washington State College]] campus at night.
* May 6: Roberta Kathleen "Kathy" Parks (22). Vanished from [[Oregon State University]] in [[Corvallis, Oregon]] while walking to another dormitory to have coffee with friends.
* June 1: Brenda Carol Ball (22). Disappeared from the Flame Tavern in [[Burien, Washington]].
* June 11: Georgeann Hawkins (18). Disappeared from behind her sorority house, [[Kappa Alpha Theta]], at the University of Washington.
* July 14: Janice Ann Ott (23) and Denise Marie Naslund (19). Abducted several hours apart from [[Lake Sammamish]] State Park in [[Issaquah, Washington]].
* September 2: Unknown teenage hitchhiker, [[Idaho]]. Confessed before his execution. No remains found.
* October 2: Nancy Wilcox (16). Disappeared in [[Holladay, Utah]]. Her body was never found.
* October 18: Melissa Anne Smith (17). Vanished from [[Midvale, Utah]], after leaving a pizza parlor.
* October 31: Laura Aime (17). Disappeared from a Halloween party at [[Lehi, Utah]].
* November 8: Carol DaRonch (survived). Escaped from Bundy by jumping out from his car in [[Murray, Utah]].
* November 8: Debra "Debby" Kent (17). Vanished from the parking lot of a school in [[Bountiful, Utah]], hours after Carol DaRonch escaped from Bundy. Shortly before his execution, Bundy confessed to investigators that he dumped Kent at a site near [[Fairview, Utah]]. An intense search of the site produced a human [[patella]] (knee cap), which matched the [[offender profiling|profile]] for someone of Kent's age and size. [[DNA testing]] has not been attempted.<ref>Schulte, Scott (2007-07-10). "When Evil Walked Our Street".[http://scottschulte.blogspot.com/2007/07/when-evil-walked-our-streets-davis.html] Scott Schulte. Retrieved on 2008-08-18.</ref>

=== 1975 ===

* January 12: Caryn Campbell (23). Campbell, a [[Michigan]] nurse, vanished between her hotel lounge and room while on a ski trip with her fiancé in [[Snowmass, Colorado]].
* March 15: Julie Cunningham (26). Disappeared while on her way to a nearby tavern in [[Vail, Colorado]]. Bundy confessed to investigators he had buried Cunningham's body near Rifle, [[Garfield County, Colorado|Garfield County]], Colorado, but a search did not produce remains.<ref>Jackson, Steve. ''No Stone Unturned: The Story of NecroSearch International''. New York, NY: Kensington Books, 2002. 75–90.</ref>
* April 6: Denise Oliverson (25). Abducted while [[bicycling]] to visit her parents in [[Grand Junction, Colorado]]. Bundy provided details of her murder, but her body was never found.
* May 6: Lynette Culver (13). Snatched from a school playground at Alameda Junior High School in [[Pocatello, Idaho]]. Her body was never found.
* June 28: Susan Curtis (15). Disappeared while walking alone to the dormitories during a youth conference at [[Brigham Young University]] in [[Provo, Utah]]. Her body was never found.

=== 1978 ===

* January 15: Lisa Levy (20), Margaret Bowman (21), Karen Chandler (survived), Kathy Kleiner (survived). The [[Chi Omega]] killings, [[Florida State University]], [[Tallahassee, Florida]].
* January 15: Cheryl Thomas (survived). Bludgeoned in her bed, eight blocks away from the [[Chi Omega]] Sorority house.
* February 9: Kimberly Leach (12), kidnapped from her junior high school in [[Lake City, Florida]]. She was raped, murdered and her body discarded in [[Florida]]'s [[Suwannee River State Park]]. It was the Leach murder for which Bundy was actually executed.

=== Possible additional victims ===

Bundy remains a suspect in other unsolved murders beyond the twenty known, identified victims whom he confessed to killing. Rule and Keppel believe Bundy may have started killing as far back as his early teens.{{sfn|Rule|2000|p=526}}{{sfn|Keppel|2005|pp=399–400}} Ann Marie Burr, an eight-year-old girl from Tacoma, vanished from her home in 1961 when Bundy was 14 years old. Bundy always denied killing her.{{sfn|Keppel|2005|p=387}} He was for many years a suspect in the December 1973 murder of Kathy Devine in Washington state,{{sfn|Keppel|2005|pp=257–262}} but [[DNA profiling|DNA analysis]] led to William Cosden's arrest and conviction for that crime in 2002.<ref>[http://news.theolympian.com/stories/20020309/HomePageStories/31824.shtml "DNA evidence points finger in 28-year-old murder case", ''The Olympian'', March 9, 2002].</ref><ref>[http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20020730&slug=webdna30 "Man sentenced to life in prison for 1973 murder", ''Seattle Times'', July 30, 2002].</ref> Bundy is a suspect in the murder of Melanie Suzanne "Suzy" Cooley, who disappeared April 15, 1975, after leaving Nederland High School in [[Nederland, Colorado]]. Her bludgeoned and strangled corpse was discovered by road maintenance workers on May 2, 1975, in nearby Coal Creek Canyon. Gas receipts place Bundy in nearby [[Golden, Colorado|Golden]], the day of the Cooley abduction.<ref>Holmes, Ronald M., and Stephen T. Holmes. ''Profiling Violent Crimes: An Investigative Tool''. Newbury Park: Sage Publications, 1989. 76.</ref> The Jefferson County, Colorado, Sheriff's Office has classified the Melanie Cooley murder as a [[cold case (criminology)|cold case]].<ref>Jefferson County, Colorado, Sheriff's Office. "Cold Cases" [http://www.co.jefferson.co.us/sheriff/sheriff_T62_R60.htm]. Retrieved 2008-08-18.</ref> He is a suspect in the murder of Carol Valenzuela, who disappeared from [[Vancouver, Washington]], on August 2, 1974. Her remains were discovered two months later south of [[Olympia, Washington]], along with those of an unidentified female.<ref>Vronsky, Peter. ''Serial Killers: The Method and Madness of Monsters''. New York, NY: Berkley Books, 2004. 132.</ref> However, law enforcement authorities are still investigating another suspect for the Valenzuela murder.<ref>[http://www.aolnews.com/crime/article/dna-clue-may-end-38-year-mystery-and-starr-laras-pain/19496283?ncid=AOLDSN00280000000020 "DNA Clue May End 38-Year Mystery, and a Sister's Pain"], AOL News, May 29, 2010.</ref>

== In film ==

Three [[TV movie]]s and two [[feature film]]s have been produced about Bundy and his crimes.

* ''[[The Deliberate Stranger]]'', a two-part TV movie, aired on [[NBC]] in 1986 and starred [[Mark Harmon]] as Bundy.<ref>{{imdb title|id=0090925|title=The Deliberate Stranger}}</ref>
* ''[[Ted Bundy (film)|Ted Bundy]]'', released in 2002, was directed by [[Matthew Bright]]. [[Michael Reilly Burke]] starred as Bundy.<ref>{{imdb title|id=0284929|title=Ted Bundy}}</ref>
* ''[[The Stranger Beside Me]]'', based on the book by [[Ann Rule]], aired on the [[USA Network]] in 2003, and starred [[Billy Campbell]] as Bundy and [[Barbara Hershey]] as [[Ann Rule]].<ref>{{imdb title|id=0360033|title=The Stranger Beside Me}}</ref>
* In 2004, the [[A&E Network]] produced an adaptation of Robert Keppel's book ''The Riverman'', which starred [[Cary Elwes]] as Bundy and [[Bruce Greenwood]] as Keppel.<ref>{{imdb title|id=0304636|title=The Riverman}}</ref>
* In 2008, Feifer Worldwide DVD release ''[[Bundy: A Legacy of Evil]]'' (previously titled ''Bundy: An American Icon''), starring [[Corin Nemec]] as Ted Bundy.<ref>{{imdb title|id=1235059|title=Bundy: A Legacy of Evil}}</ref>
<!--Folks, please do not add trivia. The above "In film" section are films that are specifically about Ted Bundy. There is no place in this article for passing mentions of him on tv, in music, or other esoteric references. Please adhere to this notice. All other references to him in media other than specific films, TV specials or books will be removed. Thank you.-->

== Notes ==

{{Reflist| 2}}

== Bibliography ==

* {{cite book
  | last = Keppel
  | first = Robert
  | authorlink = Robert D. Keppel
  | title = The Riverman: Ted Bundy and I Hunt for the Green River Killer
  | year = 2005
  | publisher = Pocket Books
  | edition = Paperback
  | isbn = 978-0-743-46395-9
  | ref = harv
  }} Updated after the arrest and confession of the [[Green River killer]], [[Gary Ridgway]].
* {{cite book
  | last = Kendall
  | first = Elizabeth
  | coauthors = (Pseudonym for Elizabeth Kloepfer)
  | title = The Phantom Prince: My Life With Ted Bundy
  | year = 1981
  | month = September
  | publisher = Madrona Pub
  | edition = Hardcover, 1st
  | isbn = 978-0-914-84270-5
  | ref = harv
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Larsen
  | first = Richard W.
  | title = [[The Deliberate Stranger|Bundy: The Deliberate Stranger]]
  | year = 1980
  | publisher = Prentice Hall
  | edition = hardcover
  | isbn = 978-0-130-89185-3
  | ref = harv
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last1 = Michaud
  | first1 = Stephen
  | last2 = Aynesworth
  | first2 = Hugh
  | authorlink2 = Hugh Aynesworth
  | title = The Only Living Witness
  | year = 1999
  | month = August
  | publisher = Authorlink<!--says Amazon-->
  | edition = Paperback; Revised
  | isbn = 978-1-928-70411-9
  | ref = harv
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last1 = Michaud
  | first1 = Stephen
  | last2 = Aynesworth
  | first2 = Hugh
  | authorlink2 = Hugh Aynesworth
  | title = Ted Bundy: Conversations with a Killer
  | year = 1989
  | month = October
  | publisher = Signet
  | edition = Paperback
  | isbn = 978-0-451-16355-4
  | ref = harv
  }} Transcripts of the authors' Death Row interviews with Bundy.
* {{cite book
  | last = Nelson
  | first = Polly
  | title = Defending the Devil: My Story as Ted Bundy's Last Lawyer
  | year = 1994
  | publisher = William Morrow
  | edition =
  | isbn = 978-0-688-10823-6
  | ref = harv
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Rule
  | first = Ann
  | authorlink = Ann Rule
  | title = The Stranger Beside Me
  | year = 2000
  | publisher = Signet
  | edition = Paperback; updated 20th anniversary
  | isbn = 978-0-451-20326-7
  | ref = harv
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Sullivan
  | first = Kevin M.
  | title = The Bundy Murders: A Comprehensive History
  | year = 2009
  | publisher = McFarland and Co.
  | edition = Paperback
  | isbn = 978-0-786-44426-7
  | ref = harv
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last1 = Winn
  | first1 = Steven
  | last2 = Merrill
  | first2 = David
  | title = Ted Bundy: The Killer Next Door
  | year = 1980
  | publisher = Bantam
  | edition = Paperback
  | isbn = 978-0-553-20849-8
  | ref = harv
  }}

== External links ==

{{Commons category}} 
* [http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/notorious/bundy/index_1.html Ted Bundy] at CrimeLibrary.com, and Crime Library [http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/criminal_mind/profiling/keppel1/1.html interview] with Bob Keppel
* [http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=888&dat=19790718&id=pxQOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TXwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5384,1036952 Google] news [http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=950&dat=19790710&id=JAEMAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2VgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6424,1831474 scans] of local Florida newspaper coverage of the Chi Omega trial
* Kimberly Leach [http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/flsupct/59128/59128.html appeals, briefs, and court ruling], Chi Omega [http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/flsupct/57772/57772.html appeals, briefs, and court ruling], 1986 [http://supreme.justia.com/us/479/894/case.html ruling] by the [[United States Supreme Court]] in Leach case, 1989 Leach [http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/flsupct/73585/73585.html appeal, brief and court ruling] by the Florida Supreme Court
* July 16, 1979 TIME magazine [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920498-1,00.html article] about the Chi Omega trial
* [http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/bundy.htm FBI file] on Ted Bundy (257 pages, in two parts)
* [http://www.kirotv.com/news/4182402/detail.html Audiotapes] of Bundy's 1989 confessions
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20060621144017/tedbundy.com/errata/freebies/Ted+Bundy+Multiagency+Investigative+Team+Report+1992+from+tedbundy.com.pdf Ted Bundy Multiagency Investigative Team Report], a law enforcement dossier containing a detailed timeline of Bundy's life

{{Persondata
| NAME=Bundy, Ted
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Bundy, Theodore Robert
| SHORT DESCRIPTION=Serial killer
| DATE OF BIRTH=November 24, 1946
| PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Burlington, Vermont]], [[United States]]
| DATE OF DEATH=January 24, 1989
| PLACE OF DEATH=[[Raiford, Florida]], [[United States]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bundy, Ted}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:1974 crimes]]
[[Category:1975 crimes]]
[[Category:1978 murders in the United States]]
[[Category:20th-century executions by the United States]]
[[Category:American people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:American escapees]]
[[Category:American murderers of children]]
[[Category:American rapists]]
[[Category:American serial killers]]
[[Category:American kidnappers]]
[[Category:Escapees from Colorado detention]]
[[Category:Executed American people]]
[[Category:Executed serial killers]]
[[Category:FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives]]
[[Category:Necrophiles]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by Florida]]
[[Category:People executed by electric chair]]
[[Category:People executed by Florida]]
[[Category:People from Burlington, Vermont]]
[[Category:People from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:People from Tacoma, Washington]]
[[Category:University of Puget Sound alumni]]
[[Category:University of Utah alumni]]
[[Category:University of Washington alumni]]
[[Category:Washington (U.S. state) Republicans]]

[[ar:تيد بندي]]
[[bg:Тед Бънди]]
[[cs:Ted Bundy]]
[[da:Ted Bundy]]
[[de:Ted Bundy]]
[[et:Ted Bundy]]
[[es:Ted Bundy]]
[[fa:تد باندی]]
[[fr:Ted Bundy]]
[[ko:테드 번디]]
[[hr:Ted Bundy]]
[[is:Ted Bundy]]
[[it:Ted Bundy]]
[[he:טד בנדי]]
[[hu:Ted Bundy]]
[[nl:Ted Bundy]]
[[ja:テッド・バンディ]]
[[no:Ted Bundy]]
[[pl:Ted Bundy]]
[[pt:Ted Bundy]]
[[ru:Банди, Теодор Роберт]]
[[simple:Ted Bundy]]
[[sk:Ted Bundy]]
[[sr:Тед Банди]]
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[[th:เท็ด บันดี]]
[[tr:Ted Bundy]]
[[zh:泰德·邦迪]]