Difference between revisions 4673 and 4705 on enwiki

A '''boy band''' ([[American English]]) or '''boyband''' ([[British English]]) is a style of somewhat to mostly [[prefabricated]] [[pop group]] featuring about between three and six young male [[singer]]/[[dancer]]s, but normally five.  Often, they evolve out of church choral groups, or are put together by managers or producers who audition the groups for appearance, dancing, and singing ability. They are similar in concept to [[Girl group]]s. Though the term is mostly associated with the late 90s, antecedents exist throughout the history of pop music. [[The Temptations]], popular in the 1960s, may be considered a boy band, while [[The Monkees]] certainly were prefabricated, and Latin boy band [[Menudo]] was founded in 1977.

Equally important to the group's commercial success is the group's image, carefully controlled by managing all aspects of the group's dress, promotional materials (which are supplied to [[teen magazine]]s), and [[Music video|video clip]]s, the most famous boy band manager being [[Lou Pearlman]]. Typically, each member of the group will have some distinguishing feature and be portrayed as having a particular personality stereotype - such as "the baby", "the bad boy", "the nice boy" - whilst managing the portrayal of popular musicians is as old as popular music, the particular pigeonholing of boy band members is a defining characteristic of boy and girl bands. 

In most cases, their music is written, arranged, and produced by a producer who works with the band at all times and controls the group's sound - if necessary, to the point of hiring [[session singers]] to record [[guide vocal]]s for each member of the group to sing individually (if the members can not harmonize together well). A typical boy band performance features elaborately [[choreography|choreographed]] dancing, with the members taking turns singing (or, sometimes, [[lip-sync]]ing, though Pearlman insists none of his bands do) to pre-recorded music. More often than not, boy bands are disallowed from composing or producing their own material, unless the members lobby hard enough for creative control (e.g. The Monkees and [[NSYNC|*NSYNC]]).

Though some fans consider the music to be in some cases brilliant, the commercial success of specific boy bands does not tend to last long. As the fans (mostly preteen girls) of boy bands age, their musical tastes evolve and they seek something different.  If success is sustained, often one or more members of the band will leave and seek a solo career (particularly if they have some songwriting ability), though few manage sustained solo success. (Exceptions: [[Michael Nesmith]],  [[Michael Jackson]], [[Robbie Williams]], [[Justin Timberlake]].)

==Famous boy bands==

* [[All-4-One]] ([[United States]], formed 1994)
* [[B2K]] ([[United States]], 2002)
* [[Backstreet Boys]] ([[United States]], 1992)
* [[Blackstreet]] ([[United States]], 1994)
* [[Blue (boy band)|Blue]] ([[United Kingdom]])
* [[Boyzone]] ([[Ireland]], 1993)
* [[Boyz II Men]] ([[United States]], 1988)
* [[Bros]] ([[United Kingdom]])
* [[Busted]] ([[United Kingdom]])
* [[Cumbo-5]] ([[Australia]])
* [[5ive]] ([[United Kingdom]])
* [[H.O.T.]] ([[South Korea]])
* [[The Jackson 5]] ([[United States]], 1962)
* [[Human Nature (boy band)|Human Nature]] ([[Australia]])
* [[Janne Da Arc]] ([[Japan]])
* [[Jericho Road]] ([[United States]], [[religious music]])
* [[Just 5]] ([[Poland]])
* [[L'Arc~en~Ciel]] ([[Japan]])
* [[Love Psychedelico]] 
* [[McFly]] ([[United Kingdom]])
* [[Menudo]] ([[Puerto Rico]], 1977)
* [[Mint Condition]] ([[United States]])
* [[The Monkees]] ([[United States]], 1966)
* [[Dale!]] ([[Argentina]], 1999)
* [[New Kids On The Block]] ([[United States]], 1984)
* [[New Edition]] ([[United States]], 1978)
* [[98 Degrees]] ([[United States]])
* [[NSYNC|*NSYNC]] ([[United States]], 1995)
* [[Los MP]] ([[Argentina]], 1996)
* [[Otown|O*town]] ([[United States]])
* [[OTT]] ([[Ireland]])
* [[Phixx]] ([[United Kingdom]])
* [[Kids in Trouble]] ([[Japan]], 1988)
* [[SMAP]] ([[Japan]])
* [[Take That]] ([[United Kingdom]], 1990)
* [[Take 6]] ([[United States]], [[religious music]], 1985)
* [[The Teens]] ([[Germany]]) - five boys born 1962-1964: Robert Bauer, Alexander Möbius, Uwe Schneider, Jörg Treptow, Michael Uhlich; performing late [[1970s]] - early [[1980s]]; in the [[1990s]] a comeback with two old and two new members. [http://www.teensfan.de/]
* [[The Temptations]] ([[United States]], 1961)
* [[Westlife]] ([[Ireland]])
* [[w-inds]] ([[Japan]])
* [[Lead]] ([[Japan]])
* [[FLAME]] ([[Japan]])

==Parodies==

The [[television]] series ''[[2ge-plus-her|2ge+her]]'' created a [[parody]] boy band with five personality types.

The [[Norway|Norwegian]] [[film|movie]] ''[[Get Ready to be Boyzvoiced]]'' [http://us.imdb.com/Title?0248036] is a [[mockumentary]] about the boyband [[Boyzvoice]], their fans and management.

In ''[[South Park]]'', [[Eric Cartman|Cartman]] formed a boy band named [[Fingerbang]].

The [[2001]] [[film]] [[Josie and the Pussycats (movie)|Josie and the Pussycats]] featured a fictional boy band named "Du Jour."

In ''[[The Simpsons]]'', [[Bart Simpson|Bart]] is recruited to a boy band named [[Party Posse]] that is secretly a vehicle for [[Subliminal message|subliminal]] navy recruitment messages.

On the [[Veggie Tales]] video ''The Ballad of Little Joe'', Larry, Mr. Lunt, Jimmy, and Junior do a parody of a boy band video for the original song "Bellybutton".

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[[Category:Musical groups]] [[Category:Pop music]] [[Category:Men]]

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'''Benjamin Tucker''' ([[April 17]], [[1854]] - [[1939]]) was America's leading proponent of  [[individualist anarchism]] in the [[19th century]].

==Summary==

Benjamin Ricketson Tucker's contribution to American [[anarchism]] was as much through his publishing as his own writing. In editing and publishing the anarchist periodical, ''[[Liberty (19th century magazine)|Liberty]]'', Tucker both filtered and integrated the theories of such European thinkers as [[Herbert Spencer]] and [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]] with the thinking of American individualist activists, [[Lysander Spooner]], [[William Greene]] and [[Josiah Warren]], as well as the ideas of the [[Free thinker|free thought]] and [[free love]] movements in order to produce a rigorous system of philosophical- or [[individualist anarchism]].

Tucker shared with the advocates of free love and free thought a disdain for prohibitions on non-invasive behavior and religiously-based legislation, but he saw the poor condition of American workers as a result of four state-maintained monopolies: 
# the money monopoly, 
# the land monopoly, 
# tariffs, and 
# patents. 

His focus for several decades became the state's economic control of how trade could take place, and what currency counted as legitimate. He saw interest and profit as a form of exploitation. Though not directly examples of [[coercion]] (or "invasion" as Tucker preferred to say), they were nevertheless artificially-inflated by the state-sponsored banking monopoly, which was in turn maintained through coercion and invasion. Any such state-sponsored interest and profit, Tucker called "[[usury]]" and he saw it as the basis for the oppression of the workers.

He was the first to translate into English Proudhon's ''What is Property?'' and [[Max Stirner]]'s ''The Ego and Its Own'' -- which Tucker claimed was his proudest accomplishment.

''Liberty'' published the original work of [[Lysander Spooner]], [[Auberon Herbert]], [[Victor Yarros]], and [[Lillian Harman]], daughter of the free love anarchist, [[Moses Harman]].

''Liberty'' also published such items as [[George Bernard Shaw]]'s first original article to appear in the United States and the first American translated excerpts of [[Friedrich Nietzsche]].

Tucker's periodical also served as the main conduit of Stirnerite [[Egoism]], of which Tucker became a proponent. This led to a split in American Individualism -- between the growing number of Egoists and the old guard of [[Lysander Spooner|Spoonerian]] "[[Natural law|Natural Lawyers]]". Both Egoists and Natural Law theorists rejected coercive authority, involuntary legislation, and the notion of a "[[social contract]]." However, they differed over the philosophical basis for their individualism: Natural Law theory derived it from a conception of a natural individual right to be free from coercion, whereas Egoism defended anarchism as a pragmatic compromise in a system where each individual sought only self-interest. Having abandoned the moral philosophy of Lysander Spooner (as well as of Warren and Proudhon, who Tucker considered to have been the first anarchists), ''Liberty'' also abandoned the remaining advocates of natural rights, now considering their moral philosophy to be old-fashioned and superstitious.

==Dates, Places and Events==

Born April 17, [[1854]] in South Dartmouth, Massachusetts.

Died at age 85, June 22, [[1939]] in Monaco.

[[1872]] -- While a student at M.I.T., Tucker attended a convention of the New England Labor Reform League in Boston, chaired by William Greene, author of [[Mutual Banking]] (1850).

[[Free-love]] anarchist, [[Ezra Heywood]] introduced Tucker to [[William Greene]] and [[Josiah Warren]], author of ''True Civilization'' (1869).

At the convention, Tucker purchased ''Mutual Banking'', ''True Civilization'', and a set of Ezra Heywood's pamphlets.

[[1876]] -- Tucker's debut into radical circles: Heywood published Tucker's English translation of [[Proudhon]]'s classic work ''What is Property?''.

[[1877]]-[[1878]] -- Published his original journal, ''Radical Review'', which lasted 4 issues.

August [[1881]] to April [[1908]] -- published the periodical, ''Liberty'', "widely considered to be the finest individualist-anarchist periodical ever issued in the English language."

[[1892]] -- moved ''Liberty'' from Boston to New York

[[1906]] -- Opened '''Tucker's Unique Book Shop''' in New York City -- promoting "Egoism in Philosophy, Anarchism in Politics, Iconoclasm in Art".

[[1908]] -- A fire destroyed Tucker's uninsured printing equipment and his 30-year stock of books and pamphlets. Tucker's lover, Pearl Johnson -- 25 years his junior -- was pregnant with their daughter, Oriole Tucker. Six weeks after Oriole's birth, Tucker closed both ''Liberty'' and the book shop and moved his family to France.

[[1939]] -- Tucker died in [[Monaco]], in the company of his lover Pearl Johnson and their daughter, Oriole, who reported, "Father's attitude towards communism never changed one whit, nor about religion.... In his last months he called in the French housekeeper. 'I want her,' he said, 'to be a witness that on my death bed I'm not recanting. I do not believe in God!" J. William Lloyd [http://www.mises.org/fullstory.aspx?control=697&fs=memories+of+benjamin+tucker wrote that] "There was nothing he hated more than communism, and the Communist-Anarchists used to call him "the Pope"." 

* [http://www.BlackCrayon.com/people/tucker/ BlackCrayon.com: People: Benjamin Tucker]
* [http://flag.blackened.net/daver/anarchism/tucker/ flag.blackened.net: Benjamin Tucker: Individualist Anarchist]

[[Category:1854 births|Tucker, Benjamin]]
[[Category:1939 deaths|Tucker, Benjamin]]
[[Category:Anarchists|Tucker, Benjamin]]

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