Difference between revisions 582292305 and 582993054 on enwiki

CRITICAL APPRAISAL
ProfessoCeBengmin Higgins” has criticised the social dualistic theory on the following grounds.
1. The Wants Are Not Limited
If we analyse “Indonesia’s life” we do not find that the desires of the people are limited because here the values of MPC and MPM are higher. This is the reason that the govt. has to impose import restrictions. Moreover, whenever the harvest is good the farmers become prosperous and the demand for luxurious goods rises.
2. Casual Labor Are Not Unorganized
Boeke presented the version that casual workers are unorganised and passive. But this may be true as far as agricultural sector is concerned but they are not unorganised in coffee, tea, rubber and plantation etc.
3. Eastern Labor Is Not Immobile
Boeke thought that eastern labor is immobile. It is not so because of attraction of modern facilities of life in the urban areas. Moreover the high income incentives force the labor to move from rural areas to urban areas.
4. Dualistic Theory Is Not Particular To UDCs Only
The eastern society, according to Boeke, only exists in UDCs. It is not true. It does exist in Canada, Italy and even in the United States.
5. Applicability To Western SocietyAccording to Professor Higgins most of the characteristics of eastern society given by Boeke are present even in the western societies. For example, during hyper inflation, speculation is preferred to investment. This means, the people in the western countries also have a strong desire to keep their capital safe and in liquid form. The western society also believes in conspicuous consumption as discussed by veblin and snob effects. The backward bending supply curve of efforts has been experienced by Australia during post war period and by US in the fifties.
6. Not A Theory But A Description
It is objected that the Boeke’s dualistic theory is merely a description rather than a theory. His findings are based upon neo—classical theory which has the limited applicability in the western world.
7. Does Not Provide Solution To The Problem Of Unemployment
Boeke’s dualism centers more on socio—cultural aspects rather on economic. He only says that govt. is not in a position to remove unemployment. Moreover, he does not mention the situation of under employment. Therefore his theory is full of shortcomings. 
CONCLUSION:
The main problem of dualistic economies is to provide employment opportunities and Boeke theory fails to do it. Therefore, Prof. Higgins has developed the theory of
i-technological dualism. • .{{In use}}⏎
{{multiple issues|notability=September 2011|refimprove=September 2011|
{{underlinked|date=November 2012}}
}}

In [[sociology]] and [[economics]], '''Social dualism''' is a theory developed by economist J.H. Boeke which characterizes a society in the economic sense by the social spirit, the organisational forms and the technique dominating it.<ref name=dual-economy>{{cite web|url=http://www.economyprofessor.com/economictheories/dual-economy-theory.php|publisher=EconomyProf(contracted; show full)sor which determine the value of the goods. It is a matter of secondary importance whether the land produces reasonable profit in proportion to the money paid for it whether the cattle can be made reasonably useful to their owner in his own business,whether the clothing covers, protects,warms the wearer or affects him pleasantly in any way. For it is not the use of these objects to the subject himself that gives them their worth in his eyes; it is what the community thinks of them that sets the standard.


==Criticism==
CRITICAL APPRAISAL
Professor Benjamin Higgins has criticised the social dualistic theory on the following grounds:
1. The Wants Are Not Limited
If we analyse “Indonesia’s life” we do not find that the desires of the people are limited because here the values of MPC and MPM are higher. This is the reason that the govt. has to impose import restrictions. Moreover, whenever the harvest is good the farmers become prosperous and the demand for luxurious goods rises.
2. Casual Labor Are Not Unorganized
Boeke presented the version that casual workers are unorganised and passive. But this may be true as far as agricultural sector is concerned but they are not unorganised in coffee, tea, rubber and plantation etc.
3. Eastern Labor Is Not Immobile
Boeke thought that eastern labor is immobile. It is not so because of attraction of modern facilities of life in the urban areas. Moreover the high income incentives force the labor to move from rural areas to urban areas.
4. Dualistic Theory Is Not Particular To UDCs Only
The eastern society, according to Boeke, only exists in UDCs. It is not true. It does exist in Canada, Italy and even in the United States.
5. Applicability To Western SocietyAccording to Professor Higgins most of the characteristics of eastern society given by Boeke are present even in the western societies. For example, during hyper inflation, speculation is preferred to investment. This means, the people in the western countries also have a strong desire to keep their capital safe and in liquid form. The western society also believes in conspicuous consumption as discussed by veblin and snob effects. The backward bending supply curve of efforts has been experienced by Australia during post war period and by US in the fifties.
6. Not A Theory But A Description
It is objected that the Boeke’s dualistic theory is merely a description rather than a theory. His findings are based upon neo—classical theory which has the limited applicability in the western world.
7. Does Not Provide Solution To The Problem Of Unemployment
Boeke’s dualism centers more on socio—cultural aspects rather on economic. He only says that govt. is not in a position to remove unemployment. Moreover, he does not mention the situation of under employment. Therefore his theory is full of shortcomings. 
CONCLUSION:
The main problem of dualistic economies is to provide employment opportunities and Boeke theory fails to do it. Therefore, Prof. Higgins has developed the theory of
i-technological dualism. • .⏎
⏎
⏎
== References ==
<references />

==External links==
* http://www.economypoint.org/d/dualism-theories.html

{{Partial Theories of Development-footer}}

[[Category:Sociological theories]]