Difference between revisions 439311543 and 439311741 on enwiki

{{cleanup|date=April 2011}}{{More footnotes|article|date=July 2011}}
'''Zerona''' is a low-level laser device applied for non-invasive body slimming of the waist, hips, and thighs.  It has been shown to disrupt [[adipocyte]], or fat cell, membranes causing the release of stored [[lipids]] and fatty material, in turn, promoting adipocyte collapse.  The device was first introduced to the market in 2008 as an [[off-label use]] device for slimming, but later was granted 510k market(contracted; show full)e of lipid peroxidation products in the effect of He-Ne laser on human blood leukocytes |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=862–6 |journal=Biofizika}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15129632 |year=2004 |last1=Vladimirov |first1=IuA |last2=Klebanov |first2=GI |last3=Borisenko |first3=GG |last4=Osipov |first4=AN |title=Molecular and cellular mechanisms of the low intensity laser radiation effect |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=339–50 |journal=Biofizika}}</ref><ref name=pmid8570716>{{cite journal |p
mid=8570716 |year=1995 |last1=Geiger |first1=PG |last2=Korytowski |first2=W |last3=Girotti |first3=AW |title=Photodynamically generated 3-beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-cholest-6-ene-5- hydroperoxide: toxic reactivity in membranes and susceptibility to enzymatic detoxification |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=580–7 |journal=Photochemistry and photobiologyages=580–7 |doi=10.1111/j.1751-1097.1995.tb02388.x}}</ref> This highly reactive oxygen molecule participates in numerous pathways within a cell. However, as the concentration of ROS elevates a process known as [[lipid peroxidation]] can occur where ROS reacts with lipids found within cell membranes temporarily damaging them.<ref name=pmid16248161/><ref name=pmid8570716/> It has been hypothesized that the Zerona, as a low-level laser device, modulates cell metabolism resulting in a transient rise of (contracted; show full)tance |year=2008 |last1=Goossens |first1=Gijs H. |journal=Physiology & Behavior |volume=94 |issue=2}}</ref><ref name=pmid20107860>{{cite journal |pages=1277–92 |doi=10.1007/s00018-010-0263-4 |title=Adipocyte extracellular matrix composition, dynamics and role in obesity |year=2010 |last1=Mariman |first1=Edwin C. M. |last2=Wang |first2=Ping |journal=Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences |volume=67 |issue=8 |pmid=20107860 |pmc=2839497}}</ref><ref name=pmid19192421>{{cite journal |p
mid=19192421 |year=2009 |last1=Gutierrez |first1=DA |last2=Puglisi |first2=MJ |last3=Hasty |first3=AH |title=Impact of increased adipose tissue mass on inflammation, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=26–32 |pmc=2735041 |journal=Current diabetes reportsages=26–32 |doi=10.1007/s11892-009-0006-9}}</ref> Excessive body fat results in adipocyte hypertrophy or acquired [[lipodystrophy]].  Significant adipocyte expansion is believed to interrupt the interplay of transcriptional factors and other intracellular components yielding pathological consequences.<ref name=pmid19948207/><ref name=pmid18334583/><ref name=pmid18037457/><ref name=pmid20107860/><ref name=pmid19192421/>

Adipocyte [[hypertrophy]] has been shown to directly disrupt [[angiogenesis]], [[adipogenesis]], extracellular matrix dissolution and reformation, lipogenesis, growth factor production, glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, enzyme production, immune response, and hormone production.<ref name=pmid17021375>{{cite journal |pmid=17021375 |year=2006 |last1=Ahima |first1=RS |title=Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ |volume=14 Suppl 5 |pages=242S–249S |doi=10.1038/oby.2006.317 |journal=Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)}}</ref> Furthermore, studies have illustrated an alteration in [[gene expression]] recording an upregulation in [[proinflammatory]] factors including classic [[cytokines]] and [[complement factors]].<ref name=pmid17021375/><ref name=pmid18473870>{{cite journal |pmid=18473870 |year=2008 |last1=Heilbronn |first1=LK |last2=Campbell |first2=LV |title=Adipose tissue macrophages, low grade inflammation and insulin resistance in human obesity |volume=14 |issue=12 |pages=1225–30 |journal=Current pharmaceutical design}}</ref><ref name=pmid17505154>{{cite journal |pmid=17505154 |year=2007 |last1=Bahceci |first1=M |last2=Gokalp |first2=D |last3=Bahceci |first3=S |last4=Tuzcu |first4=A |last5=Atmaca |first5=S |last6=Arikan |first6=S |title=The correlation between adiposity and adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6 and high sensitivity C-reactive protein levels. Is adipocyte size associated with inflammation in adults? |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=210–4 |journal=Journal of endocrinological investigation}}</ref> A rise in pro-inflammatory [[adipokines]] coupled with cytokine production may promote the onset of metabolic disorders like [[atherosclerosis]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2011fact}}

Positively correlated with increased adipose tissue size are pro-inflammatory factors: [[tumor necrosis factor-α]] (TNF-α), [[interleukin-6]] (IL-6), and [[C-reactive protein]]. Participating in [[paracrine]] and [[autocrine]] signaling, adipocyte impairment may account for metabolic dysfunction as adipose tissue communicates with multiple body systems including nervous, immune, skeletal, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal.<ref name=pmid17021375/> Positive caloric intake can result in adipocyte [[hypertrophy]] modulating adipose tissue function and increasing a patient’s risk of developing serious metabolic disorders.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011fact}}

Directly associated with enlarged fat mass is the chronic disease [[diabetes]]. [[Adiponectin]], a hormone solely produced by adipocytes, has demonstrated insulin sensitive effects promoting anti-diabetic characteristics.<ref name=pmid16642957>{{cite journal |pmid=16642957 |year=2006 |last1=Ahima |first1=RS |title=Metabolic actions of adipocyte hormones: focus on adiponectin |volume=14 Suppl 1 |pages=9S–15S |doi=10.1038/oby.2006.276 |journal=Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) |issue=2Sages=9S–15S |doi=10.1038/oby.2006.276}}</ref> As a plasma protein, adiponectin has been reported to regulate insulin sensitivity via the activation of AMPK and reduction of mTOR/S6 kinase activity consequentially reducing insulin receptor substrate 1 inhibitory serine phosphorylation in several tissues.<ref name=pmid17021375/><ref name=pmid16642957/> The synthesis of adiponectin is tightly coupled with adipose tissue fat mass, demonstrating a negative relationship with larger masses. Individuals who are classified as obese display a lower plasma adiponectin concentration when compared to non-obese groups. Furthermore, a direct correlation between low adiponectin levels and the onset of type-2 diabetes has been reported. Adiponectin modulation is reflective of the deleterious outcome that manifests when the adipocyte accumulates tremendous volume.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011fact}}

Studies have demonstrated the physiological importance of adipocytes.  [[Lipoatrophy]], a condition in which the total number of adipocytes are reduced, reveals an association with [[insulin resistance]], [[hyperglycemia]], and liver [[steatosis]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=10675352 |year=2000 |last1=Gavrilova |first1=O |last2=Marcus-Samuels |first2=B |last3=Graham |first3=D |last4=Kim |first4=JK |last5=Shulman |first5=GI |last6=Castle |first6=AL |last7=Vinson |first7=C |last8=Eckhaus |first8=M |last9=Reitman |first9=ML |title=Surgical implantation of adipose tissue reverses diabetes in lipoatrophic mice |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=271–8 |doi=10.1172/JCI7901 |pmc=377444 |journal=The Journal of clinical investigationages=271–8 |doi=10.1172/JCI7901}}</ref> Therefore, preserving cell viability while restoring a lean state is an important strategy as adipocytes exert a protective action by releasing beneficial endocrine hormones. Zerona has been proven to restore a lean state adipocytes without inducing cell apoptosis. It is hypothesized that Zerona could serve as an adjunct to other dietary therapies to promote insulin sensitivity and reduce the risk of diabetes.  The Zerona, based on histological evidence, has proven to reduce adipose tissue fat mass of the waist, hips, and thighs while preventing fat cell death.  The formation of the transitory pore within the adipocyte membrane results in adipocyte cell collapse and its return to a lean state.  Reduced fat mass is associated with the synthesis of beneficial hormones like adiponectin which promotes insulin sensitivity within numerous tissues. On-going clinical trials are evaluating the Zerona for potential acute and long-term medical benefits.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011fact}}

An article published in the American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery in 2010 demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in both serum triglyceride and total cholesterol levels following a standard two-week, six treatment Zerona administration.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Robert F. |last1=Jackson |first2=Greg C. |last2=Roche |first3=Kevin |last3=Wisler |year=2010 |title=Reduction in Cholesterol and Triglyceride Serum Levels Following Low-Level Laser Irradiation: A Noncontrolled, Nonrandomized Pilot Study |journal=The American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=177–84 |url=http://www.erchonia.com/files/uploads/1/file/Jackson_Reduction%20in%20Cholesterol%20and%20Triglyceride%20Serum%20Levels%20Following%203LT_AJCS_2010.pdf}}</ref> Presently, clinical studies are on-going to elucidate the potential utility of this application.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011fact}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Laser medicine]]