Revision 166453552 of "Benutzer:Maximal DE/Ann Dunham" on dewiki

{{about|the mother of Barack Obama|the British equestrian|Anne Dunham}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Stanley Ann Dunham 1960 Mercer Island High School yearbook.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Stanley Ann Dunham in 1960
| birth_name = Stanley Ann Dunham
| birth_date = {{birth date|1942|11|29}}
| birth_place = [[Wichita, Kansas]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1995|11|7|1942|11|29}}
| death_place = [[Honolulu|Honolulu, Hawaii]], U.S.
| death_cause = [[Uterine cancer]]
| resting_place = Ashes scattered into the [[Pacific Ocean]] off [[Koko Head]], [[Oahu]], [[Hawaii]]
| resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} -->
| ethnicity =
| known_for = Mother of [[Barack Obama]]
| education = [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Hawaii]] <br />[[University of Washington]]
| employer =
| occupation = [[Anthropology|Anthropologist]]
| home_town = [[Wichita, Kansas]]
| spouse = {{plainlist |
* [[Barack Obama, Sr.]] (1961–1964)
* [[Lolo Soetoro]] (1965–1980)
}}
|
| children = {{plainlist |
* [[Barack Obama]] (b. 1961)
* [[Maya Soetoro-Ng|Maya Soetoro]] (b. 1970)
}}
| parents = {{plainlist |
* [[Stanley Armour Dunham]] (1918-1992)
* [[Madelyn Dunham]] (1922-2008)
}}
|
}}

'''Stanley Ann Dunham''' (November 29, 1942&nbsp;– November 7, 1995) was the mother of [[Barack Obama]], the 44th [[President of the United States]], and an American [[anthropology|anthropologist]] who specialized in [[economic anthropology]] and [[rural development]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dukeupress.edu/Surviving-against-the-Odds/ |title=S. Ann Dunham – Surviving against the Odds: Village Industry in Indonesia |publisher=Dukeupress.edu |date= |accessdate=2014-08-20}}</ref> Dunham was known as Stanley  Ann Dunham through high school, then as '''Ann Dunham, Ann Obama, Ann Soetoro, Ann Sutoro''' (after her second divorce), and finally as '''Ann Dunham'''.<ref name="Scott 2011, p. 6">Scott (2011), <span class="plainlinks">[https://books.google.com/books?id=pMPnso6wakAC&pg=PT9 p. 6]</span>:<blockquote>Anyone writing about Dunham's life must address the question of what to call her. She was Stanley Ann Dunham at birth and Stanley Ann as a child, but dropped the Stanley upon graduating from high school. She was Ann Dunham, then Ann Obama, then Ann Soetoro until her second divorce. Then she kept her husband's name but modernized the spelling to Sutoro. In the early 1980s, she was Ann Sutoro, Ann Dunham Sutoro, S. Ann Dunham Sutoro. In conversation, Indonesians who worked with her in the late 1980s and early 1990s referred to her as Ann Dunham, putting the emphasis on the second syllable of the surname. Toward the end of her life, she signed her dissertation S. Ann Dunham and official correspondence (Stanley) Ann Dunham.<br /><br /><span class="plainlinks">[https://books.google.com/books?id=pMPnso6wakAC&pg=PT160 p. 363]</span>:<br />''modernized the spelling:'' The spelling of certain Indonesian words changed after Indonesia gained its independence from the Dutch in 1949, and again under a 1972 agreement between Indonesia and Malaysia... Names containing ''oe'',... are now often spelled with a ''u''... However, older spellings are still used in some personal names... After her divorce from Lolo Soetoro, Ann Dunham kept his last name for a number of years while she was still working in Indonesia, but she changed the spelling to Sutoro. Their daughter, Maya Soetoro-Ng, chose to keep the traditional spelling of her Indonesian surname.</blockquote></ref> Born in [[Wichita, Kansas]], Dunham spent her childhood in [[California]], [[Oklahoma]], [[Texas]] and [[Kansas]], her teenage years in [[Mercer Island, Washington]], and most of her adult life in [[Hawaii]] and [[Indonesia]].<ref>Scott (2011), p. 108.</ref>

Dunham studied at the [[East–West Center]] and at the [[University of Hawaii]] at Manoa in Honolulu, where she attained a bachelor's of anthropology<ref>The University of Hawaii at Manoa Department of Anthropology says Ann Dunham received a B.A. in anthropology in August 1967 and contemporaneous correspondence in 1966 and 1967 between S. Ann Soetoro and the [[Immigration and Naturalization Service|INS]] makes repeated references to her obtaining a B.A. in anthropology in 1967.</ref> and master's and PhD in anthropology.<ref name="anthropology">{{cite journal
 |author1=Dewey, Alice 
 |author2=White, Geoffrey 
 |date=November 2008 
 |title=Ann Dunham: a personal reflection 
 |journal=Anthropology News 
 |volume=49 
 |issue=8 
 |page=20 
 |doi=10.1111/an.2008.49.8.20 
 |accessdate=2009-08-23 
 |url=http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/News/Announcements/Dunham/dunham.html 
 |deadurl=yes 
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610025012/http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/News/Announcements/Dunham/dunham.html 
 |archivedate=June 10, 2010 
 |df= 
}} reprinted by:<br />

* {{cite web
 |date=2008-12-09 
 |title=Spotlight on Alumni: EWC Alumna Ann Dunham— Mother to President Obama and Champion of Women’s Rights and Economic Justice 
 |work=[http://www.eastwestcenter.org/ East-West Center] 
 |location=Honolulu, HI, USA 
 |publisher=[[East–West Center]] 
 |url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/news-center/web-articles/spotlight-on-alumni-ewc-alumna-ann-dunham-mother-to-president-obama-and-champion-of-womens-rights-and-e 
 |accessdate=2013-03-09 
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012020438/http://www.eastwestcenter.org/news-center/web-articles/spotlight-on-alumni-ewc-alumna-ann-dunham-mother-to-president-obama-and-champion-of-womens-rights-and-e 
 |archivedate=2012-10-12 
 |deadurl=no 
}}</ref> She also attended [[University of Washington]] at Seattle in 1961–1962. Interested in craftsmanship, weaving and the role of women in [[cottage industries]], Dunham's research focused on women's work on the island of [[Java]] and blacksmithing in Indonesia. To address the problem of poverty in rural villages, she created [[microcredit]] programs while working as a consultant for the [[United States Agency for International Development]]. Dunham was also employed by the [[Ford Foundation]] in [[Jakarta]] and she consulted with the [[Asian Development Bank]] in [[Gujranwala]], [[Pakistan]]. Towards the latter part of her life, she worked with [[Bank Rakyat Indonesia]], where she helped apply her research to the largest [[microfinance]] program in the world.<ref name="anthropology"/>

After her son was elected President, interest renewed in Dunham's work: The University of Hawaii held a symposium about her research; an exhibition of Dunham's Indonesian [[batik]] textile collection toured the United States; and in December 2009, [[Duke University Press]] published ''Surviving against the Odds: Village Industry in Indonesia'', a book based on Dunham's original 1992 dissertation. Janny Scott, an author and former ''[[New York Times]]'' reporter, published a biography about Ann Dunham's life titled ''A Singular Woman'' in 2011. Posthumous interest has also led to the creation of The Ann Dunham Soetoro Endowment in the Anthropology Department at the [[University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa]], as well as the Ann Dunham Soetoro Graduate Fellowships, intended to fund students associated with the [[East–West Center]] (EWC) in [[Honolulu|Honolulu, Hawaii]].<ref name="The Ann Dunham Soetoro Endowed Fund">{{cite web |title= The Ann Dunham Soetoro Endowed Fund|url= http://www.uhfoundation.org/donor_resources/giving_opportunities/dunhamsoetoro_endowed_fund.aspx |accessdate=2012-01-02}}</ref>

In an interview, Barack Obama referred to his mother as "the dominant figure in my formative years&nbsp;... The values she taught me continue to be my touchstone when it comes to how I go about the world of politics."<ref name=notjustagirl>{{cite news
 |author=Jones, Tim 
 |date=2007-03-27 
 |title=Barack Obama: mother not just a girl from Kansas; Stanley Ann Dunham shaped a future senator 
 |work=Chicago Tribune 
 |page=1 (Tempo) 
 |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/chi-0703270151mar27-archive,0,5853572,full.story 
 |accessdate=2009-02-16 
 |deadurl=no 
 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/66cdqjbue?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fobama%2Fchi-0703270151mar27-archive%2C0%2C5853572%2Cfull.story 
 |archivedate=2012-04-02 
 |df= 
}}<br />{{cite web
 |author=. 
 |date=2007-03-27 
 |title=Video: Reflections on Obama's mother (02:34) 
 |work=Chicago Tribune 
 |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/video/?autoStart=true&topVideoCatNo=default&clipId=1323174 
 |accessdate=2009-02-16 
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090329233625/http://www.chicagotribune.com/video/?autoStart=true&topVideoCatNo=default&clipId=1323174 
 |archivedate=29 March 2009 <!--DASHBot--> 
 |deadurl=no 
}}<br />
{{cite web
 |author=. 
 |date=2007-03-27 
 |title=Video: Jim Wichterman reflects on his former student (02:03) 
 |work=Chicago Tribune 
 |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/video/?autoStart=true&topVideoCatNo=default&clipId=1323768 
 |accessdate=2009-02-16 
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090329233630/http://www.chicagotribune.com/video/?autoStart=true&topVideoCatNo=default&clipId=1323768 
 |archivedate=29 March 2009 <!--DASHBot--> 
 |deadurl=no 
}}<br />
{{cite web
 |author=. 
 |date=2007-03-27 
 |title=Video: She changed his diapers (01:02) 
 |work=Chicago Tribune 
 |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/video/?autoStart=true&topVideoCatNo=default&clipId=1323682 
 |accessdate=2009-02-16 
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330185245/http://www.chicagotribune.com/video/?autoStart=true&topVideoCatNo=default&clipId=1323682 
 |archivedate=30 March 2009 <!--DASHBot--> 
 |deadurl=no 
}}</ref>

==Early life==
Stanley Ann Dunham was born on November 29, 1942 at Saint Francis Hospital in [[Wichita, Kansas]],<ref>{{cite news |author=Peters, Susan |date=2009-01-27 |title=President Obama: from Kansas to the capital, part II (video at videosurf.com) |location=Wichita |publisher=[[KAKE]] 10 News (ABC) |url=http://www.videosurf.com/video/obama-kansas-to-the-capital-part-ii-58173163|accessdate=2009-09-12}}</ref> the only child of [[Madelyn Lee Payne]] and [[Stanley Armour Dunham]].<ref>{{cite web|year=2009 |title=Partial ancestor table: President Barack Hussein Obama, Jr. |location=Boston |publisher=New England Historic Genealogical Society |url=http://www.newenglandancestors.org/pdfs/obama_ancestral_table.pdf |accessdate=2009-06-11 }}{{dead link|date=June 2014 }}<br />{{cite news|author=Peters, Susan |date=2009-01-27 |title=President Obama: from Kansas to the capital |location=Wichita |publisher=[[KAKE]] 10 News (ABC) |url=http://www.kake.com/home/misc/38157259.html |accessdate=2009-07-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090701133552/http://www.kake.com:80/home/misc/38157259.html |archivedate=2009-07-01 |df= }}</ref> She was of predominantly English ancestry, with some [[German American|German]], Swiss, Scottish, Irish, and Welsh ancestry.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Smolenyak, Megan Smolenyak|date=November–December 2008|title=The quest for Obama's Irish roots|journal=Ancestry|volume=26|issue=6|pages=46–47, 49|issn=1075-475X|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ITgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA46|accessdate=December 20, 2011}}
* {{cite news |author=Smolenyak, Megan|date=May 9, 2011|title=Tracing Barack Obama's Roots to Moneygall|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/megan-smolenyak-smolenyak/tracing-barack-obamas-roo_b_859151.html|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|accessdate=May 19, 2011}}
* {{cite news|authors=Rising, David; Noelting, Christoph (Associated Press)|date=June 4, 2009| title=Researchers: Obama has German roots|publisher=USAToday.com| url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2009-06-04-obama-roots_N.htm|accessdate=May 13, 2010}}
* {{cite news|last=Hutton|first= Brian |agency=Press Association of Ireland|last2= Nickerson|first2= Matthew|date=May 3, 2007|title=For sure, Obama's South Side Irish; One of his roots traces back to small village| newspaper=Chicago Sun-Times|page=3|format=paid archive|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=(For%20sure)%20(%20Obama's%20South%20Side%20Irish)%20AND%20date(all)&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(For%20sure)%20(%20Obama's%20South%20Side%20Irish)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no|accessdate=November 24, 2008}}
* {{cite news|author=Jordon, Mary|date=May 13, 2007 |title=Tiny Irish village is latest place to claim Obama as its own|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A14|url= http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/12/AR2007051201551.html|accessdate=May 13, 2007}}
* {{cite news|author= David Williamson|date=July 5, 2008|url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/welsh-politics/welsh-politics-news/2008/07/05/genealogists-discover-a-red-dragon-breathing-fire-in-us-presidential-candidate-s-past-91466-21266440/|title=Wales link in US presidential candidate's past|newspaper=www.walesonline.co.uk|accessdate=April 30, 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110521140204/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/welsh-politics/welsh-politics-news/2008/07/05/genealogists-discover-a-red-dragon-breathing-fire-in-us-presidential-candidate-s-past-91466-21266440/| archivedate= 21 May 2011 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> [[Wild Bill Hickok]] is her sixth cousin, five times removed.<ref>[http://www.americanancestors.org/uploadedFiles/American_Ancestors/Content/Marketing/Press_Release_PDFs/obama_hickok_press_release.pdf Boston Genealogical Society Confirms Obama and "Wild Bill" Hickok Are Cousins] New England Historic
Genealogical Society, 2008-07-30.</ref> [[Ancestry.com]] announced on July 30, 2012, after using a combination of old documents and [[yDNA]] analysis, that Dunham's mother was descended from African [[John Punch (slave)|John Punch]], who was an [[indentured servant]]/[[slave]] in seventeenth-century colonial [[Virginia]].<ref>[http://c.mfcreative.com/offer/us/obama_bunch/PDF/press_release_final.pdf Press Release: Ancestry.com Discovers President Obama Related to First Documented Slave in America: Research Connects First African-American President to First African Slave in the American Colonies.]</ref><ref name='Punch'>{{cite web |url=http://c.mfcreative.com/offer/us/obama_bunch/PDF/main_article_final.pdf |title=Documenting President Barack Obama's Maternal African-American Ancestry:Tracing His Mother’s Bunch Ancestry to the First Slave in America |last=Harman |first=Anatasia |author= |authorlink= |last2=Cottrill |first2=Natalie D. |author2= |authorlink2= |last3=Reed |first3=Paul C. |last4=Shumway |first4=Joseph |date=2012-07-15 |month= |year= |editor-last= |editor-first= |editor= |editor-link= |editor1-last= |editor1-first= |editor1-link= |editor2-last= |editor2-first= |editor2-link= |editors= |series= |publisher=Ancestry.com |location= |page= |pages= |at= |language= |trans_title= |type= |format=PDF |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |doi_brokendate= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc = |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |deadurl= |accessdate=2013-09-10 |quote=Most people will be surprised to learn that U.S. President Barack Obama has African-American ancestry through his mother. |ref= |separator= |postscript=}}</ref>

Her parents were born in Kansas and met in Wichita, where they married on May 5, 1940.<ref name=sungene>{{cite news |author1=Fornek, Scott |author2=Good, Greg |date=2007-09-09 |title=The Obama family tree |work=Chicago Sun-Times |page=2B |url=http://www.suntimes.com/images/cds/MP3/obamatree.pdf |archivedate=2008-06-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625113616/http://www.suntimes.com/images/cds/MP3/obamatree.pdf |accessdate=2009-02-13}}</ref> After the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], her father joined the [[United States Army]] and her mother worked at a [[Boeing]] plant in Wichita.<ref>{{cite news |author=Nakaso, Dan |date=2008-11-04 |title=Barack Obama's grandma, 86, dies of cancer before election |work=The Honolulu Advertiser |url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Nov/04/ln/hawaii811040331.html |accessdate=2009-02-13}}<br />{{cite news |author=Nakaso, Dan |date=2008-11-11 |title=Day, time of Dunham death clarified |work=The Honolulu Advertiser |url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Nov/11/ln/hawaii811110356.html |accessdate=2009-02-13}}</ref> According to Dunham, she was named after her father because he wanted a son, though her relatives doubt this story and her maternal uncle recalled that her mother named Dunham after her favorite actress [[Bette Davis]]' character in the film ''[[In This Our Life]]'' because she thought Stanley, as a girl's name, sounded sophisticated.<ref>Scott (2011), <span class="plainlinks">[https://books.google.com/books?id=pMPnso6wakAC&pg=PT24 pp. 41–42]</span>.<br />Maraniss (2012), <span class="plainlinks">[https://books.google.com/books?id=Wnna9CLtblAC&pg=PT140 p. 68]</span>:<blockquote>A woman named Stanley: "Madelyn thought that was the height of  sophistication!" recalled her brother Charles Payne, and the notion of giving her baby girl that name took hold. The coincidence that her husband was also Stanley only deepened the association.</blockquote></ref> As a child and teenager she was known as Stanley.<ref name="Scott 2011, p. 6"/> Other children teased her about her name but she used it through high school, "apologizing for it each time she introduced herself in a new town".<ref name="ripley">{{cite journal
 |author=Ripley, Amanda 
 |date=2008-04-09 
 |title=The story of Barack Obama's mother 
 |work=Time 
 |url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1729524,00.html 
 |accessdate=2009-08-27 
 |deadurl=no 
 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/66cWLvGvi?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C1729685%2C00.html 
 |archivedate=2012-04-02 
 |df= 
}}
{{cite journal |author=Ripley, Amanda |date=2008-04-21 |title=A mother's story |journal=Time |volume=171 |issue=16 |pages=36–40, 42}}</ref> By the time Dunham began attending college, she was known by her middle name, Ann, instead.<ref name="Scott 2011, p. 6"/> After [[World War II]], Dunham's family moved from Wichita to [[California]] while her father attended the [[University of California, Berkeley]]. In 1948, they moved to [[Ponca City, Oklahoma]], and from there to [[Vernon, Texas]], and then to [[El Dorado, Kansas]].<ref>Jones 2007. See also: {{cite news |agency= Associated Press |date=2009-02-08 |title=Obama's grandparents, mother lived in Oklahoma |location=Tulsa |publisher=[[KOTV-DT|KOTV]] 6 News (CBS) |url=http://www.newson6.com/global/story.asp?s=9808991 |accessdate=2010-12-30}} Also: {{cite news |author=Stewart, Linda |date=2009-02-15 |title={{-'}}Connections everywhere': Barack Obama's mother spent time in Vernon as child |location=Wichita Falls |work=[[Times Record News]] |url=http://www.timesrecordnews.com/news/2009/feb/15/barack-obamas-mother-spent-time-in-vernon-as |accessdate=2011-01-29}}</ref> In 1955, the family moved to [[Seattle]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]], where her father was employed as a furniture salesman and her mother worked as vice president of a bank. They lived in an apartment complex in the [[Wedgwood, Seattle|Wedgwood]] neighborhood where she attended [[Nathan Eckstein Middle School|Nathan Eckstein Junior High School]].<ref name="Dougherty 2009">{{cite web |author=Dougherty, Phil |date=2009-02-07 |title=Stanley Ann Dunham, mother of Barack Obama, graduates from Mercer Island High School in 1960 |location=Seattle |publisher=[[HistoryLink]].org |url=http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=pf_output.cfm&file_id=8897 |accessdate=2009-02-13}}</ref>

In 1956, Dunham's family moved to [[Mercer Island]], an [[Eastside (King County, Washington)|Eastside]] suburb of Seattle. Dunham's parents wanted their 13-year-old daughter to attend the newly opened [[Mercer Island High School]].<ref name=notjustagirl/> At the school, teachers Val Foubert and Jim Wichterman taught the importance of challenging social norms and questioning authority to the young Dunham, and she took the lessons to heart: "She felt she didn't need to date or marry or have children." One classmate remembered her as "intellectually way more mature than we were and a little bit ahead of her time, in an off-center way",<ref name=notjustagirl/> and a high school friend described her as knowledgeable and progressive: "If you were concerned about something going wrong in the world, Stanley would know about it first. We were liberals before we knew what liberals were." Another called her "the original feminist".<ref name=notjustagirl/>

==Family life and marriages==
{{details|Family of Barack Obama}}
[[File:Ann Dunham with father and children.jpg|thumb|Stanley Armour Dunham, Ann Dunham, Maya Soetoro and Barack Obama, mid-1970s (l to r)]]
On August 21, 1959, [[Hawaii]] became the 50th state to be admitted into the Union. Dunham's parents sought business opportunities in the new state, and after graduating from high school in 1960, Dunham and her family moved to [[Honolulu]]. Dunham soon enrolled at the [[University of Hawaii at Manoa|University of Hawaii at Mānoa]].

===First marriage===
While attending a [[Russian language]] class, Dunham met [[Barack Obama, Sr.]], the school's first African student.<ref>{{cite book |author=Obama, Barack |origyear=1995|year=2004 |title=[[Dreams from My Father|Dreams from my father: a story of race and inheritance]] |location=New York |publisher=Three Rivers Press |isbn=1-4000-8277-3 |page=9}}<br />Mendell (2007), p. 27.<br />{{cite book |author1=Glauberman, Stu |author2=Burris, Jerry |year=2008 |title=The dream begins: how Hawai‘i shaped Barack Obama |location=Honolulu |publisher=Watermark Publishing |isbn=0-9815086-8-5 |page=25}}<br />{{cite news |author=Jacobs, Sally |date=2008-09-21 |title=A father's charm, absence; friends recall Barack Obama Sr. as a self-confident, complex dreamer whose promising life ended in tragedy |newspaper=The Boston Globe |page=1A |url=http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/2008/09/21/a_fathers_charm_absence/?page=full |accessdate=2008-12-05}}</ref><ref name="maraniss">{{cite news |author=Maraniss, David |date=2008-08-22 |title=Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible |publisher=washingtonpost.com |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/22/AR2008082201679_pf.html |accessdate=2008-12-05}} (online)<br />{{cite news |author=Maraniss, David |date=2008-08-24 |title=Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible |newspaper=The Washington Post |page=A22}} (print)</ref> At the age of 23, Obama Sr. had come to Hawaii to pursue his education, leaving behind a pregnant wife and infant son in his home town of [[Nyang'oma Kogelo]] in [[Kenya]]. Dunham and Obama Sr. were married on the Hawaiian island of [[Maui]] on February 2, 1961, despite parental opposition from both families.<ref name=notjustagirl/><ref name="Meacham">{{cite news |author=Meacham, Jon |date=2008-08-23 |title=On his own |publisher=newsweek.com |url=http://www.newsweek.com/2008/08/22/on-his-own.html |accessdate=2010-07-27| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100723152200/http://www.newsweek.com/2008/08/22/on-his-own.html| archivedate= 23 July 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}} (online)<br />{{cite journal |author=Meacham, Jon |date=2008-09-01 |title=On his own |journal=Newsweek |volume=152 |issue=9 |pages=26–36}} ("Special Democratic Convention issue") (print)</ref> Dunham was three months pregnant.<ref name=notjustagirl/><ref name="ripley"/> Obama Sr. eventually informed Dunham about his first marriage in Kenya but claimed he was divorced. Years later, she would discover this was false.<ref name="maraniss" /> Obama Sr.'s first wife, Kezia, later said she had granted her consent for him to marry a second wife, in keeping with [[Luo (Kenya and Tanzania)#Marriage customs|Luo]] customs.<ref>{{cite news |author=Oywa, John |date=2008-11-10 |title=Keziah Obama: My life with Obama Senior |newspaper=The Standard (Kenya) |quote=in keeping with the Luo customs, Obama Senior sought her consent to take another wife, which she granted. |accessdate=2009-02-18}}</ref>

On August 4, 1961, at the age of 18, Dunham gave birth to her first child, [[Barack Obama|Barack Obama II]].<ref>{{cite web|author1=Henig, Jess |author2=Miller, Joe |date=2008-08-21 |title=Born in the U.S.A. |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=[[FactCheck]].org |url=http://www.factcheck.org/elections-2008/born_in_the_usa.html |accessdate=October 24, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025003852/http://www.factcheck.org/elections-2008/born_in_the_usa.html |archivedate=25 October 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> Friends in the state of Washington recall her visiting with her month-old baby in 1961.<ref name="Brodeur">{{cite news |author=Brodeur, Nicole |date=2008-02-05 |title=Memories of Obama's mother |work=The Seattle Times |page=B1 |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2004164387_brodeur05m.html |quote=Box last saw her friend in 1961, when she visited Seattle... |accessdate=2009-02-13| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090224045117/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2004164387_brodeur05m.html| archivedate= 24 February 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name="uncommon">{{cite news|author=Martin, Jonathan |date=2008-04-08 |title=Obama's mother known here as "uncommon" |work=The Seattle Times |page=A1 |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/politics/2004334057_obama08m.html |accessdate=2009-02-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207073451/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/politics/2004334057_obama08m.html |archivedate=7 February 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }}<br />Regarding the 1961 visit to Washington state: "Susan Blake,[Botkin] another high-school classmate, said that during a brief visit in 1961, Dunham was excited about her husband's plans to return to Kenya."<br />Regarding her enrollment at University of Washington: "By 1962, Dunham had returned to Seattle as a single mother, enrolling in the UW for spring quarter and living in an apartment on Capitol Hill."</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Montgomery, Rick |date=2008-05-26 |title=Barack Obama's mother wasn't just a girl from Kansas |newspaper=The Kansas City Star |page=A1 |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_multi=KC&p_product=KC&p_theme=realcities2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_site=kansascity&s_trackval=KC&s_dispstring=title(Barack%20Obama's%20mother%20wasn't%20just%20a%20girl%20from%20Kansas)%20AND%20date(05/26/2008%20to%2005/26/2008)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=05/26/2008%20to%2005/26/2008)&p_field_advanced-0=title&p_text_advanced-0=(Barack%20Obama's%20mother%20wasn't%20just%20a%20girl%20from%20Kansas)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no |quote=But all doubts dissipated when she passed through Mercer Island in 1961 with her month-old son. |accessdate=2009-02-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=. |date=2007-03-27 |title=Video: She changed his diapers (01:02) |work=Chicago Tribune |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/video/?autoStart=true&topVideoCatNo=default&clipId=1323682 |accessdate=2009-02-16| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090330185245/http://www.chicagotribune.com/video/?autoStart=true&topVideoCatNo=default&clipId=1323682| archivedate= 30 March 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}} Susan Blake [Botkin] (Stanley Ann Dunham's high school classmate)</ref><ref>At some point, she gave her old friends the impression that she was on her way to visit her husband at Harvard (where he would not enroll until the fall of 1962). See Maraniss 2008-08-22.</ref>
She took classes at the [[University of Washington]] from September 1961 to June 1962, and lived as a single mother in the [[Capitol Hill, Seattle|Capitol Hill]] neighborhood of Seattle with her son while her husband continued his studies in Hawaii.<ref name="Dougherty 2009"/><ref name="uncommon" /><ref name="Charlette LeFevre">{{cite news |last=LeFevre |first=Charlette |date=2009-01-09 |title=Barack Obama: from Capitol Hill to Capitol Hill |newspaper=Capitol Hill Times |url=http://northseattleherald-outlook.com/main.asp?SectionID=9&SubSectionID=256&ArticleID=27447 |quote=A single mother who enrolled in the University of Washington in 1961 and signed up for 1962 extension program, she likely came across many social prejudices in the predominantly all-white campus&nbsp;... Recently located was a listing for Stanley Ann Obama in the 1961 Polk directory at the Seattle Public Library. |accessdate=2013-03-09 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6F094gQGg |archivedate=2013-03-09 |deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name="Lipson">{{cite web |authors=LeFevre, Charlette; Lipson, Philip; co-directors, Seattle Museum of the Mysteries |date=2009-01-28 |title=Baby sitting Barack Obama on Seattle's Capitol Hill |publisher=Seattle Museum of the Mysteries, [http://www.sgn.org/sgnnews37_06/page3.cfm reprinted] 2009-02-06 on p. 3 of the ''Seattle Gay News'' |url=http://www.seattlechatclub.org/museum.html |accessdate=2009-02-13| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090330011544/http://www.seattlechatclub.org/museum.html| archivedate= 30 March 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}} LeFevre and Lipson wrote: <blockquote>Mary Toutonghi&nbsp;... recalls as best she can the dates she baby sat Barack as her daughter was 18 months old and was born in July of 1959 and that would have placed the months of babysitting Barack in January and February of 1962&nbsp;... Anna was taking night classes at the University of Washington, and according to the University of Washington's registrar's office her major was listed as history. She was enrolled at the University of Washington in the fall of 1961, took a full course load in the spring of 1962 and had her transcript transferred to the University of Hawaii in the fall of 1962. Along with the Seattle Polk Directory, Marc Leavipp of the University of Washington Registrar's office confirms 516 13th Ave. E. was the address Ann Dunham had given upon registering at the University.</blockquote> Both Anna Obama and Joseph Toutonghi were listed as residing at the same address, in the ''Seattle Reverse Directory, 1961–1962.'' See:<br />{{cite web |author=Dougherty, Phil |date=2009-02-07 |title=Stanley Ann Dunham, mother of Barack Obama, graduates from Mercer Island High School in 1960 |location=Seattle |publisher=[[HistoryLink]].org |url=http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=pf_output.cfm&file_id=8897 |accessdate=2009-02-13}}</ref><ref name="Neyman">{{cite news |author=Neyman, Jenny |date=2009-01-20 |title=Obama baby sitter awaits new era—Soldotna woman eager for former charge's reign |work=Redoubt Reporter |url=http://redoubtreporter.blogspot.com/2009/01/obama-baby-sitter-awaits-new-era.html |accessdate=2009-02-13}}</ref> When Obama Sr. graduated from the [[University of Hawaii]] in June 1962, he was offered a scholarship to study in New York City,<ref>One source says the scholarship was for [[New York University]]:<br />{{cite news |author=Meacham, Jon |date=2008-08-23|title=On his own |magazine=Newsweek |url=http://www.newsweek.com/2008/08/22/on-his-own.html |accessdate=2008-11-14}};<br /> others say it was for the [[New School for Social Research]], e.g.:<br />{{cite news |author=Maraniss, David |date=2008-08-22 |title=Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/22/AR2008082201679_pf.html |accessdate=2008-11-14}}<br />{{cite news |author=Ripley, Amanda |date=2008-04-09 |title=The story of Barack Obama's mother |magazine=Time |url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1729524-3,00.html |accessdate=2009-02-13| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090209214852/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1729524-3,00.html| archivedate= 9 February 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> but declined it, preferring to attend the more prestigious [[Harvard University]].<ref name="Meacham" /> He left for [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], where he would begin graduate study at Harvard in the fall of 1962.<ref name="maraniss" /> Dunham returned to Honolulu and resumed her undergraduate education at the University of Hawaii with the spring semester in January 1963. During this time, her parents helped her raise the young Obama. Dunham filed for divorce in January 1964, which Obama Sr. did not contest.<ref name="ripley" /> In December 1964, Obama Sr. married Ruth Baker, a [[Jewish American]] of [[Lithuania]]n heritage; they were separated in 1971 and divorced in 1973 after having two sons. In 1965, Obama Sr. received a [[Master of Arts|MA]] in economics from Harvard.<ref>{{cite book |author=. |year=1986 |title=Harvard alumni directory, vol. 1 |edition=17th |location=Boston |publisher=Harvard Alumni Association |issn=0895-1683}}</ref> In 1971, he came to Hawaii for a month and visited his son Barack, then 10 years old; it was the last time he would see his son, and their only major personal interaction. In 1982, Obama Sr. was killed in a car accident.

===Second marriage===
It was at the [[East–West Center]] that Dunham met [[Lolo Soetoro]],<ref name="Solomon 2008">{{cite news| author=Solomon, Deborah |date=2008-01-20 |title=Questions for Maya Soetoro-Ng: All in the family |work=The New York Times Magazine |page=17 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/20/magazine/20wwln-Q4-t.html |accessdate=2009-02-13| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090212004108/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/20/magazine/20wwln-Q4-t.html| archivedate= 12 February 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> a [[Javanese people|Javanese]]<ref name="anthropology"/> surveyor who had come to Honolulu in September 1962 on an East–West Center grant to study geography at the University of Hawaii. Soetoro graduated from the University of Hawaii with an M.A. in geography in June 1964. In 1965, Soetoro and Dunham were married in Hawaii, and in 1966, Soetoro returned to [[Indonesia]]. Dunham graduated from the University of Hawaii with a B.A. in anthropology on August 6, 1967, and moved in October the same year with her six-year-old son to [[Jakarta]], Indonesia, to rejoin her husband.<ref name=freespirit>{{cite news |author=Scott, Janny |date=2008-03-14 |title=A free-spirited wanderer who set Obama's path |work=The New York Times |page=A1 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/14/us/politics/14obama.html?pagewanted=all |accessdate=2009-02-13}}</ref>

In Indonesia, Soetoro worked first as a low-paid topographical surveyor for the Indonesian government, and later in the government relations office of [[Unocal Corporation|Union Oil Company]].<ref name="maraniss"/><ref>{{cite news|author=Nakaso, Dan|date=2008-09-12|title=Obama's mother's work focus of UH seminar|newspaper=The Honolulu Advertiser|page=1A|url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Sep/12/ln/hawaii809120379.html|accessdate=2011-05-10| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20111012025339/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Sep/12/ln/hawaii809120379.html| archivedate=October 12, 2011<!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}<br />
{{cite news|author=Habib, Ridlawn|date=2008-11-11|title=Kalau ke Jogja, Barry bisa habiskan seekor ayam baceman (If traveling to Yogyakarta, Barry can eat one whole chicken)|language=Indonesian|newspaper=[[Jawa Pos]]|location=Surabya|url=http://www.jpnn.com/?mib=berita.detail&id=9318|accessdate=2011-05-10}} [[Google Translate]]'s [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=id&u=http://www.jpnn.com/%3Fmib%3Dberita.detail%26id%3D9318&ei=z_AnTYexOIm1ngevmaTZAQ&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBkQ7gEwAA&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dhttp://www.jpnn.com/%253Fmib%253Dberita.detail%2526id%253D9318%26hl%3Den%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox%26rlz%3D1I7ADBR_en%26prmd%3Divns English translation]<br />
{{cite book|author=Scott, Janny|year=2011|title=A singular woman: the untold story of Barack Obama's mother|location=New York|publisher=[[Riverhead Books]]|page=113|isbn=1-59448-797-9|quote=When Lolo completed his military service, Trisulo, who was married to Lolo's sister, Soewardinah, used his contacts with foreign oil companies doing business in Indonesia, he told me, to help Lolo get a job in the Jakarta office of the Union Oil Company of California.}}</ref> The family first lived at 16 Kyai Haji Ramli Tengah Street in a newly built neighborhood in the Menteng Dalam [[Administrative Village (Indonesia)|administrative village]] of the [[Tebet, South Jakarta|Tebet]] [[subdistricts of Indonesia|subdistrict]] in [[South Jakarta]] for two and a half years, with her son attending the nearby Indonesian-language Santo Fransiskus Asisi (St. Francis of Assisi) Catholic School for 1st, 2nd, and part of 3rd grade, then in 1970 moved two miles north to 22 Taman Amir Hamzah Street in the Matraman Dalam neighborhood in the Pegangsaan administrative village of the [[Menteng]] subdistrict in [[Central Jakarta]], with her son attending the Indonesian-language government-run [[State Elementary School Menteng 01|Besuki School]] one and half miles east in the exclusive [[Menteng#Menteng residential area|Menteng administrative village]] of the Menteng subdistrict for part of 3rd grade and for 4th grade.<ref>{{cite news |author=Higgins, Andrew |date=2010-04-09 |title=Catholic school in Indonesia seeks recognition for its role in Obama's life |page=A1 |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2010/04/08/ST2010040805888.html?sid=ST2010040805888 |accessdate=2011-01-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Onishi, Norimitsu |date=2010-11-09 |title=Obama visits a nation that knew him as Barry |newspaper=The New York Times |page=A14 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/09/world/asia/09indo.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all |accessdate=2011-01-01}}</ref> On August 15, 1970, Soetoro and Dunham had a daughter, [[Maya Soetoro-Ng|Maya Kassandra Soetoro]].<ref name=sungene/>

In Indonesia, Dunham enriched her son's education with [[correspondence course]]s in English, recordings of [[Mahalia Jackson]], and speeches by [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] In 1971, she sent the young Obama back to Hawaii to attend [[Punahou School]] starting in 5th grade rather than having him stay in Indonesia with her.<ref name=freespirit /> Madelyn Dunham's job at the [[Bank of Hawaii]], where she had worked her way up over a decade from clerk to becoming one of its first two female vice presidents in 1970, helped pay the steep tuition,<ref>Mendell (2007), p. 36.</ref> with some assistance from a scholarship.<ref>{{cite news|author=Tani, Carlyn |date=Spring 2007 |title=A kid called Barry: Barack Obama '79 |magazine=Punahou Bulletin |url=http://www.punahou.edu/page.cfm?p=1715 |accessdate=2008-04-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527191047/http://www.punahou.edu/page.cfm?p=1715 |archivedate=May 27, 2010 }}</ref>

A year later, in August 1972, Dunham and her daughter moved back to Hawaii to rejoin her son and begin graduate study in anthropology at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Dunham's graduate work was supported by an [[The Asia Foundation|Asia Foundation]] grant from August 1972 to July 1973 and by an East–West Center Technology and Development Institute grant from August 1973 to December 1978.<ref name="Mizan 2008">{{cite book |author=Dunham, S. Ann |year=2008 |title=Pendekar-pendekar besi Nusantara: kajian antropologi tentang pandai besi tradisional di Indonesia (Peasant blacksmithing in Indonesia: surviving and thriving against all odds) |location=Bandung |publisher=Mizan |isbn=978-979-433-534-5 |chapter=Tentang penulis (About the author) |pages=211–219}}</ref>

Dunham completed her coursework at the University of Hawaii for an M.A. in anthropology in December 1974,<ref name="anthropology"/> and after having spent three years in Hawaii, Dunham, accompanied by her daughter Maya, returned to Indonesia in 1975 to do anthropological field work.<ref name="Mizan 2008"/><ref name="January 8, 1976 letter">{{cite book |author1=Dunham, S. Ann |author2=Dewey, Alice G. |author3=Cooper, Nancy I. |year=2009 |title=Surviving against the odds: village industry in Indonesia |location=Durham, N.C. |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=0-8223-4687-7 |chapter=January 8, 1976 letter from Ann Dunham Soetoro (Jl. Polowijan 3, Kraton, Yogyakarta) to Prof. [[Alice G. Dewey]] (Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu) |pages=xli–xliv}}<blockquote>Actually I had hoped to move to Jogja at midyear, but was unable to win a contract release from my old school in Jakarta (they sponsored me via an Asia Foundation grant for my first two years in Hawaii). As it turns out, however, I had plenty to do to keep me busy in W. Java, and was able to carry out reasonably complete surveys of 3 village areas within radius of Jakarta.<br /><br />At present I am staying with my mother-in-law on the corner of Taman Sari inside the Benteng, but according to old law foreigners are not allowed to live inside the Benteng. I had to get a special dispensation from the kraton on the grounds that I am "djaga-ing" my mother-in-law (she is 76 and strong as a horse but manages to look nice and frail). In June I am having Barry come over for the summer, however, and will probably need to find another place, since I don't think I can stretch an excuse and say we are <u>both</u> needed to djaga my mother-in-law.</blockquote></ref> Her son chose not to go with them back to Indonesia, preferring to finish high school at Punahou School in Honolulu while living with his grandparents.<ref>Mendell (2007), p. 43.</ref> Lolo Soetoro and Dunham divorced on November 5, 1980; Lolo Soetoro married Erna Kustina in 1980 and had two children, a son, Yusuf Aji Soetoro (born 1981), and daughter, Rahayu Nurmaida Soetoro (born 1987). Lolo Soetoro died, age 52, on March 2, 1987, due to liver failure.<ref>{{cite news |author=Habib, Ridlawn |date=2008-11-06 |title=Keluarga besar Lolo Soetoro, kerabat dekat calon Presiden Amerika di Jakarta (Lolo Soetoro's extended family, close relatives to American Presidential nominee in Jakarta) |newspaper=Jawa Pos |url=http://www.jpnn.com/?mib=berita.detail&id=9368 |accessdate=2011-01-01}}</ref>

Dunham was not estranged from either ex-husband and encouraged her children to feel connected to their fathers.<ref>{{cite news |author=Staunton, Denis |date=2008-11-06 |title=Easy-going youth who put passion into politics |newspaper=The Irish Times |page=51 |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2008/1106/1225893547780.html |accessdate=2009-08-21}}</ref>

==Professional life==
From January 1968 to December 1969, Dunham taught English and was an assistant director of the Lembaga Persahabatan Indonesia Amerika (LIA)–the Indonesia-America Friendship Institute at 9 Teuku Umar Street in the Gondangdia administrative village of the Menteng subdistrict in Central Jakarta–which was subsidized by the United States government.<ref name="Mizan 2008"/> From January 1970 to August 1972, Dunham taught English and was a department head and a director of the Lembaga Pendidikan dan Pengembangan Manajemen (LPPM)–the Institute of Management Education and Development at 9 Menteng Raya Street in the Kebon Sirih administrative village of the Menteng subdistrict in Central Jakarta.<ref name="Mizan 2008"/>

From 1968 to 1972, Dunham was a co-founder and active member of the Ganesha Volunteers (Indonesian Heritage Society) at the [[National Museum (Indonesia)|National Museum]] in Jakarta.<ref name="Mizan 2008"/><ref>{{cite news |author=Van Dam, Emma |date=2009-09-28 |title=Exploring the 'real' Indonesia with the Heritage Society |newspaper=The Jakarta Post |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/09/28/exploring-%E2%80%98real%E2%80%99-indonesia-with-heritage-society.html |accessdate=2011-01-01}}</ref> From 1972 to 1975, Dunham was crafts instructor (in weaving, [[batik]], and dye) at the [[Bernice P. Bishop Museum|Bishop Museum]] in Honolulu.<ref name="Mizan 2008"/>

Dunham then had a career in [[rural development]], championing women's work and [[microcredit]] for the world's poor and worked with leaders from organizations supporting Indonesian [[human rights]], [[women's rights]], and grass-roots [[Economic development|development]].<ref name=freespirit />

In March 1977, Dunham, under the supervision of agricultural economics professor Leon A. Mears, developed and taught a short lecture course at the Faculty of Economics of the University of Indonesia (FEUI) in Jakarta for staff members of BAPPENAS (Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional)—the Indonesian National Development Planning Agency.<ref name="Mizan 2008"/>

From June 1977 through September 1978, Dunham carried out research on village industries in the Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY)—the [[Special Region of Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta Special Region]] within [[Central Java]] in Indonesia under a student grant from the East–West Center.<ref name="Dunham 2009">{{cite book |author1=Dunham, S. Ann |author2=Dewey, Alice G. |author3=Cooper, Nancy I. |year=2009 |title=Surviving against the odds: village industry in Indonesia |chapter=Appendix. Other projects undertaken by the author related to the present research |pages=299–301|location=Durham, N.C. |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=0-8223-4687-7}}</ref> As a [[weaving|weaver]] herself, Dunham was interested in village industries, and moved to [[Yogyakarta (city)|Yogyakarta City]], the center of [[Java]]nese [[handicrafts]].<ref name="January 8, 1976 letter"/><ref>{{cite book |author1=Sutoro, Ann Dunham |author2=Haryanto, Roes |year=1990 |title=BRI briefing booklet: KUPEDES development impact survey |location=Jakarta |publisher=Bank Rakyat Indonesia}}</ref>

In May and June 1978, Dunham was a short-term consultant in the office of the [[International Labour Organization]] (ILO) in Jakarta, writing recommendations on village industries and other non-agricultural enterprises for the Indonesian government's third five-year development plan (REPELITA III).<ref name="Mizan 2008"/><ref name="Dunham 2009"/>

From October 1978 to December 1980, Dunham was a rural industries consultant in Central Java on the Indonesian Ministry of Industry's Provincial Development Program (PDP I), funded by [[United States Agency for International Development|USAID]] in Jakarta and implemented through Development Alternatives, Inc. (DAI).<ref name="Mizan 2008"/><ref name="Dunham 2009"/>

From January 1981 to November 1984, Dunham was the program officer for women and employment in the [[Ford Foundation]]'s Southeast Asia regional office in Jakarta.<ref name="Mizan 2008"/><ref name="Dunham 2009"/> While at the Ford Foundation, she developed a model of [[microfinance]] which is now the standard in Indonesia, a country that is a world leader in micro-credit systems.<ref>{{cite news |author=Kampfner, Judith |date=2009-09-15 |title=Dreams from my mother |location=London |publisher=BBC World Service |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/documentaries/2009/09/090915_dreams_from_my_mother.shtml |accessdate=2010-02-16}}</ref> Peter Geithner, father of [[Tim Geithner]] (who later became [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|U.S. Secretary of the Treasury]] in her son's administration), was head of the foundation's Asia grant-making at that time.<ref>{{cite news |author=Wilhelm, Ian |date=2008-12-03 |title=Ford Foundation links parents of Obama and Treasury secretary nominee |newspaper=The Chronicle of Philanthropy |url=http://philanthropy.com/news/government/index.php?id=6453 |accessdate=2008-12-20| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081211165533/http://philanthropy.com/news/government/index.php?id=6453| archivedate= 11 December 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>

From May to November 1986 and from August to November 1987, Dunham was a cottage industries development consultant for the [[Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited|Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan]] (ADBP) under the Gujranwala Integrated Rural Development Project (GADP).<ref name="Mizan 2008"/><ref name="Dunham 2009"/> The credit component of the project was implemented in the [[Gujranwala District|Gujranwala]] district of the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] province of [[Pakistan]] with funding from the [[Asian Development Bank]] and [[International Fund for Agricultural Development|IFAD]], with the credit component implemented through [[Louis Berger Group|Louis Berger International, Inc]].<ref name="Mizan 2008"/><ref name="Dunham 2009"/> Dunham worked closely with the [[Lahore]] office of the Punjab Small Industries Corporation (PSIC).<ref name="Mizan 2008"/><ref name="Dunham 2009"/>

From January 1988 to 1995, Dunham was a consultant and research coordinator for Indonesia's oldest bank, [[Bank Rakyat Indonesia]] (BRI) in Jakarta, with her work funded by USAID and the [[World Bank]].<ref name="Mizan 2008"/><ref name="Dunham 2009"/> In March 1993, Dunham was a research and policy coordinator for [[Women's World Banking]] (WWB) in New York.<ref name="Mizan 2008"/> She helped WWB manage the Expert Group Meeting on Women and Finance in New York in January 1994, and helped the WWB take prominent roles in the UN's [[Fourth World Conference on Women]] held September 4–15, 1995 in [[Beijing]], and in the UN regional conferences and NGO forums that preceded it.<ref name="Mizan 2008"/>

On August 9, 1992, she was awarded [[PhD]] in [[anthropology]] from the University of Hawaii, under the supervision of Prof. [[Alice G. Dewey]], with a 1,043-page dissertation<ref>Scott (2011), p. 292.</ref> titled ''Peasant blacksmithing in Indonesia: surviving and thriving against all odds.''<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dunham |first=S. Ann |title=Peasant blacksmithing in Indonesia : surviving against all odds |location=Honolulu |publisher=University of Hawaii| url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/65874559 |year=1992 }}</ref> Anthropologist Michael Dove described the dissertation as "a classic, in-depth, on-the-ground anthropological study of a 1,200-year-old industry".<ref name="Dove">{{cite news |author=Dove, Michael R. |date=2009-08-11 |title= Dreams from his mother |newspaper=The New York Times |page=A21 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/11/opinion/11dove.html |accessdate=2009-08-11}}</ref> According to Dove, Dunham's dissertation challenged popular perceptions regarding economically and politically marginalized groups, and countered the notions that the roots of poverty lie with the poor themselves and that cultural differences are responsible for the gap between less-developed countries and the industrialized West.<ref name="Dove"/> According to Dove, Dunham:<blockquote>found that the villagers she studied in Central Java had many of the same economic needs, beliefs and aspirations as the most capitalist of Westerners. Village craftsmen were "keenly interested in profits", she wrote, and entrepreneurship was "in plentiful supply in rural Indonesia", having been "part of the traditional culture" there for a millennium.<br /><br />Based on these observations, Dr. Soetoro concluded that underdevelopment in these communities resulted from a scarcity of capital, the allocation of which was a matter of politics, not culture. Antipoverty programs that ignored this reality had the potential, perversely, of exacerbating inequality because they would only reinforce the power of elites. As she wrote in her dissertation, "many government programs inadvertently foster stratification by channeling resources through village officials", who then used the money to strengthen their own status further.<ref name="Dove"/></blockquote>

==Illness and death==
In late 1994, Dunham was living and working in Indonesia. One night, during dinner at a friend's house in Jakarta, she experienced stomach pain. A visit to a local physician led to an initial diagnosis of indigestion.<ref name="ripley"/> Dunham returned to the United States in early 1995 and was examined at the [[Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center]] in New York City and diagnosed with [[uterine cancer]]. By this time, the cancer had spread to her ovaries.<ref name="maraniss" /> She moved back to Hawaii to live near her widowed mother and died on November 7, 1995, 22 days short of her 53rd birthday.<ref name=freespirit /><ref>{{cite news |author=Chipman, Kim |date=2008-02-11 |title=Obama drive gets inspiration from his white mom born in Kansas |publisher=Bloomberg.com|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aOOwMgWY_VIA&refer=home |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref><ref name=mccormick>{{cite news |author=McCormick, John |date=2007-09-21 |title=Obama's mother in new ad |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |page= 3 |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2007-09-21/news/0709210249_1_universal-coverage-health-care-health-care-proposal |accessdate=2008-01-17}}</ref> Following a memorial service at the University of Hawaii, Obama and his sister spread their mother's ashes in the [[Pacific Ocean]] at [[Koko Head|Lanai Lookout]] on the south side of [[Oahu]].<ref name=freespirit /> Obama scattered the ashes of his grandmother (Madelyn Dunham) in the same spot on December 23, 2008, weeks after his election to the presidency.<ref>{{cite news |author=. |date=2008-12-24 |title=Obama bids farewell to grandmother (photo gallery) |newspaper=New York Post |url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/national/item_KwpspRXF4w7dC0GEIWSNbN |accessdate=2008-12-25}}</ref>

Obama talked about Dunham's death in a 30-second campaign advertisement ("Mother") arguing for health care reform. The ad featured a photograph of Dunham holding a young Obama in her arms as Obama talks about her last days worrying about expensive medical bills.<ref name=mccormick/> The topic also came up in a 2007 speech in [[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]]:<ref name=mccormick/>

<blockquote>I remember my mother. She was 52 years old when she died of ovarian cancer, and you know what she was thinking about in the last months of her life? She wasn't thinking about getting well. She wasn't thinking about coming to terms with her own mortality. She had been diagnosed just as she was transitioning between jobs. And she wasn't sure whether insurance was going to cover the medical expenses because they might consider this a preexisting condition. I remember just being heartbroken, seeing her struggle through the paperwork and the medical bills and the insurance forms. So, I have seen what it's like when somebody you love is suffering because of a broken health care system. And it's wrong. It's not who we are as a people.<ref name=mccormick/></blockquote>

Dunham's employer-provided health insurance covered most of the costs of her medical treatment, leaving her to pay the deductible and uncovered expenses, which came to several hundred dollars per month.<ref name="disability insurance">Scott (2011), pp. 328–336.<br />{{cite news|last=Gerhart|first=Ann|date=July 14, 2011|title=Obama's mother had health insurance, according to biography|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obamas-mother-had-health-insurance-according-to-biography/2011/07/14/gIQAUFm7EI_story.html|accessdate=June 2, 2012}}</ref> Her employer-provided disability insurance denied her claims for uncovered expenses because the insurance company said her cancer was a preexisting condition.<ref name="disability insurance"/>

==Posthumous interest==
In September 2008, the [[University of Hawaii at Manoa|University of Hawaii at Mānoa]] held a symposium about Dunham.<ref>{{cite news |author=Essoyan, Susan |date=2008-09-18 |title=A woman of the people: a symposium recalls the efforts of Stanley Ann Dunham to aid the poor |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2008/09/13/news/story09.html |accessdate=2008-11-05| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081006051717/http://archives.starbulletin.com/2008/09/13/news/story09.html| archivedate= 6 October 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> In December 2009, [[Duke University Press]] published a version of Dunham's dissertation titled ''Surviving against the Odds: Village Industry in Indonesia.'' The book was revised and edited by Dunham's graduate advisor, [[Alice G. Dewey]], and Nancy I. Cooper. Dunham's daughter, [[Maya Soetoro-Ng]], wrote the foreword for the book. In his afterword, [[Boston University]] anthropologist Robert W. Hefner describes Dunham's research as "prescient" and her legacy as "relevant today for anthropology, Indonesian studies, and engaged scholarship".<ref name="duke">{{cite news |authors=Office of News & Communications |date=2009-05-04 |title=Book by President Barack Obama's mother to be published by Duke University Press |location=Durham, NC, USA |publisher=[[Duke University]] |url=https://today.duke.edu/2009/05/obama_mom_book.html |accessdate=2013-03-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806144850/http://today.duke.edu/2009/05/obama_mom_book.html |archivedate=2012-08-06 |deadurl=no}}
:See also:
* {{cite web |author=. |year=2009 |title=Details: ''Surviving against the odds: village industry in Indonesia'' by S. Ann Dunham |location=Durham, N.C. |publisher=Duke University Press |url=http://www.dukeupress.edu/books.php3?isbn=978-0-8223-4687-6 |accessdate=2009-08-22}}</ref> The book was launched at the 2009 annual meeting of the [[American Anthropological Association]] in Philadelphia with a special Presidential Panel on Dunham's work; The 2009 meeting was taped by [[C-SPAN]].<ref>{{cite web |author=. |date=2009-12-16 |title=C-SPAN airs 2009 presidential session on S. Ann Dunham |location=Arlington, Va. |publisher=American Anthropological Association |url=http://aaanet.org/issues/C-SPAN-Airs-2009-Presidential-Session-Honoring-Ann-Dunham.cfm |accessdate=2010-05-10}}<br />{{cite web |author=American Anthropological Association – 108th annual meeting – Philadelphia |date=2009-12-03 |title=Panel on Ann Dunham's "Surviving against the odds: village industry in Indonesia" (video 1:57:18) |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=[[Book TV]] |url=http://www.c-span.org/video/?290714-1/book-discussion-surviving-odds |accessdate=2015-04-05}}</ref>

In 2009, an exhibition of Dunham's Javanese [[batik]] textile collection (''A Lady Found a Culture in its Cloth: Barack Obama's Mother and Indonesian Batiks'') toured six museums in the United States, finishing the tour at the [[Textile Museum (Washington, D.C.)|Textile Museum]] of Washington, D.C. in August.<ref>{{cite news |author=McCann, Ruth |date=2009-08-08 |title=Cut from Obama's mother's cloth |newspaper=The Washington Post |page=C1 |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/07/AR2009080703192.html |accessdate=2009-08-22}}</ref> Early in her life, Dunham explored her interest in the textile arts as a weaver, creating wall hangings for her own enjoyment. After moving to Indonesia, she was attracted to the striking textile art of the batik and began to collect a variety of different fabrics.<ref>{{cite web|author=. |year=2009 |title=Previous exhibitions: A lady found a culture in its cloth: Barack Obama's mother and Indonesian batiks, August 9–23, 2009 |url=http://textilemuseum.org/exhibitions/previous.htm |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Textile Museum |accessdate=2009-09-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811094044/http://www.textilemuseum.org/exhibitions/previous.htm |archivedate=August 11, 2009 }}</ref>

In December 2010 Dunham was awarded the Bintang Jasa Utama, the highest civilian award in [[Indonesia]].<ref name="Bintang Jasa Utama">{{cite web |title=Wisdom 2010 Yogyakarta, Indonesia|url=http://www.tourjogja.com/agenda-90-wisdom-2010-yogyakarta-indonesia.html|accessdate=2012-02-28}}</ref>

A lengthy major biography of Dunham by former [[New York Times]] reporter Janny Scott, titled ''A Singular Woman'', was published in 2011.

The University of Hawaii Foundation has established the Ann Dunham Soetoro Endowment, which supports a faculty position housed in the Anthropology Department at the [[University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa]], and the Ann Dunham Soetoro Graduate Fellowships, providing funding for students associated with the [[East–West Center]] (EWC) in [[Honolulu|Honolulu, Hawaii]].<ref name="The Ann Dunham Soetoro Endowed Fund"/>

In 2010 the Stanley Ann Dunham Scholarship was established for young women graduating from Mercer Island High School, Ann's alma mater. In its first six years the scholarship fund has awarded eleven college scholarships.<ref>[http://stanleyanndunhamfund.com/ Stanley Ann Dunham Scholarship Fund Website]</ref>

On January 1, 2012, President Obama and family visited an exhibition of his mother's anthropological work on display at the [[East–West Center]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mrs-o.com/newdata/2012/1/3/scenes-from-hawaii-part-ii.html |title=Scenes from Hawaii, Part II |date=January 3, 2012 |publisher=mrs-o.org |accessdate=February 6, 2012}}</ref>

Filmmaker Vivian Norris's feature length biographical film of Ann Dunham entitled ''[[Obama Mama]]'' (La mère d'Obama-French title) premiered on May 31, 2014 as part of the 40th annual Seattle International Film Festival, not far from where Dunham grew up on Mercer Island.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siff.net/festival-2014/obama-mama|title=Obama Mama|work=Seattle International Film Festival|accessdate=19 February 2015}}</ref>

==Personal beliefs==
In his 1995 memoir ''[[Dreams from My Father]]'', Barack Obama wrote, "My mother's confidence in needlepoint virtues depended on a faith I didn't possess... In a land [Indonesia] where fatalism remained a necessary tool for enduring hardship&nbsp;... she was a lonely witness for secular humanism, a soldier for New Deal, Peace Corps, position-paper liberalism."<ref>{{cite news |author=De Zutter, Hank |date=1995-12-08 |title=What makes Obama run? |newspaper=Chicago Reader |url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/features/stories/archive/barackobama |accessdate=2008-04-01| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080502105710/http://www.chicagoreader.com/features/stories/archive/barackobama| archivedate= 2 May 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> In his 2006 book ''[[The Audacity of Hope]]'' Obama wrote, "I was not raised in a religious household&nbsp;... My mother's own experiences&nbsp;... only reinforced this inherited skepticism. Her memories of the Christians who populated her youth were not fond ones&nbsp;... And yet for all her professed secularism, my mother was in many ways the most spiritually awakened person that I've ever known."<ref>{{cite news |author=Obama, Barack |date=2006-10-15|title=Book excerpt (from ''The Audacity of Hope'') |magazine=Time |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1546298,00.html |accessdate=2008-02-28| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080314050040/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1546298,00.html| archivedate= 14 March 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> "Religion for her was "just one of the many ways—and not necessarily the best way—that man attempted to control the unknowable and understand the deeper truths about our lives," Obama wrote.<ref name="csmonitor">{{Cite news |author=Sabar, Ariel |date=2007-07-16 |title=Barack Obama: Putting faith out front |newspaper=The Christian Science Monitor |page=1 |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0716/p01s01-uspo.htm |accessdate=2008-06-01| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080703200624/http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0716/p01s01-uspo.htm| archivedate= 3 July 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>{{quote box|width=30%|align=right|quote="She felt that somehow, wandering through uncharted territory, we might stumble upon something that will, in an instant, seem to represent who we are at the core. That was very much her philosophy of life—to not be limited by fear or narrow definitions, to not build walls around ourselves and to do our best to find kinship and beauty in unexpected places."|source=Maya Soetoro-Ng<ref name=freespirit />}}

Dunham's daughter, Maya Soetoro-Ng, when asked later if her mother was an atheist, said, "I wouldn't have called her an atheist. She was an agnostic. She basically gave us all the good books—the Bible, the Hindu ''Upanishads'' and the Buddhist scripture, the ''[[Tao Te Ching]]''—and wanted us to recognize that everyone has something beautiful to contribute."<ref name="Solomon 2008"/> "Jesus, she felt, was a wonderful example. But she felt that a lot of Christians behaved in un-Christian ways."<ref name="csmonitor"/> On the other hand, Maxine Box, Dunham's best friend in high school, said that Dunham "touted herself [then] as an atheist, and it was something she'd read about and could argue. She was always challenging and arguing and comparing. She was already thinking about things that the rest of us hadn't."<ref name=notjustagirl/>

In a 2007 speech, Obama contrasted the beliefs of his mother to those of her parents, and commented on her spirituality and skepticism: "My mother, whose parents were nonpracticing Baptists and Methodists, was one of the most spiritual souls I ever knew. But she had a healthy skepticism of religion as an institution."<ref name="ripley"/>

Obama also described his own beliefs in relation to the religious upbringing of his mother and father:

<blockquote>My father was from Kenya and a lot of people in his village were Muslim. He didn't practice Islam. Truth is he wasn't very religious. He met my mother. My mother was a Christian from Kansas, and they married and then divorced. I was raised by my mother. So, I've always been a Christian. The only connection I've had to Islam is that my grandfather on my father's side came from that country. But I've never practiced Islam.<ref>{{cite web |author=Anburajan, Aswini |date=2007-12-22 |title=Obama asked about connection to Islam |work=First Read |publisher=msnbc.com |url=http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/12/22/531492.aspx |accessdate=2008-02-28| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080306042204/http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/12/22/531492.aspx| archivedate= 6 March 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}<br />{{cite news |author=Saul, Michael |date=2007-12-22 |title=I'm no Muslim, says Barack Obama |newspaper=New York Daily News |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/2007/12/23/2007-12-23_im_no_muslim_says_barack_obama.html |accessdate=2008-02-28}}</ref> </blockquote>

==Publications==
* {{cite book |last1=Dunham |first1=S Ann |title=Civil rights of working Indonesian women |year=1982 |oclc=428080409}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dunham |first1=S Ann |title=The effects of industrialization on women workers in Indonesia |year=1982 |oclc=428078083}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dunham |first1=S Ann |title=Women's work in village industries on Java |year=1982 |oclc=663711102 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Dunham |first1=S Ann |title=Women's economic activities in North Coast fishing communities: background for a proposal from PPA |year=1983 |oclc=428080414}}
* {{cite book  |last1=Dunham |first1=S Ann |last2=Haryanto |first2=Roes |year=1990 |title=BRI Briefing Booklet: KUPEDES Development Impact Survey |location=Jakarta |publisher=Bank Rakyat Indonesia}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Dunham |first=S Ann |year=1992 |title=Peasant blacksmithing in Indonesia : surviving against all odds |location=Honolulu|publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa]] |id={{OCLC|608906279|607863728|221709485}}}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dunham |first1=S Ann |last2=Liputo  |first2=Yuliani |last3=Prabantoro |first3=Andityas |title=Pendekar-pendekar besi Nusantara : kajian antropologi tentang pandai besi tradisional di Indonesia |trans_title=Nusantara iron warrior-warrior: anthropological studies of traditional blacksmiths in Indonesia |year=2008 |publisher=Mizan |location=Bandung, Indonesia |language=Indonesian |isbn=9789794335345 |oclc=778260082}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dunham |first1=S Ann |editor1-last=Dewey |editor1-first=Alice G |editor1-link=Alice G. Dewey |editor2-last=Cooper |editor2-first=Nancy I |title=Surviving against the odds : village industry in Indonesia |year=2010 |origyear=2009 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |location=Durham, NC |isbn=9780822346876 |id={{OCLC|492379459|652066335}} |others=Foreword by Maya Soetoro-Ng; afterword by Robert W. Hefner |url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/alltitles/docDetail.action?docID=10350245}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dunham |first1=S Ann |last2=Ghildyal |first2=Anita |title=Ann Dunham's legacy : a collection of Indonesian batik |year=2012 |publisher=[[Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia]] |location=Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia |isbn=9789834469672 |oclc=809731662}}

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel top|width=100%}}
<center>{{ahnentafel-compact5
|style=font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%;
|border=1
|boxstyle=padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= Stanley Ann Dunham<br />(1942–1995)
|2= Stanley Armour Dunham<br />(1918–1992)
|3= Madelyn Lee Payne<br />(1922–2008)
|4= Ralph Waldo Emerson Dunham, Sr.<br />(1894–1970)
|5= Ruth Lucille Armour<br />(1900–1926)
|6= Rolla Charles Payne<br />(1892–1968)
|7= Leona Belle McCurry<br />(1897–1968)
|8= Jacob William Dunham<br />(1863–1930)
|9= Mary Ann Kearney<br />(1869–1936)
|10= Harry Ellington Armour<br />(1874–1953)
|11= Gabriella Clark<br />(1876–1966)
|12= Charles Thomas Payne<br />(1861–1940)
|13= Della L. Wolfley<br />(1863–1906)
|14= Thomas Creekmore McCurry<br />(1850–1939)
|15= Margaret Belle Wright<br />(1869–1935)
|16= Jacob Mackey Dunham<br />(1824–1907)
|17= Louise Eliza Stroup<br />(1837–1901)
|18= Falmouth Kearney<br />(1832–1878)
|19= Charlotte Holloway<br />(1834–1877)
|20= George W. Armour<br />(1849–1889)
|21= Nancy Ann Childress<br />(1848–1924)
|22= Christopher Columbus Clark<br />(1845–1937)
|23= Susan Catherine Overall<br />(1849–1906)
|24= Benjamin F. Payne<br />(1839–1878)
|25= Eliza C. Black<br />(1837–1921)
|26= Robert Wolfley<br />(1834–1895)
|27= Rachel Abbott<br />(1835–1911)
|28= Harbin Wilburn McCurry<br />(1823–1899)
|29= Elizabeth Edna Creekmore<br />(1827–1918)
|30= Joseph Samuel Wright<br />(1819–1894)
|31= Frances Ann Allred<br />(1834–1918)
}}</center>
|-
|style="text-align: left;"|
Ancestry chart source: [[New England Historic Genealogical Society]]{{efn-lr|name="NEHGS"|{{cite web|title=Partial Ancestor Table: President Barack Hussein Obama, Jr. |work=New England Historic Genealogical Society |url=http://www.newenglandancestors.org/pdfs/obama_ancestral_table.pdf |accessdate=2009-06-11 }}{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Unreliable source?|certain=y|date=April 2015}} }}

'''Notes'''
|-
|style="text-align: left;"|{{notelist-lr}} <!--------------------------
                                             use either {{Efn-lr}} and/or <ref group=lower-roman/>
                                             To fill this notelist
                                            ------------------------------>
{{ahnentafel bottom}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite book|last=Maraniss|first=David|date=June 19, 2012|title=Barack Obama: the story|location=New York|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|isbn=978-1-4391-6040-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Mendell|first=David|date=August 14, 2007|title=Obama: from promise to power|location=New York|publisher=Amistad/[[Harper Collins]]|isbn=978-0-06-085820-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Scott|first=Janny|date=May 3, 2011|title=A singular woman: the untold story of Barack Obama's mother|location=New York|publisher=[[Riverhead Books]]|isbn=978-1-59448-797-2}}

==Further reading==
* {{Worldcat id|lccn-nr95-9198}}

{{Barack Obama}}
{{Authority control}}

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