Difference between revisions 42502 and 42528 on enwiki

{| align=right cellpadding=3 id=toc style="margin-left: 15px;"
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| align="center" colspan=2 | <small>'''Years:'''</small><br>  [[1264]] [[1265]] [[1266]] - [[1267]] - [[1268]] [[1269]] [[1270]]
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| align="center" colspan=2 | <small>'''[[Decades]]:'''</small> <br>  [[1230s]] [[1240s]] [[1250s]] - '''[[1260s]]''' - [[1270s]] [[1280s]] [[1290s]]
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| align="center" | <small>'''[[Centuries]]:'''</small> <br> [[12th century]] - '''[[13th century]]''' - [[14th century]] <hr> [[List of state leaders in 1267|1267 state leaders]]
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==Events==
*[[Roger Bacon]]'s ''Opus Majus''
* Mongol built its Grand Capital in [[Beijing]]

==Births==
*[[Emperor Go-Uda of Japan]]

==Deaths==
*

'''Monarchs/Presidents'''
* [[Aragon]] - [[James I of Aragon|James I]] [[Kings of Aragon|King of Aragon]] and count of [[Barcelona]] (reigned from [[1213]] to [[1276]])

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[[simple:1267'''Screen-printing''', also known as '''silkscreening''' or '''serigraphy''', is a [[printmaking]] technique that creates a sharp-edged single-[[color]] image using a [[stencil]] and a porous fabric. A '''screenprint''' or '''serigraph''' is an image created using this technique.

It began as an industrial technology, and was adopted by [[United States|American]] [[graphic art]]ists in the [[1930s]]; the [[Pop Art]] movement of the [[1960s]] further popularized the technique. It is currently popular both in fine arts and in small-scale commercial printing, where it is commonly used to put images on [[T-shirt]]s and [[hat]]s.

In [[electronics]], the term ''silkscreen'' or ''silkscreen legend'' often refers to writing on a [[printed circuit board]].


== History ==
Silk screen printing has its origins in simple [[Stencil|stencilling]], most notably of the [[Japanese art|Japanese]] form. The modern silk screen process originated from patents taken out by [[Samuel Simon]] in the early [[1900s]] in [[England]]. This idea was then adopted in [[San Francisco, California]], by [[John Pilsworth]] in [[1914]] who used a silk screen to form multicolor [[prints]] in much the same manner as silk screening is done today.

Silk screening took off during the [[World War I|First World War]] as an industrial process for printing flags and banners. The use of photographic stencils at this time further increased the processes versatility and encouraged wide-spread use.

==Printing technique==
A screen is made of a piece of porous, finely woven fabric (originally [[silk]], but typically made of [[polyester]] or [[nylon]] since the 1940s) stretched over a wood or aluminium frame. Areas of the screen are blocked off with a non-permeable material&mdash;a stencil&mdash;which is a negative of the image to be printed; that is, the open spaces are where the ink will appear.

The screen is placed on top of a piece of dry paper or fabric. Ink is placed on top of the screen, and a [[squeegee]] (rubber blade) is used to spread the ink evenly across the screen. The ink passes through the open spaces in the screen onto the paper or fabric below; then the screen is lifted away. The screen can be re-used after cleaning. If more than one color is being printed on the same surface, the ink is allowed to dry and then the process is repeated with another screen and different color of ink.

==Stenciling techniques==
There are several ways to create a stencil for screenprinting. The simplest is to create it by hand in the desired shape, either by cutting a piece of paper (or plastic film) and attaching it to the screen, or by painting a negative image directly on the screen with a filler material which becomes impermeable when it dries.

The most popular and flexible technique is to transfer a pre-drawn or printed image onto a screen using a type of [[photo emulsion|photographic emulsion]]:

# The original image is placed on a transparent overlay. The image may be drawn or painted directly on the overlay, [[photocopier|photocopied]], or printed with a [[laser printer]], as long as the areas to be inked are opaque. A black-and-white [[Negative (photography)|negative]] may also be used (projected on to the screen)
# The overlay is placed over the emulsion-coated screen, and then exposed to a strong [[ultraviolet]] light. The areas that are not opaque in the overlay allow light to reach the emulsion, which hardens and sticks to the screen.
# The screen is washed off thoroughly. The areas of emulsion that were ''not'' exposed to light &mdash; corresponding to the image on the overlay &mdash; dissolve and wash away, leaving a negative stencil of the image attached to the screen.

Photographic screens can reproduce images with a high level of detail, and can be reused for hundreds of copies. The ease of producing transparent overlays from any black-and-white image using a photocopier makes this the most convenient method for artists who are not familiar with other printmaking techniques. Artists can obtain screens, frames, emulsion, and lights separately; there are also preassembled kits, which are especially popular for printing small items such as greeting cards.

==External links==
*[http://www.moma.org/exhibitions/2001/whatisaprint/flash.html Museum of Modern Art information on printing techniques and examples of prints]
*[http://science.howstuffworks.com/question322.htm How does silk-screening work?] from HowStuffWorks.com
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