Difference between revisions 439289946 and 439297027 on enwiki

{{cleanup|date=April 2011}}{{More footnotes|article|date=July 2011}}
'''Zerona''' is a low-level laser device applied for non-invasive body slimming of the waist, hips, and thighs.  It has been shown to disrupt [[adipocyte]], or fat cell, membranes causing the release of stored [[lipids]] and fatty material, in turn, promoting adipocyte collapse.  The device was first introduced to the market in 2008 as an [[off-label use]] device for slimming, but later was granted 510k market(contracted; show full)in]] of the [[mitochondria]] , has been reported to function as a photoabsorbing complex within eukaryotic cells ([[eukaryote]]).  This enzyme is responsible for facilitating the transport of electrons across the [[inner mitochondrial membrane]] to reduce oxygen and generate a proton [[electrochemical gradient]].  Cytochrome c oxidase serves an important role in the metabolic process known as [[oxidative phosphorylation]], which is the production of the high energy molecule [[adenosine triphosphate]] (ATP)
  .<ref>[3]Garrett, R. and Grisham, C.  Biochemistry: Third Edition. Brooks Cole; 3rd edition. http://books.google.com/books?id=iGPsen3fSOIC&pg=PA571&lpg=PA571&dq=Garrett,+R.+and+Grisham,+C.+Biochemistry&source=bl&ots=P9Znkru_30&sig=gsW_InVGXx0RT-dUjyG9RGR_pJc&hl=en&ei=f6StTcvXF4jagAfx6ITsCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Garrett%2C%20R.%20and%20Grisham%2C%20C.%20Biochemistry&f=false{{cite book |first1=Reginald |last1=Garrett |first2=Charles M. |last2=Grisham |title=Biochemistry |edition=3rd |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-495-10935-8 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iGPsen3fSOIC}}{{pn}}</ref><ref name=pmid6479342>{{cite journal |pmid=6479342 |year=1984 |last1=Passarella |first1=S |last2=Casamassima |first2=E |last3=Molinari |first3=S |last4=Pastore |first4=D |last5=Quagliariello |first5=E |last6=Catalano |first6=IM |last7=Cingolani |first7=A |title=Increase of proton electrochemical potential and ATP synthesis in rat liver mitochondria irradiated in vitro by helium-neon laser |volume=175 |issue=1 |pages=95–9 |journal=FEBS letters}}</ref><ref name=pmid2476986>{{cite journal |pmid=2476986 |year=1989 |last1=Greco |first1=M |last2=Guida |first2=G |last3=Perlino |first3=E |last4=Marra |first4=E |last5=Quagliariello |first5=E |title=Increase in RNA and protein synthesis by mitochondria irradiated with helium-neon laser |volume=163 |issue=3 |pages=1428–34 |journal=Biochemical and biophysical research communications}}</ref> Stimulation of cytochrome c oxidase with a well-defined monochromatic low-level laser instrument modulates cellular metabolism and secondary biological cascades which can affect cell function and behavior giving rise to the positive clinical outcomes that have been reported.<ref name=pmc2790317/>  Subsequent to laser stimulation the mitochondrial membrane potential and proton gradient increases, prompting changes in mitochondria optical properties and increasing the rate of ADP/ATP exchange [6-8].  It is suggested that laser irradiation increases the rate at which cytochrome c oxidase transfers electrons from cytochrome c to dioxygen [9-11]. .<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=16144476}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Aleksandr Nikolaevich |last1=Terenin |year=1954 |title=Photochemistry of dyes and related organic compounds |oclc=32060439}}{{pn}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pages=265-322 |doi=10.1016/0304-4173(85)90014-X}}</ref> It is suggested that laser irradiation increases the rate at which cytochrome c oxidase transfers electrons from cytochrome c to dioxygen.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=6479342}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=10379650}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pages=1428-34 |do10.1016/0006-291X(89)91138-8}}</ref> Moreover, it has been proposed that laser irradiation reduces the catalytic center of cytochrome c oxidase, making more electrons available for the reduction of dioxygen [12-14].  In turn, an increase in electron and proton transfer increases the quantity of ATP that is synthesized which can directly affect numerous intracellular proteins.
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The upregulation of ATP induced by laser therapy is also responsible for the increased production of a natural byproduct known as [[reactive oxygen species]](ROS) [15-17].  This highly reactive oxygen molecule participates in numerous pathways within a cell.  However, as the concentration of ROS elevates a process known as [[lipid peroxidation]] can occur where ROS reacts with lipids found within cell membranes temporarily damaging them [18,19].  It has been hypothesized that the Zerona, as a low-level lase(contracted; show full)

An article published in the American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery in 2010 demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in both serum triglyceride and total cholesterol levels following a standard two-week, six treatment Zerona administration [31].  Presently, clinical studies are on-going to elucidate the potential utility of this application.

== References ==

{{reflist}}


6.)	.Karu TI, et al. Exact action spectra for cellular responses relevant to phototherapy. Photomed Laser Surg 2005;23:355-61.

7.)	Terenin AN.  Photochemistry of dyes and other organic compounds. Moscow, Leningrad: Acad. Sci. Publ. (1947).

8.)	 Marcus RA, Sutin N.  Electron transfer in chemistry and biology. Biochem. Biophys. 1985;81:265-322

9.)	Passarella S. et al. Increase of proton electrochemical potential and ATP synthesis in rat liver mitochondria irradiated in vitro by helium-neon laser. FEBS Lett. 1984;175:95-9.

10.)	Konev SV, Belijanovich, LM, Rudenok AN.  Photoreactivations of the cytochrome oxidase complex with cyanide: the reaction of heme a3 photoreduction.  Membr. Cell. Biol. (Moscow) 1998;12:743-754.

11.)	Greco M, et al. Increase in RNA and protein synthesis by mitochondria irradiated with helium-neon laser. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989;163:1428-34.

12.)	Brunori M, Giuffre A, Sarti P. Cytochrome c oxidase, ligands and electrons. J. Inorg. Biochem. 2005;99:324-336.

13.)	Chen CH, Hung HS, Hsu SH. Low-energy laser irradiation increases endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and eNOS gene expression possibly via PI3K signal pathway. Lasers Surg Med. Jan 2008;40(1):46-54.

14.)	Mester E, Korenyi-Both A, Spiry T, Tisza S. The effect of laser irradiation on the regeneration of muscle fibers (preliminary report). Z Exp Chir. 1975;8(4):258-262.

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31.)	Jackson et al.  Reductions in cholesterol and triglyceride serum levels following low level laser irradiation: A non-controlled, non-randomized pilot study.  Amer J Cosmet Surg. 2010;27(4):177-184.

32.)    Coleman et al. Clinical Efficacy of Non-Invasive Cryolipolysis and its Effects on Peripheral Nerves. Aest Plast Surg, DOI 10.1007/s00266-008-9286-8

[[Category:Laser medicine]]