Revision 167464940 of "Benutzer:Caropik/Jojoba oil" on dewiki

[[Image:JojobaOil.png|thumb|right|240px|Glass vial containing jojoba oil]]
'''Jojoba oil''' {{IPAc-en|audio=En-US-Jojoba.ogg|h|ə|ˈ|h|oʊ|b|ə}} is the liquid produced in the seed of the ''Simmondsia chinensis'' ([[Jojoba]]) plant, a [[shrub]], which is native to southern [[Arizona]], southern [[California]], and northwestern [[Mexico]]. The [[oil]] makes up approximately 50% of the jojoba seed by weight.<ref name="afcm">{{cite journal | url = http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/jojoba.html | journal = Alternative Field Crops Manual | title = Jojoba |author1=D.J. Undersander |author2=E.A. Oelke |author3=A.R. Kaminski |author4=J.D. Doll |author5=D.H. Putnam |author6=S.M. Combs |author7=C.V. Hanson | year = 1990 }}</ref> The terms "jojoba oil" and "jojoba wax" are often used interchangeably because the wax  visually appears to be a mobile oil, but as a wax it is composed almost entirely (~97%) of mono-esters of long-chain fatty acids and alcohols, accompanied by only a tiny fraction of [[triglyceride]] esters. This composition accounts for its extreme shelf-life stability and extraordinary resistance to high temperatures, compared with true vegetable oils.
Jojoba is an evergreen desert shrub indigenous to the southwestern US (Arizona & California ) , and North Western Mexico called as jojoba (or hohoba ) by the American Indians , it was described botanically & classified at the beginning of the 19th century.

== History ==
Native Americans extracted the oil from [[jojoba]] seeds to treat sores and wounds. The collection and processing of the seed from naturally occurring stands marked the beginning of jojoba domestication in the early 1970s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/jojoba.html|title=Jojoba|website=hort.purdue.edu|access-date=2016-04-17}}</ref>

In 1943, natural resources of the U.S, including jojoba oil, were used during war as additives to motor oil, transmission oil and differential gear oil. Machine guns were lubricated and maintained with jojoba.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gentry|first=Howard Scott|date=1958-01-01|title=The Natural History of Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) and Its Cultural Aspects|jstor=4287990|journal=Economic Botany|volume=12|issue=3|pages=261–295|doi=10.1007/bf02859772}}</ref>

== Appearance ==
Unrefined jojoba oil appears as a clear golden liquid at [[room temperature]] with a slightly nutty odor. Refined jojoba oil is colorless and odorless.  The [[melting point]] of jojoba oil is approximately 10&nbsp;°C<ref>{{ cite web|title=AOCS Method Cc 18-80 |url=http://www.aocs.org/tech/onlinemethods/search.asp?id=170&process=view |accessdate=2006-10-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313003533/http://www.aocs.org/tech/onlinemethods/search.asp?id=170&process=view |archivedate=2007-03-13 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> and the [[iodine value]] is approximately 80.<ref>{{cite web | title = AOCS Method Cd 1-25 | url = http://www.aocs.org/tech/onlinemethods/search.asp?id=192&process=view | accessdate = 2006-10-13 }}</ref> Jojoba oil is relatively shelf-stable when compared with other vegetable oils mainly because it contains little [[triglycerides]], unlike most other vegetable oils such as [[grape seed oil]] and [[coconut oil]].<ref name="jojoba">[http://thejojobaoil.com/ "Learn the powerful benefits of jojoba oil"]. Retrieved 2011-07-01.</ref> It has an oxidative stability index of approximately 60,<ref>{{cite web | title = AOCS Method Cd 12b-92 | url = http://www.aocs.org/tech/onlinemethods/search.asp?id=405&process=view | accessdate = 2006-10-13 }}</ref> which means that it is more shelf-stable than [[safflower oil]], [[canola oil]], [[almond oil]] or [[squalene]] but less than [[castor oil]] and [[coconut oil]].

==Chemistry==
{| class="wikitable" style="float: left;"
|+ Physical properties of jojoba oil
|-
| [[freezing point]] || 7-10.6&nbsp;°C<ref name="Wisniak24">[https://books.google.com/books?id=b8t59-2bLUMC&pg=PA24 Jaime Wisniak. ''The chemistry and technology of jojoba oil''. Page 24]</ref><ref name="Bassam168">[https://books.google.com/books?id=QDS8URpY4zYC&pg=PA168 Nasir El Bassam (1998). ''Energy Plant Species: Their Use and Impact on Environment and Development''. pg 168]</ref>
|-
| [[refractive index]] || 1.4650 at 25&nbsp;°C<ref name="Wisniak24"/>
|-
| [[specific gravity]] || 0.863 at 25&nbsp;°C<ref name="Wisniak24"/>
|-
| [[smoke point]] || 195&nbsp;°C<ref name="Bassam168"/>
|-
| [[flash point]] || 295&nbsp;°C<ref name="Wisniak24"/>
|-
| [[iodine number]] || 82<ref name="Wisniak24"/>
|-
| [[viscosity]] || 48 SUS at 99&nbsp;°C<ref name="Bassam168"/>
127 SUS at 37.8&nbsp;°C<ref name="Bassam168"/>
|-
| [[viscosity index]] || 190-230<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=gLSt4EiTYzgC&pg=PA246 I. J. Heilweil. ''Review of Lubricant Properties of Jojoba Oil and its Derivatives.'']</ref>
|-
|}

{{Clear}}
'''Fatty acids present in jojoba oil'''<ref name="Busson-BreysseFarines1994">{{cite journal|last1=Busson-Breysse|first1=J.|last2=Farines|first2=M.|last3=Soulier|first3=J.|title=Jojoba wax: Its esters and some of its minor components|journal=Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society|volume=71|issue=9|year=1994|pages=999–1002|issn=0003-021X|doi=10.1007/BF02542268}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-style="background:indigo; color:white" align="center"
|Fatty acid ||Carbon atoms:double bonds||double bond positions||Percentage (mole fraction)
|-
|[[Palmitic acid]] || C16:0|| - || 0.3
|-
|[[Palmitoleic acid]] || C16:1 || 9 || 0.3
|-
|[[Stearic acid]] || C18:0 || - || 0.2
|-
|[[Oleic acid]] || C18:1 || 9 || 9.3
|-
|[[Arachidic acid]] || C20:0 || - || -
|-
|[[11-Eicosenoic acid]] || C20:1 || 11 || 76.7
|-
|[[Behenic acid]] || C22:0 || - || trace
|-
|[[Erucic acid]] || C22:1 || 13 || 12.1
|- 
|[[Lignoceric acid]] || C24:0 || - || 0.1
|-
|[[Nervonic acid]] || C24:1 || 15 || 1.0
|}

The fatty acid content of Jojoba oil can vary significantly depending on the soil and climate in which the plant is grown, as well as when it is harvested and how the oil is processed. In general it contains a high proportion of mono-unsaturated fatty acids, primarily [[11-Eicosenoic acid]] (Gondoic acid).

== Uses ==
Jojoba oil is used as a replacement for [[whale oil]] and its derivatives, such as [[cetyl alcohol]]. The ban on importing whale oil to the U.S. in 1971 led to the discovery that jojoba oil is "in many regards superior to sperm whale oil for applications in the cosmetics and other industries."<ref name="afcm"/>

Jojoba oil is found as an additive in many [[cosmetic products]], especially those marketed as being made from natural ingredients. In particular, such products commonly containing jojoba are [[lotions]] and [[moisturizers]], hair [[shampoos]] and [[conditioners]]. The pure oil itself may also be used on skin, hair, or cuticles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oilyoily.com/jojoba-oil-for-nails-natural-care-for-your-perfect-manicure/|title=Jojoba Oil for Nails: Natural Care for Your Perfect Manicure|work=Body (personal) care|publisher=Oily Oily|accessdate=29 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livestrong.com/article/87154-jojoba-oil-benefits/|title=Jojoba Oil Benefits|last=Lynn|first=Maggie|date=20 March 2011|publisher=Livestrong|accessdate=29 August 2013}}</ref>

Jojoba oil is a [[fungicide]], and can be used for controlling [[mildew]].<ref>{{patent|US|6174920|Method of controlling powdery mildew infections of plants using jojoba wax}}</ref>

Like [[olestra]], jojoba oil is edible but non-[[food energy|caloric]] and non-digestible, meaning the oil will pass out of the intestines unchanged and can cause a stool condition called [[steatorrhea]]. It also contains approximately 12.1% of the fatty acid [[Erucic acid]] that would appear to have toxic effects on the heart at high enough doses (were it digestible).<ref>{{ cite journal | title = Comparative aspects of lipid digestion and absorption: physiological correlates of wax ester digestion | url = http://ajpregu.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/263/3/R464 | journal = [[AJP - Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology]] | volume = 263 | issue = 3  | pages = 464–R471 | author = A. R. Place | date =  September 1, 1992 | accessdate = 2008-03-17 | pmid = 1415629 | format = abstract }}</ref>

Jojoba [[biodiesel]] has been explored as a cheap, sustainable fuel that can serve as a substitute for [[petroleum]] diesel.<ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn3464 | title = Jojoba oil could fuel cars and trucks | date = March 6, 2003 | accessdate = 2006-10-13 | publisher = [[New Scientist]] }}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Oleochemical]]
* [[Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba) seed powder]]

==Photo gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" widths="px" heights="px">
File:Flickr - brewbooks - Simmondsia chinensis (Jojoba).jpg|Plant
File:Jojoba-weibliche-blüte.JPG|Female flower
File:Simmondsia chinensis male flower.jpg|Male flower
File:Jojoba.jpg|Fruits
File:Jojoba.seed.jpg|Seed
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist|2|Field Crops Manual=https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/jojoba.html|The History and Promise of Jojoba=http://www.armchair.com/warp/jojoba1.html}}

==External links==
* [http://ijec.net/ International Jojoba Export Council]
* {{ cite conference | url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1990/v1-247.html |author1=Naqvi, H.H.  |author2=I.P. Ting | year=1990 | title=Jojoba: A unique liquid wax producer from the American desert | pages=247–251. | booktitle=Advances in new crops | publisher=Timber Press, Portland, OR }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081206191531/http://www.jojobassaf.com/jojoba_oil.php Description and chemical structure of jojoba oil]
*[http://www.motherearthnews.com/Nature-Community/1977-11-01/Jojoba.aspx Can This Unassuming Little Desert Shrub Really Save The World?] - The first article from 1977

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jojoba Oil}}
[[Category:Waxes]]
[[Category:Vegetable oils]]
[[Category:Cosmetics chemicals]]