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<ref></ref>{{cleanup|date=April 2011}}{{More footnotes|article|date=July 2011}}
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'''Zerona''' is a low-level laser device developed by Erchonia Corp. for non-invasive body slimming of the waist, hips, and thighs. It has been shown to disrupt [[adipocyte]], or fat cell, membranes causing the release of stored [[lipids]] and fatty material, in turn, promoting adipocyte collapse. The device was first introduced to the market in 2008 as an [[off-label use]] device for slimming, but later was granted 510k market clearance by the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (contracted; show full)ast4=Turok |first5=Ryan J. |last5=Maloney |year=2009 |url=http://www.erchonia.com/files/uploads/1/file/Jackson_3LT%20Non-Invasive%20Approach%20for%20Body%20Contouring%20Randomized%20Controlled%20Study_LISM_12_09.pdf |title=Low-Level Laser Therapy as a Non-Invasive Approach for Body Contouring: A Randomized, Controlled Study |journal=Lasers in Surgery and Medicine |volume=41 |issue=10 |pages=799–809 |doi=10.1002/lsm.20855}}</ref>

== Device ==
Zerona is a class II low-level laser under 21 CFR 878.540.
 <ref>http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/pdf8/K082609.pdf</ref> [[Low level laser therapy]] (LLLT) represents a division of [[photomedicine]] utilizing defined parameters of laser light for the treatment of a specific medical ailment.  The efficacy and safety of this subtle therapeutic approach is dependent on the [[wavelength]], [[dosage]], pulsation, and [[intensity]] being applied. For instance, laser therapy has exhibited a biphasic dose response revealing that too much applied energy could hamper or prevent the desired clinical outcome from transpiring.<ref nam(contracted; show full)t4=A |last5=Atmaca |first5=S |last6=Arikan |first6=S |title=The correlation between adiposity and adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6 and high sensitivity C-reactive protein levels. Is adipocyte size associated with inflammation in adults? |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=210–4 |journal=Journal of endocrinological investigation}}</ref> A rise in pro-inflammatory [[adipokines]] coupled with cytokine production may promote the onset of metabolic disorders like [[atherosclerosis]]. <ref
>http://www.erchonia.com/files/pdf/ name=pmid19723556>{{cite journal |pmid=19723556 |year=2010 |last1=Galic |first1=S|last2=Oakhill |first2=JS |title=Adipose_T tissue_E as an endocrine_O organ_2010.pdf |volume=316 |issue=2 |pages=129-39 |journal=Molecule Cell Endocrinology |doi=10.1016/j.mce.2009.0.018}}⏎
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Positively correlated with increased adipose tissue size are pro-inflammatory factors: [[tumor necrosis factor-α]] (TNF-α), [[interleukin-6]] (IL-6), and [[C-reactive protein]]. Participating in [[paracrine]] and [[autocrine]] signaling, adipocyte impairment may account for metabolic dysfunction as adipose tissue communicates with multiple body systems including nervous, immune, skeletal, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal.<ref name=pmid17021375/> Positive caloric intake can result in adipocyte [[hypertrophy]] modulating adipose tissue function and increasing a patient’s risk of developing serious metabolic disorders. <ref>http://www.erchonia.com/files/pdf/Adipose_Tissue_Endocrine_Organ_2010.pdf</ref>

Directly associated with enlarged fat mass is the chronic disease [[diabetes]]. [[Adiponectin]], a hormone solely produced by adipocytes, has demonstrated insulin sensitive effects promoting anti-diabetic characteristics.<ref name=pmid16642957>{{cite journal |pages=9S–15S |doi=10.1038/oby.2006.276 |title=Metabolic Actions of Adipocyte Hormones: Focus on Adiponectin |year=2006 |last1=Ahima |first1=Rexford S. |journal=Obesity |volume=14 |issue=2S}}</ref> As a plasma protein, adiponectin has been reported to regulate insulin sensitivity via the activation of AMPK and reduction of mTOR/S6 kinase activity consequentially reducing insulin receptor substrate 1 inhibitory serine phosphorylation in several tissues.<ref name=pmid17021375/>  <ref name=pmid16642957/> The synthesis of adiponectin is tightly coupled with adipose tissue fat mass, demonstrating a negative relationship with larger masses. <ref>http://www.erchonia.com/files/pdf/Adipose_Tissue_Endocrine_Organ_2010.pdf</ref> Individuals who are classified as obese display a lower plasma adiponectin concentration when compared to non-obese groups. Furthermore, a direct correlation between low adiponectin levels and the onset of type-2 diabetes has been reported. Adiponectin modulation is reflective of the deleterious outcome that manifests when the adipocyte accumulates tremendous volume.  <ref>http://www.erchonia.com/files/pdf/Adipose_Tissue_Endocrine_Organ_2010.pdf</ref name=pmid17021375/>

Studies have demonstrated the physiological importance of adipocytes.  [[Lipoatrophy]], a condition in which the total number of adipocytes are reduced, reveals an association with [[insulin resistance]], [[hyperglycemia]], and liver [[steatosis]].<ref>{{cite journal |pages=271–8 |doi=10.1172/JCI7901 |title=Surgical implantation of adipose tissue reverses diabetes in lipoatrophic mice |year=2000 |last1=Gavrilova |first1=Oksana |last2=Marcus-Samuels |first2=Bernice |last3=Graham |first3=David |la(contracted; show full)==External links==
*[http://www.erchonia.com/ Erchonia Corp., Official Website]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Laser medicine]]
[[Category:Management of obesity]]