'''André Ernest Modeste Grétry''' ([[February 8]], [[1741]] – [[September 24]], [[1813]]), a [[Belgium|Belgian]]-born [[France|French]] [[composer]], was born at [[Liège (city)|Liège]], his father being a poor [[musician]].
He was a choir-boy at the church of Saint-Denis. In [[1753]] he became a pupil of Leclerc and later of Renekin and Moreau. But of greater importance was the practical tuition he received by attending the performance of an [[Italy|Italian]] [[opera]] company. Here he heard the operas of [[Galuppi]], [[Giovanni Battista Pergolesi|Pergolesi]], and other masters; and the desire of completing his own studies in Italy was the immediate result. To find the necessary means he composed in [[1759]] a [[mass (liturgy)|mass]] which he dedicated to the [[canon]]s of the Liège cathedral, and it was at the cost of Canon Hurley that he went to Italy in March 1759. In [[Rome]] he went to the Collège de Liège. Here Grétry resided for five years, studiously employed in completing his musical education under Casali. His proficiency in harmony and counter point was, however, according to his own confession, at all time very moderate.
His first great success was achieved by ''La Vendemmiatrice'', an Italian intermezzo or [[operetta]], composed for the Aliberti theatre in Rome and received with universal applause. It is said that the study of the score of one of [[Pierre Alexandre de Monsigny|Monsigny]]'s operas, lent to him by a secretary of the French embassy in Rome, decided Grétry to devote himself to French comic opera. On New Year's day [[1767]] he accordingly left Rome, and after a short stay at [[Geneva]] (where he made the acquaintance of [[Voltaire]], and produced another operetta) went to [[Paris]].
There for two years he had to contend with the difficulties incident to poverty and obscurity. He was, however, not without friends, and by the intercession of [[Gustaf Philip Creutz|Count Creutz]], the Swedish ambassador, Grétry obtained a [[libretto]] from [[Jean-François Marmontel|Marmontel]], which he set to music in less than six weeks, and which, on its performance in August [[1768]], met with unparalleled success. The name of the opera was ''Le Huron''. Two others, ''Lucile'' and ''Le Tableau parlant'', soon followed, and thenceforth Grétry's position as the leading composer of comic opera was safely established.
Altogether he composed some fifty operas. His masterpieces are ''Zémire et Azor'' and ''Richard Cœur de Lion'',—the first produced in [[1771]], the second in [[1784]]. The latter in an indirect way became connected with a great historic event. In it occurs the celebrated romance, ''O Richard, O mon Roi, l'univers t'abandonne'', which was sung at the banquet—"fatal as that of Thyestes," remarks [[Thomas Carlyle|Carlyle]]—given by the bodyguard to the officers of the Versailles garrison on [[October 3]], [[1789]]. [[La Marseillaise]] not long afterwards became the reply of the people to the expression of loyalty borrowed from Grétry's opera.
The composer himself was not uninfluenced by the great events he witnessed, and the titles of some of his operas, such as ''La Rosière républicaine'' and ''La Fête de la raison'', sufficiently indicate the epoch to which they belong; but they are mere ''pièces de circonstance'', and the republican enthusiasm displayed is not genuine. Little more successful was Grétry in his dealings with classical subjects. His genuine power lay in the delineation of character and in the expression of tender and typically French sentiment. The structure of his concerted pieces on the other hand is frequently flimsy, and his instrumentation so feeble that the orchestral parts of some of his works had to be rewritten by other composers, in order to make them acceptable to modern audiences. During the [[French Revolution|Revolution]] Grétry lost much of his property, but the successive governments of France vied in favouring the composer, regardless of political differences. From the old court he received distinctions and rewards of all kinds; the republic made him an inspector of the conservatoire; [[Napoleon]] granted him the cross of the [[Legion d'Honneur|legion of honour]] and a pension. Grétry died at the Hermitage in [[Montmorency (France)|Montmorency]], formerly the house of [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Rousseau]]. Fifteen years after his death Grétry's heart was transferred to his birthplace, permission having been obtained after a tedious lawsuit. In [[1842]] a colossal bronze statue of the composer was set up at Liège.
See Michael Brenet, ''Vie de Grétry'' (Paris, 1884); Joach. le Breton, ''Notice historique sur la vie et les ouvrages de Grétry'' (Paris, [[1814]]); A Grétry (his nephew), ''Grétry en famille'' (Paris, 1814); Felix van Hulst, ''Grétry'' (Liege, [[1842]]); ''L. D. S. Notice biographique sur Grétry'' (Bruxelles, [[1869]]).
''This entry was originally from the [[1911 Encyclopedia Britannica]].''
[[Category:1741 births|Grétry, André Ernest Modeste]]
[[Category:1813 deaths|Grétry, André Ernest Modeste]]
[[Category:Classical era composers|Grétry, André Ernest Modeste]]
[[de:André Grétry]]
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