Difference between revisions 253282 and 253283 on enwiki

<b>FORREST L. HORN</b>



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[email protected]



Address and telephone number available upon request.



<b>OBJECTIVES</b>:   Contract, temporary or part time writing assignments; contract, temporary or part time conflict resolution assignments as mediator and/or arbitrator. 





<b>SUMMARY OF QUALIFICATIONS</b>





<b>Human Resources</b>



<b>*</b> Excellent human resources skills.  Possess over 14 years experience in all aspects of human resources management and development.



<b>*</b> Experienced in wide variety of organizational cultures ranging from Fortune 500 corporations to small shops and covering diverse product and service environments.



<b>*</b> Conceived, developed and implemented training and team building programs for both military and civilian organizations.



<b>*</b> Experienced in labor contract negotiations.



<b>*</b> Conceived and developed highly successful employee participation programs that provided both manufacturing and administrative staff with the opportunity to effect organizational change.  Programs resulted in lower operational costs, decrease in quality defects, and increases in productivity, profitability, and personnel retention.



<b>*</b> Assisted in the development of a supervisor assessment center.



<b>*</b> Conceived, implemented and managed an organizational communication program which greatly facilitated communication between management, administration, engineering and manufacturing employees at all levels.



<b>*</b> Redesigned compensation structure for an organization of over 3,000 people.



  

<b>Conflict Management</b>



<b>*</b> Researched, designed and managed my own organization providing conflict management, including mediation, conciliation, and arbitration for both organizations and individuals.



<b>*</b> Designed and implemented conflict resolution programs which included procedural guidelines, internal complaint procedures and independent arbitration options.



<b>*</b> Managed and participated as mediator/arbitrator in over 200 conflict resolution cases.  Several of these cases involved dollar amounts of over $100,000.





<b>Additional Experience and Skills</b>



<b>*</b> Highly creative and experienced writer.



<b>*</b> Directly managed organizations of up to 250 people. 



<b>*</b> Excellent presentation skills, including small group facilitation and public speaking.



<b>*</b> Highly organized, creative, results-oriented.



<b>*</b> Computer and Internet proficient; have taken the Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer course.





Professional history includes United States Army, General Electric Company and Exxon Corporation.





<B>EDUCATION</b>

	

<b>* Masters Degree</b> in Industrial Relations,  secondary concentration in Organizational Development, University of Cincinnati, Ohio



<b>* Bachelor of Science</b> in Business Administration, secondary concentration in Social Science, minors in Public Speaking and Economics, Geneva College, Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania



<b>* Employee Relations Management Training Program</b> graduate, General Electric Company



<b>* Continuing Seminars and Workshops</b>: interpersonal relations, training and development, equal employment practices, organizational policy development, organizational productivity planning, facilitator training, mediation and arbitration training, automated human resources systems, and others.



References available upon request
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'''Linguistic imperialism''', often seen as an aspect of [[cultural imperialism]], has since the early 1990s attracted the attention of scholars in the field of English applied linguistics, particularly since the publication of [[Robert Phillipson]]'s influential book ''Linguistic Imperialism''.

==Language imperialism==
===English language imperialism===
Phillipson defines English linguistic imperialism as:
:"the dominance asserted and maintained by the establishment and continuous reconstitution of structural and cultural inequalities between English and other languages".

Phillipson's theory provides a powerful critique on the historical spread of English as an international language and how it continues to maintain its current dominance particularly in [[postcolonial]] contexts like India, Pakistan, Uganda, Zimbabwe, etc but also increasingly in "neo-colonial" contexts such as continental Europe. His theory draws mainly on [[Johan Galtung]]'s imperialism theory, [[Antonio Gramsci]]'s social theory and in particular his notion of cultural [[hegemony]].

One of the central themes of Phillipson's theory is the series of complex hegemonic processes which, he asserts, continue to sustain the preeminence of English in the world today. His book analyzes the [[British Council]]'s use of rhetoric to promote English, and discusses some of the key underlying tenets of English applied linguistics and English language teaching methodology.

Another very important theme in his work is what he calls "[http://www.terralingua.org/Definitions/DLinguicism.htm linguicism]," the processes by which endangered languages become extinct or lose their local eminence as a direct result of the rising and competing prominence of English in disparate global contexts.

Defining linguistic imperialism is bound to be problematic and one's attitude towards the term will depend largely on one's personal political orientations particularly in terms of how a person relates to the increasing political, economic and military power of the English-speaking nations of the West.

The idea that linguistic imperialism is an accusatory term used by trendy leftists to account for the historical spread of English is a view often advanced by [[monolingual]] native-speakers of English who may see the current status of English as a fact worthy of celebration. Moderate proponents of English linguistic imperialism are likely to be [[liberal humanists]] who may dismiss the theory outright suggesting that English linguistic imperialism is a little more than a conspiracy theory. David Crystal and Henry Widdowson have been described as adopting this position. Extreme proponents of English linguistic imperialism are likely to envisage a monolingual, [[monocultural]], and unipolar [[world view]] with a powerful [[Anglocentric]] centre of power. [[Samuel P. Huntington]] (known for his [[Clash of Civilisations]] theory and his recent vilification of the rising use of Spanish by the [[Hispanic]] community in the USA) falls into this category. Others in this category may include White supremacists, [[Neoconservatism (United States)|Neocons]] and nostalgic [[colonialism|colonialists]] like the prominent British historian, Paul Johnson.

In contrast those who see the increasing spread of English in the world as a worrying development that marginalises the status of local and regional languages as well as potentially undermining or eroding cultural values are likely to be far more receptive to Phillipson's views. Proponents of this view may also be inclined to believe that [[multilingualism]] and cultural diversity are facts of the world that ought to be celebrated and rigorously maintained. [http://www.education.uts.edu.au/ostaff/staff/alastair_pennycook.html Alastair Pennycook], [http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/wsas/departments/english/faculty/canagarajah.html Suresh Canagarajah], Adrian Holliday and Julian Edge broadly fall into this group and are often described as [http://www.tesolislamia.org/suggested_read2.html critical applied linguists].

===Other language imperialism===
At times, especially in colonial situations or where there is a dominant culture seeking to unify regions under its control, a similar feature has arisen. Thus in each of the [[Far East]], [[Africa]] and [[South America]], regional langauges are being or have been coercively replaced or marginalized by dominant culture use within the more powerful culture - Tibetan by Mandarin, Quecha maginalized by Spanish, French over Anglo-Saxon in the Early Middle Ages, and so on.

==Common causes of linguistic imperialism==

In general, historically, there appear to be two main trends resulting in linguistic imperialism:

# A culture or culture obtains a dominant role in some context.  Persons from other cultures are pressured to adopt that cultures language to further their own lives, or are restricted or punished in their use of native culture. 
#*One important aspect of this is where the dominance is not in terms of politics, but in terms of the [[media]], thus many [[Middle East]]ern countries feel that English is aggressively imperialistic due to its ubiquitous nature in media, films and on the [[internet]].
# A culture which imposed its dominance over multiple local cultures, withdraws. the choice of language in the ensuing region becomes highly politicised, and as not everyone speaks each native tongue, and the civil service, affluent or domiinant classes and other authorities all speak the previous colonial tongue, it is retained as the only common neutral language, even though individually most people would prefer to dispense with it. 
#*A case in point is the post-colonial choice of English over (say) [[Hindi]], [[Gujarati]], [[Tamil]] or any other language native to [[India]], as the official language of India, even though it is not a native language to the region.

==See also==
*[[International auxiliary language]]
*[[Critical Applied Linguistics]]
*[[Cupla focal]]
*[[English as a second language]]
*[[Esperantism]]
*[[History of the Philippines]]
*[[Language immersion]]
*[[Linguistic Darwinism]]
*[[Linguistic protectionism]]
*[[Official language]]

==Further reading==
*''Linguistic Imperialism'' published by [[Oxford University Press]], ISBN 0194371468

==External links ==
*[http://babel.ruc.dk/~ROBERT/ Robert Phillipson]
*[http://www.tesolislamia.org/viewpoint.html For further discussions]
*[http://www.tesolislamia.org/articles/TEML.pdf Pennycook]

[[Category:Sociolinguistics]]