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   I hereby call upon the Stalinist shoplifter Tony Greenstein to help me fight apartheid by taking all of the mud people and making them work for me in my kolkhoz.

   --- Roland Rance, Leader of the Masses⏎
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'''Anarchism''' is a [[political philosophy]] encompassing [[anarchist schools of thought|theories and attitudes]] which consider compulsory [[government]] unnecessary, harmful, or undesirable.<ref name=definitions>*%26gt%3B%2A[[Errico Malatesta]], "[http://www.marxists.org/archive/malatesta/1930s/xx/toanarchy.htm Towards Anarchism]", ''MAN!''. [[Los Angeles]]: International Group of San Francisco. {{OCLC|3930443}}.
*{{cite journal |url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070514.wxlanarchist14/BNStory/lifeWork/home/
|title=Working for The Man |journal=[[The Globe and Mail]] |accessdate=2008-04-14 |last=Agrell |first=Siri |date=2007-05-14}}
*"[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9117285 Anarchism]." ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. 29 August 2006
*"Anarchism." ''The Shorter [[Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]''. 2005. P. 14 "Anarchism is the view that a society without the state, or government, is both possible and desirable."</ref><ref name=slevin>%26gt%3BSlevin,%2C Carl. "Anarchism." ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics''. Ed. Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan. Oxford University Press, 2003.</ref> Specific anarchists may have additional criteria for what constitutes anarchism, and they often disagree with each other on what these criteria are. According to ''[[The Oxford Companion to Philosophy]]'', "there is no single defining position that all anarchists hold, and those considered anarchists at best share a certain [[family resemblance]]."<ref name=oxcom>"Anarchism."%26gt%3B%26quot%3BAnarchism%2E%26quot%3B ''[[The Oxford Companion to Philosophy]]'', [[Oxford University Press]], 2007, p. 31</ref>

There are many types and traditions of anarchism, not all of which are mutually exclusive.<ref>{{cite book|authorlink=Peter Kropotkin |last=Kropotkin |first=Peter |title=Anarchism: A Collection of Revolutionary Writings |publisher=Courier Dover Publications |year=2002 |page=5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=R.B. Fowler|title=The Anarchist Tradition of Political Thought|year=1972|journal=Western Political Quarterly|volume=25|issue=4|pages=738–752|doi=10.2307/446800}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sylvan |first=Richard |chapter=Anarchism |title=A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy |editors=Goodwin, Robert E. and Pettit |publisher=Philip. Blackwell Publishing |year=1995 |page=231}}</ref> Anarchism is usually considered to be a [[far left|radical left-wing]] ideology,<ref name=brooks>{{%26gt%3B%7B%7Bcite book|quote=Usually considered to be an extreme left-wing ideology, anarchism has always included a significant strain of radical individualism, from the hyperrationalism of Godwin, to the egoism of Stirner, to the libertarians and anarcho-capitalists of today |last=Brooks |first=Frank H. |year=1994 |title=The Individualist Anarchists: An Anthology of Liberty (1881–1908)  |publisher=Transaction Publishers |page=xi}}</ref> and much of [[anarchist economics]] and [[anarchist law|anarchist legal phil(contracted; show full) the Creed That Won’t Stay Dead; The Spread of World Capitalism Resurrects a Long-Dormant Movement |year=2000|journal=[[The New York Times]]|issue=5 August}}</ref> Others, such as [[Panarchism|panarchists]] and [[anarchists without adjectives]], neither advocate nor object to any particular form of organization as long as it is not compulsory. Some [[anarchist schools of thought]] differ fundamentally, supporting anything from extreme [[individualism]] to complete [[collectivism]].<ref name=slevin
/>%2F%26gt%3B However, the central tendency of anarchism is represented by communist anarchism, with anarcho-individualism being a philosophical/literary anarchist phenomenon rather than a [[social movement]].<ref>Skirda, Alexandre. Facing the Enemy: A History of Anarchist Organization from Proudhon to May 1968. AK Press, 2002, page 191</ref> Some anarchists fundamentally oppose all forms of [[coercion]], while others have supported the use of some coercive measures, including violent revolution and terroris(contracted; show full)bertarian socialism]]" is used as a synonym for non-individualist anarchism,<ref>{{cite book|last=Perlin |first=Terry M. |title=Contemporary Anarchism |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=1979 |page=40}}</ref> that is, socialist anarchism.<ref>Noam Chomsky, Carlos Peregrín Otero. Language and Politics. AK Press, 2004, p. 739</ref>

==Origins==
{{main|History of anarchism}}
Some claim anarchist themes can be found in the works of [[Taoism|Taoist]] sages [[Laozi]]<ref name=
"EB1910">%26quot%3BEB1910%26quot%3B%26gt%3BPeter Kropotkin, [http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/kropotkin/britanniaanarchy.html "Anarchism"], ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' 1910</ref> and [[Zhuangzi]]. The latter has been translated, ''"There has been such a thing as letting mankind alone; there has never been such a thing as governing mankind [with success],"'' and ''"A petty thief is put in jail. A great brigand becomes a ruler of a State."''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mises.org/journals/jls/9_2/9_2_3.pdf|format=PDF|title=Concepts of the role of intellectuals in social change toward laissez faire|author=[[Murray Rothbard]]|accessdate=2008-12-28}}</ref> [[Diogenes of Sinope]] and the [[Cynic]]s, and their contemporary [[Zeno of Citium]], the founder of [[Stoicism]], also introduced similar topics.<ref name="EB1910"/><ref>{{iep|c/cynics.htm|%26quot%3BEB1910%26quot%3B%2F%26gt%3B%26lt%3Bref%26gt%3B%7B%7Biep%7Cc%2Fcynics%2Ehtm%7CCynics|%7CJulie Piering}}</ref>

Modern anarchism, however, sprang from the secular or religious thought of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], particularly [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]]'s arguments for the moral centrality of freedom.<ref name=Encarta>"Anarchism",%26gt%3B%26quot%3BAnarchism%26quot%3B%2C ''[[Encarta]] Online Encyclopedia'' 2006 (UK version)</ref> Although by the turn of the 19th century the term "anarchist" had an entirely positive connotation,<ref name=bbc/>%2F%26gt%3B it first entered the English language in 1642 during the [[English Civil War]] as a term of [[abuse]] used by [[Cavalier|Royalists]] to damn those who were fomenting disorder.<ref name=bbc/>%2F%26gt%3B By the time of the [[French Revolution]] some, such as the ''[[Enragés]]'', began to use the term positively,<ref>Sheehan, Sean. ''Anarchism'', London: Reaktion Books Ltd., 2004. pg. 85</ref>{{Verify credibility|date=March 2008}} in opposition to [[Jacobin (politics)|Jacobin]] centralisation of power, seeing "revolutionary government" as [[oxymoron]]ic.<ref name=bbc/>%2F%26gt%3B From this climate [[William Godwin]] developed what many consider the first expression of [[anarchist schools of thought|modern anarchist thought]].<ref name="godwinsep"/>%26quot%3Bgodwinsep%26quot%3B%2F%26gt%3B Godwin was, according to [[Peter Kropotkin]], "the first to formulate the political and economical conceptions of anarchism, even though he did not give that name to the ideas developed in his work."<ref name="EB1910"/>"/><ref>%26quot%3BEB1910%26quot%3B%2F%26gt%3B%26quot%3B%2F%26gt%3B%26lt%3Bref%26gt%3BGodwin himself attributed the first anarchist writing to [[Edmund Burke]]'s ''[http://oll.libertyfund.org/Texts/LFBooks/Burke0061/Vindication/0339_Bk.html Vindication of Natural Society]''. "Most of the above arguments may be found much more at large in Burke's ''Vindication of Natural Society''; a treatise in which the evils of the existing political institutions are displayed with incomparable force of reasoning and lustre of eloquence…" – footnote, Ch. 2 ''[[Political Justice]]'' by William Godwin.</ref> 

The first to describe himself as an anarchist was [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]],<ref name=bbc>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/%26gt%3B[http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Ebbc%2Eco%2Euk%2Fradio4/%2Fhistory/%2Finourtime/%2Finourtime_20061207.%2Eshtml "Anarchism"], [[BBC Radio 4]] program, [[In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)|In Our Time]], Thursday 7 December 2006. Hosted by [[Melvyn Bragg]] of the BBC, with John Keane, Professor of Politics at [[University of Westminster]], [[Ruth Kinna]], Senior Lecturer in Politics at [[Loughborough University]], and [[Peter Marshall (author)|Peter Marshall]], philosopher and historian.</ref> which led some to call him the founder of modern anarchist theory.<ref>Daniel Guerin, ''Anarchism(contracted; show full)grave, ISBN 0–312–23381–7, 2000, p. 46</ref> Individualist anarchism is supportive of property being held privately, unlike the social/socialist/collectivist/communitarian wing which advocates common ownership.<ref>Freeden, Michael. ''Ideologies and Political Theory: A Conceptual Approach''. Oxford University Press. ISBN 019829414X. pp. 314</ref> Individualist anarchism has been espoused by individuals such as [[Max Stirner]], [[William Godwin]],<ref name=woodcock20
>%26gt%3BWoodcock,%2C George. 2004. ''Anarchism: A History Of Libertarian Ideas And Movements''. Broadview Press. p. 20</ref> [[Henry David Thoreau]],<ref>Johnson, Ellwood. ''The Goodly Word: The Puritan Influence in America Literature'', Clements Publishing, 2005, p. 138.<br />''Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences'', edited by Edwin Robert Anderson Seligman, Alvin Saunders Johnson, 1937, p. 12.</ref> [[Josiah Warren]] and [[Murray Rothbard]].<ref> Brooks, Frank H. 1994. ''The Individualist Anarchists: An Anthology of Liberty (1881–1908)''. Transaction Publishers. p. xi</ref><ref>Gerard Radnitzky, Hardy Bouillon. Libertarians and Liberalism. Avebury, 1996. p. 49</ref><ref>Edward Craig. Rutledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Taylor & Francis, 1998. p. 248.</ref>

====William Godwin====
In 1793, Godwin who has often<ref>Everhart, Robert B. The Public School Monopoly: A Critical Analysis of Education and the State in American Society. Pacific Institute for Public Policy Research, 1982. p. 115</ref> been cited as the first anarchist, wrote ''[[Political Justice]]'', which some consider to be the first expression of anarchism.<ref>Adams, Ian. Political Ideology Today. Manchester University Press, 2001. p. 116</ref><ref name="godwinsep"/>%26quot%3Bgodwinsep%26quot%3B%2F%26gt%3B Godwin, a [[philosophical anarchist]], opposed revolutionary action and saw a [[Limited government|minimal state]] as a present "necessary evil" that would become increasingly irrelevant and powerless by the gradual spread of knowledge.<ref>{{cite book |title=[[Political Justice|Enquiry Concerning Political Justice and its Influence on Modern Morals and Manners]] |last=Godwin |first=William |authorlink=William Godwin |year=1796 |publisher=G.G. and J. Robinson |oclc=2340417 |origyear=1793}}</ref><ref name="godwinsep">{{%26quot%3Bgodwinsep%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%7B%7Bsep entry|godwin|William Godwin|Mark Philip|2006-05-20}}</ref> Godwin advocated extreme [[individualism]], proposing that all cooperation in labor be eliminated on the premise that this would be most conducive with the general good.<ref>''Britannica Concise Encyclopedia''. Retrieved 7 December 2006, from [http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9037183 Encyclopædia Britannica Online]</ref><ref>Paul McLaughlin.  Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction t(contracted; show full)

====Egoism====
{{details|Philosophy of Max Stirner}}
The most extreme<ref>Goodway, David. Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow. Liverpool University Press, 2006, page 99</ref> form of individualist anarchism, called "egoism,"<ref>Goodway, David. Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow. Liverpool University Press, 2006, page 99</ref> was expounded by one of the earliest and best-known proponents of individualist anarchism, Max Stirner,<ref name=
"%26quot%3BSEP-Stirner">{{%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%7B%7Bsep entry|max-stirner|Max Stirner|[[David Leopold]]|2006-08-04}}</ref>  Stirner's ''[[The Ego and Its Own]]'', published in 1844, is a founding text of the philosophy.<ref name = "SEP-Stirner"/>=%26quot%3BSEP-Stirner%26quot%3B%2F%26gt%3B According to Stirner's conception, the only limitation on the rights of the individual is their power to obtain what they desire,<ref>The Encyclopedia Americana: A Library of Universal Knowledge. Encyclopedia Corporation. p. 176</ref> without regard for God, state, or moral rules.<ref>Miller, David. "Anarchism." 1987. ''The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought''. Blackwell Publishing. p 11</ref> To Stirner, rights were ''[[reification|spooks]]'' in the mind, and he held that society does not exist but "the individuals are its reality"{{ndash}} he supported a concept of property held by force of might rather than moral right.<ref>"What my might reaches is my property; and let me claim as property everything I feel myself strong enough to attain, and let me extend my actual property as fas as ''I'' entitle, that is, empower myself to take…" In Ossar, Michael. 1980. ''Anarchism in the Dramas of Ernst Toller''. SUNY Press. p. 27</ref> By "property" he is not referring only to things but to other people as well.<ref>Moggach, Douglas. The New Hegelians. Cambridge University Press, 2006 p. 194</ref> Stirner advocated self-assertion and foresaw "associations of egoists" where respect for ruthlessness drew people together.<ref name=woodcock20/>%2F%26gt%3B Even murder is permissible "if it is right for me."<ref>Moggach, Douglas. The New Hegelians. Cambridge University Press, 2006 p. 191</ref> Stirner saw the state as illegitimate but did not see individuals as having a duty to eliminate it nor does he recommend that they try to eliminate it; rather, he advocates that they disregard the state when it conflicts with their autonomous choices and go along with it when doing so is conducive to their interests.<ref>Moggach, Douglas. The New Hegelians. Cambridge University Press, 2006 p. 190</ref> However, while he thought there was no duty to eliminate state, he does think it will eventually collapse as a result of the spread of egoism.<ref>"Max Stirner". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</ref>

In Russia, individualist anarchism inspired by Stirner combined with an appreciation for [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] attracted a small following of bohemian artists and intellectuals such as [[Lev Chernyi]], as well as a few lone wolves who found self-expression in crime and violence.<ref name=levy>%26gt%3BLevy,%2C Carl. "[http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761568770_1/Anarchism.html Anarchism]." Microsoft [[Encarta]] Online Encyclopedia 2007.</ref> They rejected organizing, believing that only unorganized individuals were safe from coercion and domination, believing this kept them true to the ideals of anarchism.<ref>Avrich, Paul. "The Anarchists in the Russian Revolution." ''Russian Review'', Vol. 26, No. 4. (Oct., 1967). p. 343</ref> This type of individualist anarchism inspired [[anarcho-feminist]] [[Emma Goldman]].<ref name=levy/>%2F%26gt%3B Though Stirner's egoism is individualist, it has also influenced some anarcho-communists.<ref>"For Ourselves Council for Generalized Self-Management" discusses Stirner and speaks of a "communist egoism," which is said to be a "synthesis of individualism and collectivism," and says that "greed in its fullest sense is the only possible basis of communist society."For Ourselves, [http://home.teleport.com/~rasputin/RTBGreedy-v1_2_5-en.htm] ''The Righ(contracted; show full)t; in his labor but demanded that "all natural opportunities requisite to the production of wealth be accessible to all on equal terms and that monopolies arising from special privileges created by law be abolished."<ref>Madison, Charles A. "Anarchism in the United States." ''Journal of the History of Ideas'', Vol 6, No 1, January 1945, p. 53.</ref> They believed [[state monopoly capitalism]] (defined as a state-sponsored monopoly)<ref name=schwartzman
>%26gt%3BSchwartzman,%2C Jack. "Ingalls, Hanson, and Tucker: Nineteenth-Century American Anarchists." ''American Journal of Economics and Sociology'', Vol. 62, No. 5 (November, 2003). p. 325</ref> prevented labor from being fully rewarded. Even among the nineteenth century American individualists, there was not a monolithic doctrine, as they disagreed amongst each other on various issues including [[intellectual property]] rights and [[Possession (law)|possession]] versus [[property]] in land.<ref>Spooner, Lysander. [http://lysanderspooner.org/intellect/contents.htm ''The Law of Intellectual Property'']</ref><ref name=watner>%26gt%3B[[Carl Watner|Watner, Carl]] (1977). {{PDFlink|[http://www.mises.org/journals/jls/1_4/1_4_4.pdf Benjamin Tucker and His Periodical, Liberty]|868&nbsp;KB}}. ''[[Journal of Libertarian Studies]]'', Vol. 1, No. 4, p. 308</ref><ref>[[Carl Watner|Watner, Carl]]. "{{PDFlink|[http://www.mises.org/journals/lf/1975/1975_03.pdf Spooner Vs. Liberty]"|1.20&nbsp;MB}} in ''The Libertarian Forum''. March 1975. Volume VII, No 3. ISSN 0047–4517. pp. 5–6.</ref> A major cleft occurred later in the 19th century when Tucker and some others abandoned [[natural right]]s and converted to an "egoism" modeled upon [[Philosophy of Max Stirner|Stirner's philosophy]].<ref name=watner/>%2F%26gt%3B Some "Boston anarchists", like Tucker, identified themselves as "socialist" – a term which at the time denoted a broad concept – by which he meant a commitment to solving "the labor problem" by radical economic reform.<ref>Brooks, Frank H. 1994. ''The Individualist Anarchists: An Anthology of Liberty'' (1881–1908). Transaction Publishers. p. 75.</ref> By the turn of the 20th century, the heyday of individualist anarchism had passed,<ref>[[(contracted; show full)
''Collectivist anarchism'', also referred to as ''revolutionary socialism'' or a form of such<ref>Morris, Brian. Bakunin: The Philosophy of Freedom. Black Rose Books Ltd., 1993. p. 76</ref><ref>Rae, John. Contemporary Socialism. C. Scribner's sons, 1901, Original from Harvard University. p. 261</ref>, is a revolutionary form of anarchism, commonly associated with [[Mikhail Bakunin]] and [[Johann Most]].<ref name
 = "=%26quot%3BPatsouras-p54">%26quot%3B%26gt%3BPatsouras,%2C Louis. 2005. Marx in Context. iUniverse. p. 54</ref> <ref>Avrich, Paul. 2006. ''Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America''. [[AK Press]]. p. 5</ref> It is a specific tendency, not to be confused with the broad category sometimes called [[collectivist]] or [[communitarian]] anarchism.<ref>Morris, Christopher W. 1998. ''An Essay on the Modern State''. Cambridge University Press. p 50. The collectivist ''category'' is also sometimes known as social, socialist, or communitarian anarchism category.</ref> Unlike mutualists, collectivist anarchists oppose all private ownership of the means of production, instead advocating that ownership be collectivized. This was to be achieved through violent revolution, first starting with a small cohesive group through acts of violence, or "[[propaganda by the deed]]," which would inspire the workers as a whole to revolt and forcibly collectivize the means of production.<ref name = "=%26quot%3BPatsouras-p54"/>%26quot%3B%2F%26gt%3B  However, collectivization was not to be extended to the distribution of income, as workers would be paid according to time worked, rather than receiving goods being distributed "according to need" as in anarcho-communism. This position was criticised by later anarcho-communists as effectively "uphold[ing] the wages system".<ref>{{cite book |last=Kropotkin |first=Peter |title=The Conquest of Bread |publisher=AK Press |location=Edinburgh |year=2007 |chapter=13 |isbn=9781904859109}}(contracted; show full)

====Anarchist communism====
{{main|Anarchist communism}}
Anarchist communists propose that the freest form of social organisation would be a society composed of [[self-governance|self-governing]] [[Commune (socialism)|communes]] with collective use of the [[means of production]], organized by [[direct democracy]], and related to other communes through [[federation]].<ref name=
"LibCom">%26quot%3BLibCom%26quot%3B%26gt%3B[[Isaac Puente|Puente, Isaac]].[http://flag.blackened.net/liberty/libcom.html "Libertarian Communism"]. ''The Cienfuegos Press Anarchist Review''. Issue 6 Orkney 1982 </ref>

(contracted; show full)
* Kropotkin, Peter ''[[Fields, Factories and Workshops]]'', available at [http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/kropotkin/fields.html Anarchy Archives]
* Bookchin, Murray ''Post Scarcity Anarchism'' (1971 and 2004) ISBN 1–904859–06–2.</ref>{{page number}} Kropotkin believed that private [[property]] was one of the causes of oppression and exploitation and called for its abolition,<ref name=kropcon
/><ref>%2F%26gt%3B%26lt%3Bref%26gt%3B[[Peter Kropotkin|Kropotkin]], Peter. ''Words of a Rebel'', p99.</ref> advocating instead common ownership.<ref name=kropcon>{{%26gt%3B%7B%7Bcite book |title=The Conquest of Bread |last=Kropotkin |first=Peter |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1907 |publisher=Putnam |location=New York |isbn=7195197 |page=202 }}</ref> Kropotkin said that "houses, fields, and factories will no longer be private property, and that they will belong to the commune or the nation and money, wages, and trade would be abolished."<ref>Peter Kropotkin, ''The Conquest of Bread''</ref> In response to those criticizing Kropotkin for supporting expropriation of homes and means of production from those who did not wish to take part in anarcho-communism, he replied that if someone did not want to join the commune they would be left alone as long as they are a "peasant who is in possession of just the amount of land he can cultivate," or "a family inhabiting a house which affords them just enough space... considered necessary for that number of people" or an artisan "working with their own tools or handloom."<ref name="%26quot%3BKropotkin-Act-104-05">%26quot%3B%26gt%3BKropotkin ''Act for yourselves.'' N.Walter and H. Becker, eds. (London: Freedom Press 1985) [p. 104-5]</ref> arguing that "[t]he landlord owes his riches to the poverty of the peasants, and the wealth of the capitalist comes from the same source."<ref name="%26quot%3BKropotkin-Act-104-05"%26quot%3B />

The status of anarchist communism within anarchism is disputed, because most individualist anarchists consider communitarianism incompatible with [[political freedom]].<ref>[[Victor Yarros|Yarros, Victor S.]] "A Princely Paradox", ''Liberty'', Vol 4. No. 19, Saturday, 9 April 1887, Whole Number 97; Tucker, Benjamin. "Labor and Its Pay"; Appleton, Henry. "Anarchism, True and False", ''Liberty'' 2.24, no. 50, 6 September 1884, p. 4; Swartz, Clarence Lee. ''What is Mutualism?''</ref> However Anarcho communism does not always have a [[communitarian]] philosophy, Some forms of anarchist communism are strongly [[Ethical egoism|Egoist]],<ref>Christopher Gray, ''Leaving the Twentieth Century'', p. 88.</ref> and are strongly influenced by radical individualist philosophy, believing that anarcho-communism does not require a communitarian nature at all. Anarchist communist [[Emma Goldman]] blended the philosophies of both Max Stirner and Kropotkin in her own.<ref>Emma Goldman, ''[[Anarchism and Other Essays]]'', p. 50.</ref>

[[Platformism]] is an anarchist communist tendency in the tradition of [[Nestor Makhno]], who argued for the "vital need of an organization which, having attracted most of the participants in the anarchist movement, would establish a common tactical and political line for anarchism and thereby serve as a guide for the whole movement."<ref name=Platformtext>{{%26gt%3B%7B%7Bcite book |last=Dielo Trouda |authorlink=Dielo Truda |title=Organizational Platform of the General Union of Anarchists (Draft) |origyear=1926 |url=http://www.anarkismo.net/newswire.php?story_id=1000 |accessdate=2006-10-24 |year=2006 |publisher=FdCA |location=Italy}}</ref>

===Anarchism without adjectives===
{{main|Anarchism without adjectives}}
(contracted; show full)icalists seek to abolish the wage system and private ownership of the means of production, which they believe lead to class divisions. Important principles include workers' solidarity, [[direct action]] (such as [[general strike]]s and workplace recuperations), and [[workers' self-management]]. This is compatible with other branches of anarchism, and anarcho-syndicalists often subscribe to [[anarchist communism|anarchist communist]] or [[collectivist anarchist]] [[economic system]]s.<ref name=
"faq-social">{{%26quot%3Bfaq-social%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%7B%7Bcite book |editor=Iain Mckay |title=[[An Anarchist FAQ]] |publisher=[[AK Press]] |location=Stirling |year=2008 |isbn=1902593901 |oclc=182529204|chapter=Are there different types of social anarchism? |url=http://www.infoshop.org/faq/secA3.html#seca32}}</ref>  Its advocates propose labour organization as a means to create the foundations of a non-hierarchical anarchist society within the current system and bring about social revolution.

An early leading anarcho-syndicalist thinker was [[Rudolf Rocker]], whose 1938 pamphlet ''Anarchosyndicalism'' outlined a view of the movement's origin, aims and importance to the future of labour.<ref name="faq-social"/><ref>[http://www.spunk.org/%26quot%3Bfaq-social%26quot%3B%2F%26gt%3B%26lt%3Bref%26gt%3B[http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Espunk%2Eorg%2Flibrary/%2Fwriters/%2Frocker/%2Fsp001495/%2Frocker_as1.%2Ehtml ''Anarchosyndicalism]'' by [[Rudolf Rocker]], retrieved 7 September 2006</ref>

Although more often associated with labor struggles of the early 20th century (particularly in [[Anarchism in France|France]] and [[Anarchism in Spain|Spain]]), many syndicalist organizations are active today, united across national borders by membership in the [[International Workers Association]], including the [[Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden]] (SAC) in [[Sweden]], the ''[[Unione Sindacale Italiana]]'' (USI) in [[Italy]], the [[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo|CNT]] in Spain, and the [[Industrial Workers of the World]] in the United States.

===Post-classical schools of thought===
[[Image:Bey hakim.jpg|thumb|right|[[Temporary Autonomous Zone]] theorist [[Peter Lamborn Wilson|Hakim Bey]] is an influential figure in contemporary anarchist circles.]]
Anarchism continues to generate many eclectic and [[Syncretic politics|syncretic]] philosophies and movements; since the revival of anarchism in the [[United States|U.S.]] in the 1960s,<ref name="revival">{{%26quot%3Brevival%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%7B%7Bcite journal
 |last=Williams
 |first=Leonard
 |year=2007
 |month=September
 |title=Anarchism Revived
 |journal=New Political Science
 |volume=29
(contracted; show full)siness]] and government that uses [[coercion]] to subvert the free market.<ref>[[Murray Rothbard]], ''A Future of Peace and Capitalism''; Murray Rothbard, ''Left and Right: The Prospects for Liberty''.</ref> Whether in its [[natural right]]s-based, [[contractarian]], or [[utilitarian]] formulations, anarcho-capitalism has a theory of [[legitimacy]] that supports private property as long as it was obtained by labor, trade, or gift.<ref name=confiscation
>%26gt%3BRothbard,%2C Murray (1969) {{PDFlink|[http://mises.org/journals/lf/1969/1969_06_15.pdf ''Confiscation and the Homestead Principle'']|580&nbsp;KB}} ''The Libertarian Forum'' Vol. I, No. VI (15 June 1969) Retrieved 5 August 2006</ref> In an anarcho-capitalist society, its proponents hold, voluntary market processes would result in the provision of social institutions such as [[Police|law enforcement]], [[National security|defence]] and [[infrastructure]] by competing for-(contracted; show full)ictionary of Modern Social Thought''. W. Outwaite ed. Blackwell Publishing. p. 14.</ref> it differs from the individualism of the "Boston anarchists" of the 19th century in its rejection of the [[labor theory of value]] (and its [[Norm (philosophy)|normative]] implications) in favor of the [[Neoclassical economics|neoclassical]] or [[Austrian School]] [[Marginalism|marginalist]] view. Anarcho-capitalist ideas have in turn contributed to the development of [[agorism]],<ref name=
"newlibman">{{%26quot%3Bnewlibman%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%7B%7Bcite book |last=Konkin |first=Samuel Edward |title=New Libertarian Manifesto |publisher=KoPubCo |year=2006 |isbn=9780977764921 |url=http://agorism.info/NewLibertarianManifesto.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2008-12-28 }}</ref> [[autarchism]], and [[crypto-anarchism]].<ref>[[Vernor Vinge]], James Frankel. ''[[True Names|True Names: And the Opening of the Cyberspace Frontier]]'' (2001), Tor Books, p.44</ref>

====Anarcha-feminism====
{{main|Anarcha-feminism}}
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===The First International===
[[Image:Bakuninfull.jpg|thumb|right|Collectivist anarchist [[Mikhail Bakunin]] opposed the [[Marxist]] aim of [[dictatorship of the proletariat]] in favour of universal rebellion, and allied himself with the anti-authoritarians in the First International before his expulsion by the Marxists.<ref name=bbc
/>%2F%26gt%3B]]

In Europe, harsh reaction followed the [[revolutions of 1848]], wherein ten countries experienced brief or long-term social upheaval as groups carried out nationalist revolutions.  After most of these attempts at systematic change ended in failure, conservative elements took advantage of the divided groups of socialists, anarchists, liberals, and nationalists, to prevent further revolt.<ref>{{cite book |last=Breunig |first=Charles |title=The Age of Revolution and Reaction, 1789 - 1850 |year=1977 |(contracted; show full) two camps, with Marx and Bakunin as their respective figureheads.<ref>{{cite book | last = Engel | first = Barbara | title = Mothers and Daughters | publisher = Northwestern University Press | location = Evanston | year = 2000 | isbn = 0810117401 |page=140}}</ref> Bakunin characterised Marx's ideas as [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] and predicted that, if a Marxist party came to power, its leaders would simply take the place of the [[ruling class]] they had fought against.<ref name=
"%26quot%3Bbakuninmarx"/><ref>{{%26quot%3B%2F%26gt%3B%26lt%3Bref%26gt%3B%7B%7Bcite book|last=Bakunin|first=Mikhail|authorlink=Mikhail Bakunin|origyear=1873|year=1991|title=Statism and Anarchy |publisher=Cambridge University Press|id=ISBN 0–521–36973–8}}</ref> In 1872, the conflict climaxed with a final split between the two groups at the [[Hague Congress (1872)|Hague Congress]], where Bakunin and [[James Guillaume]] were expelled from the International and its headquarters were transferred to New York. In response, the anti-authoritarian sections formed their own International at the [[Anarchist St. Imier International|St. Imier Congress]], adopting a revolutionary anarchist program.<ref name=Graham-05>%26gt%3BGraham,%2C Robert '[http://www.blackrosebooks.net/anarism1.htm 'Anarchism''] (Montreal: Black Rose Books 2005) ISBN 1–55164–251–4</ref>

=== Organized labor===
{{main|Anarcho-syndicalism|Anarchism in Spain}}
The anti-authoritarian sections of the First International were the precursors of the anarcho-syndicalists, seeking to "replace the privilege and authority of the State" with the "free and spontaneous organization of labor."<ref> Resolutions from the St. Imier Congress, in ''Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas'', Vol. 1, p.100 [http://www.blackrosebooks.net/anarism1.htm]</ref> In 1886, the [[Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions]] (FOTLU) of the United States and Canada unanimously set 1 May 1886, as the date by which the [[Eight-hour day|eight-hour work day]] would become standard.<ref name='How May Day Became a %20May%20Day%20Became%20a%20Workers  %20Holiday-resolution'>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A627662 |title=How May Day Became a Workers' Holiday |accessdate=2008-01-19 |date=4 October 2001 |work=The Guide to Life, The Universe and Everything |publisher=[[bbc.co.uk]] |quote=(It is) Resolved ... that eight hours shall constitute a legal day's labor from and after 1 May 1886, and that we recommend to labor organizations throughout this district that they so direct their laws so as to conform to this resolution by the time named. }}</ref> In response, unions across America prepared a general strike in support of the event.<ref name='How May Day Became a %20May%20Day%20Became%20a%20Workers  %20Holiday-strike'>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A627662 |title=How May Day Became a Workers' Holiday |accessdate=2008-01-19 |date=4 October 2001 |work=The Guide to Life, The Universe and Everything |publisher=[[bbc.co.uk]] }}</ref> Upon 3 May, in Chicago, a fight broke out when replacement workers attempted to cross the picket line. Police intervention led to the deaths of four men, enraging the workers of the city. The next day, 4 May, anarchists staged a rally at Chicago's Haymarket Square.<ref>{{cite book |last=Avrich |title=The Haymarket Tragedy |page=193 }}</ref> A bomb was thrown by an unknown party near the conclusion of the rally, killing an officer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.odmp.org/officer/3972-patrolman-mathias-j.-degan |title=Patrolman Mathias J. Degan |accessdate=2008-01-19 |publisher=The Officer Down Memorial Page, Inc }}</ref> In the ensuing panic, police opened fire on the crowd and each other.<ref>''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', 27 June 1886, quoted in {{cite book |last=Avrich |title=The Haymarket Tragedy |page=209 }}</ref> Seven police officers and at least four workers were killed.<ref name='the  %20bomb'>{{cite web |url=http://www.chicagohistory.org/dramas/act2/act2.htm |title=Act II: Let Your Tragedy Be Enacted Here |accessdate=2008-01-19 |year=2000 |work=The Dramas of Haymarket |publisher=Chicago Historical Society }}</ref> Eight anarchists directly and indirectly related to the organizers of the rally were arrested and charged with the murder of the deceased officer. The men became international political celebrities among the labor movement. Four of the men were executed and a fifth (contracted; show full)

Expelled American anarchists [[Emma Goldman]] and [[Alexander Berkman]] were amongst those agitating in response to Bolshevik policy and the suppression of the Kronstadt uprising, before they left Russia. Both wrote accounts of their experiences in Russia, criticizing the amount of control the Bolsheviks exercised. For them, [[Mikhail Bakunin|Bakunin's]] predictions about the consequences of Marxist rule that the rulers of the new "socialist” Marxist state would become a new elite<ref name=
"%26quot%3Bbakuninmarx">"[http://www.marxists.org/%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%26quot%3B[http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Emarxists%2Eorg%2Freference/%2Farchive/%2Fbakunin/%2Fworks/%2F1872/%2Fkarl-marx.%2Ehtm On the International Workingmen's Association and Karl Marx]" in ''Bakunin on Anarchy'', translated and edited by Sam Dolgoff, 1971</ref> had proved all too true.

The victory of the Bolsheviks in the October Revolution and the resulting Russian Civil War did serious damage to anarchist movements internationally. Many workers and activists saw Bolshevik success as setting an example; [[Communist party|Communist parties]] grew at the expense of anarchism and other socialist movements. In France and the US, for example, certain members of the major syndicalist movements of the [[Confédération générale du travail|CGT]] and [[Industrial Workers of the World|IWW]] left the organizations and joined the [[Comintern|Communist International]].

In Paris, the [[Dielo Truda]] group of Russian anarchist exiles, which included [[Nestor Makhno]], concluded that anarchists needed to develop new forms of organisation in response to the structures of Bolshevism. Their 1926 manifesto, called the ''[[Organizational Platform of the General Union of Anarchists (Draft)]]'',<ref name=autogenerated1>{{%26gt%3B%7B%7Bcite book |last=Dielo Trouda group |authorlink=Dielo Trouda |title=Organizational Platform of the General Union of Anarchists (Draft) |origyear=1926 |url=http://www.anarkism.net/newswire.php?story_id=1000 |accessdate=2006-10-24 |year=2006 |publisher=FdCA |location=Italy}}</ref> was supported. [[Platformist]] groups active today include the [[Workers Solidarity Movement]] in Ireland and the [[NEFAC|North Eastern Federation of Anarchist Communists]] of North America.

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Anarchism is a philosophy which embodies many diverse attitudes, tendencies and schools of thought; as such, disagreement over questions of values, ideology and tactics is common. The compatibility of [[anarchism and capitalism|capitalism]] (which anarchists usually reject, according to the ''[[Oxford Companion to Philosophy]]''),<ref name=oxcom
/>%2F%26gt%3B [[anarchism and nationalism|nationalism]] and [[anarchism and religion|religion]] with anarchism is widely disputed. Similarly, anarchism enjoys a complex relationship with ideologies such as [[Anarchism and Marxism|Marxism]], [[Issues in anarchism#Communism|communism]] and [[Anarchism and capitalism|capitalism]]. Anarchists may be motivated by [[humanism]], [[Christian anarchism|divine authority]], [[ethical egoism|enlightened self-interest]] or any number of alternative ethical doctrines.

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