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{{about||the political ideology commonly associated with [[Communist state|states governed by Communist parties]]|Marxism–Leninism}}
{{Pp-move-indef}}
{{Marxism|expanded=all}}
{{Use British (Oxford) English|date=January 2014}}
'''Marxism''' is a worldview and a method of societal analysis that focuses on [[Social class|class]] relations and societal conflict, that uses a [[Historical materialism|materialist interpretation of historical development]], and a [[dialectic]]al view of social transformation.  Marxist methodology uses [[economic]] and [[sociopolitical]] inquiry and applies that to the critique and analysis of the development of [[capitalism]] and the role of [[class struggle]] in systemic economic change.

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In the mid-to-late 19th century, the [[Philosophy|intellectual tenets]] of Marxism were inspired by two [[German philosophy|German philosophers]]: [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]]. Marxist analyses and methodologies have influenced multiple political ideologies and social movements. Marxism encompasses an [[Marxian economics|economic theory]], a [[Marxist sociology|sociological theory]], a [[Marx's method|philosophical method]], and a [[Revolutionary socialism|revolutionary]] view of social chang(contracted; show full)
The identity of a social class derives from its relationship to the [[means of production]]; Marx describes the social classes in capitalist societies:
* [[Proletariat]]: "the class of modern wage labourers who, having no means of production of their own, are reduced to selling their labour power in order to live".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Engels|first1=Friedrich|authorlink1=Friedrich Engels|title=Manifesto of the Communist Party|date=1888|location=London|pages=Footnote|url=
https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch01.htm#a1|accessdate=15 March 2015}}</ref> As Andrei Platonov expressed "The working class is my home country and my future is linked with the proletariat."<ref>Andrei Platonov, the 20th-century Russian writer</ref> The capitalist mode of production establishes the conditions enabling the bourgeoisie to [[Exploitation (Marxism)|exploit]] the proletariat because the workers' labour generates a [[surplus value]] greater than the w(contracted; show full)', International Publishers, 1968</ref> Because the ruling class controls the society's means of production, the superstructure of society, the ruling social ideas are determined by the best interests of the said ruling class. In ''The German Ideology'', "the ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas, i.e. the class which is the ruling material force of society, is, at the same time, its ruling intellectual force".<ref>{{cite web |url=
http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/german-ideology/ch01b.htm|title=Karl Marx, ''The German Ideology''}}</ref>

The term "[[political economy]]" originally denoted the study of the conditions under which economic production was organised in the capitalist system. In Marxism, political economy studies the means of production, specifically of capital, and how that manifests as economic activity.

(contracted; show full)ed Marxism, 'ce qu'il y a de certain c'est que moi, je ne suis pas Marxiste' ('what is certain is that I myself am not a Marxist')." See: http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1880/05/parti-ouvrier.htm</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hall|first=Stuart |author2=Dave Morely |author3=Kuan-Hsing Chen |title=Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies|date=1996|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-08803-9|page=418|accessdate=4 March 2013|url=
http://books.google.com/?id=EPENAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA418&dq=%22If+that+is+Marxism,+then+I+am+not+a+Marxist%22+hall#v=onepage&q=%22If%20that%20is%20Marxism%2C%20then%20I%20am%20not%20a%20Marxist%22%20hall&f=false|quote=I have no hesitation in saying that this represents a gigantic crudification and simplification of Marx's work – the kind of simplification and reductionism which once led him, in despair, to say "if that is marxism, then I am not a marxist"}}</ref> American Marxist scholar [[Hal Draper(contracted; show full)

==Etymology==
The term "Marxism" was popularized by [[Karl Kautsky]] who considered himself an "orthodox" Marxist during the dispute between the orthodox and revisionist followers of Marx.<ref name="Georges
%25252520Haupt%252525202010%2525252E%25252520pp%2525252E%2525252018%252525E2%25252580%25252593 Haupt 2010. pp. 18–19">Georges Haupt, Peter Fawcett, Eric Hobsbawm. ''Aspects of International Socialism, 1871–1914: Essays by Georges Haupt''. Paperback Edition. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010. pp. 18–19.</ref> Kautsky's revisionist rival [[Eduard Bernstein]] also later adopted use of the term.<ref name="Georges%25252520Haupt%252525202010%2525252E%25252520pp%2525252E%2525252018%252525E2%25252580%25252593 Haupt 2010. pp. 18–19"/> Engels did not support the use of the term "Marxism" to describe either Marx's or his views.<ref name="Georges%25252520Haupt%252525202010%2525252E%25252520Pp%2525252E%25252520 Haupt 2010. Pp. 12">Georges Haupt, Peter Fawcett, Eric Hobsbawm. ''Aspects of International Socialism, 1871–1914: Essays by Georges Haupt''. Paperback Edition. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Pp. 12.</ref> Engels claimed that the term was being abusively used as a rhetorical qualifier by those attempting to cast themselves as "real" followers of Marx while casting others in different terms, such as "Lassallians".<ref name="Georges%25252520Haupt%252525202010%2525252E%25252520Pp%2525252E%25252520 Haupt 2010. Pp. 12"/> In 1882, Engels claimed that Marx had criticized self-proclaimed "Marxist" [[Paul Lafargue]], by saying that if Lafargue's views were considered "Marxist", then "[o]ne thing is certain and that is that I am not a Marxist".<ref name="Georges%25252520Haupt%252525202010%2525252E%25252520Pp%2525252E%25252520 Haupt 2010. Pp. 12"/>

==History==

===Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels===
{{Main|Karl Marx|Friedrich Engels}}

Karl Marx (5 May 1818&nbsp;– 14 March 1883) was a German [[Philosophy|philosopher]], political economist, and socialist revolutionary, who addressed the matters of [[Marx's theory of alienation|alienation]] and [[exploitation]] of the working class, the [[capitalist mode of production]], and historical materialism. He is famous for analysing history in terms of class struggle, summarised in the ini(contracted; show full)anization. [[Individualist anarchism|Individualist anarchists]], who are often neither socialists nor capitalists, reject Marxism as a [[statism|statist]] ideology. Anarchist [[Mikhail Bakunin]] criticized Marx for his authoritarian bent.<ref name=Bakunin1872>{{Citation |last=Bakunin |first=Mikhail |authorlink=Mikhail Bakunin |title=Letter to ''La Liberté'', quoted in ''Bakunin on Anarchy'', translated and edited by Sam Dolgoff, 1971 |date=October 5, 1872 |url=
https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/works/1872/la-liberte.htm}}</ref> The phrase "barracks socialism" became a shorthand for this critique, evoking the image of citizens' lives being as regimented as the lives of [[conscription|conscripts]] in a [[barracks]].<ref name="Sperber_2013">{{Citation |last=Sperber |first=Jonathan |year=2013 |title=Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hBpSh9JYAKcC |publisher=W.W. Norton & Co |postscript=.}}</ref>

===Economic critiques===

Other critiques come from an economic standpoint. Economists such as [[Friedrich Hayek]] have criticized Marxism for allocating resources inefficiently.

(contracted; show full)]] by identifying that without price signals in capital goods, all other aspects of the market economy are irrational. This led him to declare "...&nbsp;that rational economic activity is impossible in a socialist [[commonwealth]]."<ref name="Mises">{{cite book | title=Economic calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth | accessdate=2008-09-08 | last=Von Mises | first=Ludwig | authorlink=Ludwig von Mises | date=1990 | format=pdf | publisher=[[Ludwig von Mises Institute]] | url=
https://mises.org/pdf/econcalc.pdf}}</ref> Mises then elaborated on every form of socialism more completely in his 1922 book ''Socialism, an Economic and Sociological Analysis''. Contemporary Austrian critics include [[Murray Rothbard]], [[David Gordon (philosopher)|David Gordon]], [[Yuri Maltsev]], [[Gary North (economist)|Gary North]], and [[Joseph Salerno]].

==See also==
{{organize section|date=June 2013}}
{{Multicol}}
* [[Analytical Marxism]]
* [[Austromarxism]]
* [[Criticisms of Marxism]]
(contracted; show full)
* {{cite book |title=Prehistorian: A Biography of V. Gordon Childe|last=Green |authorformat=scap|first=Sally|date=1981|publisher=Moonraker Press|location=Bradford-on-Avon, Wiltshire|isbn=0-239-00206-7|ref=Gre81}}
* {{cite book |title=Karl Marx: A Brief Biographical Sketch with an Exposition of Marxism|last=Lenin |authorformat=scap|first=Vladimir|authorlink=Vladimir Lenin|date=1967|origyear=1913|publisher=Foreign Languages Press|location=Peking|isbn=|url=
http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/granat/index.htm|accessdate=2014-06-17|nopp=|ref=Len67}}
* {{cite book |title=Wage Labour and Capital|last=Marx |authorformat=scap|first=Karl|authorlink=Karl Marx|date=1849|publisher=Neue Rheinische Zeitung|location=Germany|isbn=|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847/wage-labour/index.htm|accessdate=2014-06-17|nopp=|ref=Mar49}}
* {{cite book |title=A History of Archaeological Thought|edition=2nd|last=Trigger |authorformat=scap|first=Bruce G.|authorlink=Bruce Trigger|date=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-521-60049-1|nopp=|ref=Tri07}}
{{Refend}}
* {{cite book |author=Avineri, Shlomo|date=1968|title=The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx|publisher=Cambridge University Press|authorlink=Shlomo Avineri}}
* {{cite book |author=Dahrendorf, Ralf|title=Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society|date=1959|authorlink=Ralf Dahrendorf|location=Stanford, CA|publisher=Stanford University Press}}
* [[Jon Elster]], ''An Introduction to Karl Marx''. Cambridge, England, 1986.
* Michael Evans, ''Karl Marx''. London, 1975.
* Stefan Gandler, [http://www.brill.com/products/book/critical-marxism-mexico ''Critical Marxism in Mexico: Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez and Bolívar Echeverría''], Leiden/Boston, Brill Academic Press, 2015. 467 pages. ISBN 978-90-04-22428-5.
* {{cite book |author=Kołakowski, Leszek|title=Main Currents of Marxism|date=1976|publisher=Oxford University Press|authorlink=Leszek Kołakowski}}
* {{cite book |author=Parkes, Henry Bamford|title=Marxism: An Autopsy|date=1939|location=Boston|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|authorlink=Henry Bamford Parkes}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Prychitko |first1=David L.  |authorlink1= David Prychitko |last2=  |first2=  |authorlink2= |editor= [[David R. Henderson]] (.) |encyclopedia=[[Concise Encyclopedia of Economics]] |title=Marxism |url=http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Marxism.html |date=2008 |edition= 2nd |publisher=[[Library of Economics and Liberty]]  |isbn=978-0-86597-665-8 |oclc=237794267}}
* [[Cedric Robinson|Robinson, Cedric J.]]: ''Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition'', 1983, Reissue: Univ North Carolina Press, 2000
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