Revision 345275878 of "Friedrich Engels" on enwiki

{{Redirect|Engels}}
{{Infobox_Philosopher
| region = Western Philosophy
| era = [[19th-century philosophy]]
| color = #B0C4DE
| image_name = Engelss56fe1.jpg
| image_caption = Friedrich Engels
| name = Friedrich Engels
| birth_date  = 28 November 1820
| birth_place = [[Wuppertal|Barmen]], [[Prussia]]
| death_date  = {{death date and age|df=yes|1895|08|05|1820|11|28}}
| death_place = London, England
| school_tradition = [[Marxism]]
| main_interests = [[Political philosophy]], [[Politics]], [[Economics]], [[class struggle]], [[capitalism]]
| influences = [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]], [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]], [[Ludwig Feuerbach|Feuerbach]], [[Max Stirner|Stirner]], [[Adam Smith|Smith]], [[David Ricardo|Ricardo]], [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Rousseau]], [[Goethe]], [[Charles Fourier|Fourier]], [[Moses Hess|Hess]], [[Lewis H. Morgan|Morgan]]
| influenced = [[Rosa Luxemburg|Luxemburg]], [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]], [[Leon Trotsky|Trotsky]], [[Mao Zedong|Mao]], [[Che Guevara|Guevara]], [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]], [[Guy Debord|Debord]], [[Frankfurt School]], [[Antonio Negri|Negri]], <small>[[List of Marxists|more...]]</small>
| notable_ideas = Co-founder of [[Marxism]] (with [[Karl Marx]]), [[Marx's theory of alienation|alienation]] and exploitation of the worker, [[historical materialism]]
| signature = Friedrich Engels Signature.svg
}}

  Roland the Stalinistic insists that all Trotskyites are Rancilized pieces of manure.

  ---  Roland the Stalinist

'''Friedrich Engels''' (28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895<!--PLACES OF B/D MUST BE IN THE ARTICLE-->) was a German [[social science|social scientist]], [[author]], [[political theorist]], [[philosophy|philosopher]], and father of [[communism|communist theory]], alongside [[Karl Marx]]. Together they produced ''[[The Communist Manifesto]]'' in 1848. Engels also edited the second and third volumes of ''[[Das Kapital]]'' after Marx's death.

==Early years==
Friedrich Engels was born in [[Barmen]], [[Rhine Province]] of the kingdom of [[Prussia]] (now  part of [[Wuppertal]] in [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], Germany) as the elder son of a German textile manufacturer, with whom he had a strained relationship.<ref>{{cite web|author=Frederick Engels |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/letters/45_03_17.htm |title=Letters of Marx and Engels, 1845 |publisher=Marxists.org |date= |accessdate=2010-02-13}}</ref> Due to family circumstances, Engels dropped out of [[high school]] and was sent to work as a nonsalaried office clerk at a commercial house in [[Bremen]] in 1838.<ref name="engels-bio">{{cite web|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1895/misc/engels-bio.htm |title=Lenin: Frederick Engels |publisher=Marxists.org |date= |accessdate=2010-02-13}}</ref><ref name="tucker">Tucker, Robert C. ''The Marx-Engels Reader'', p.xv</ref> During this time, Engels began reading the philosophy of [[Hegel]], whose teachings had dominated German [[philosophy]] at the time. In September 1838, he published his first work, a poem titled ''The Bedouin'', in the ''Bremisches Conversationsblatt'' No. 40. He also engaged in other literary and journalistic work.<ref>{{cite web|author=Progress Publishers |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/volume02/preface.htm |title=Preface by Progress Publishers |publisher=Marxists.org |date= |accessdate=2010-02-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/volume02/footnote.htm#188 |title=Footnotes to Volume 1 of Marx Engels Collected Works |publisher=Marxists.org |date=1941-11-15 |accessdate=2010-02-13}}</ref> In 1841, Engels joined the Prussian Army as a member of the Household Artillery.  This position moved him to Berlin where he attended university lectures, began to associate with groups of Young Hegelians and published several articles in the ''[[Rheinische Zeitung]]''.<ref name="tucker" /> Throughout his lifetime, Engels would point out that he was indebted to German [[philosophy]] because of its effect on his [[intellectual]] development.<ref name="engels-bio" />

==Manchester==
[[Image:Engel House in Primrose.jpg|thumb|Friedrich Engels' house in Primrose Hill]]
In 1842, the 22-year-old Engels was sent to [[Manchester]], Britain to work for the textile firm of Ermen and Engels in which his father was a shareholder.<ref name="en-1893">{{cite web|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/bio/engels/en-1893.htm |title=Biography on Engels |publisher=Marxists.org |date= |accessdate=2010-02-13}}</ref><ref name="bbc-art1">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/work/england/manchester/article_1.shtml |title=Legacies - Work - England - Manchester - Engels in Manchester - Article Page 1 |publisher=BBC |date= |accessdate=2010-02-13}}</ref> Engels' father thought that working at the Manchester firm might make Engels reconsider the radical leanings that he had developed in high school.<ref name="engels-bio" /><ref name="bbc-art1" /> On his way to Manchester, Engels visited the office of the ''Rheinische Zeitung'' and met Karl Marx for the first time - though they did not impress each other.<ref>Wheen, Francis ''Karl Marx: A Life'', p. 75</ref>  In Manchester, Engels met [[Mary Burns]], a young woman with whom he began a relationship that lasted until her death in 1862.<ref name="bbc-art2">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/work/england/manchester/article_2.shtml |title=Legacies - Work - England - Manchester - Engels in Manchester - Article Page 2 |publisher=BBC |date= |accessdate=2010-02-13}}</ref>  Mary acted as a guide through Manchester and helped introduce Engels to the English working class. The two maintained a lifelong relationship; they never married, as Engels was against the institution of marriage which he saw as unnatural and unjust.<ref>{{cite web|author=Frederick Engels |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1884/origin-family/index.htm |title=Origins of the Family |publisher=Marxists.org |date= |accessdate=2010-02-13}}</ref>

During his time in Manchester, Engels took notes of the horrors he personally observed there, notably child labor, the despoiled environment and overworked and impoverished laborers.<ref name="NYT">[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/19/books/19garner.html?_r=2&pagewanted=all Fox Hunter, Party Animal, Leftist Warrior] by Dwight Garner, ''[[The New York Times]]'', August 18 2009</ref> These notes and observations, along with his experience working in his father's commercial firm, formed the basis for his views on the "grim future of capitalism and the industrial age", outlined in his first book ''[[The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844]]''.<ref name="NYT" /> While writing it, Engels continued his involvement with radical journalism and politics. He frequented some areas also frequented by some members of the English labour and [[Chartism|Chartist]] movements, whom he met, and wrote for several journals, including ''[[Northern Star (chartist newspaper)|The Northern Star]]'', [[Robert Owen]]’s ''New Moral World'' and the ''[[Democratic Review]]'' newspaper.<ref name="bbc-art2" /><ref>{{cite web|author=Karl Marx |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1880/05/04.htm |title=Introduction to the French Edition of Engels' by Karl Marx 1880 |publisher=Marxists.org |date= |accessdate=2010-02-13}}</ref><ref>Whitfield, Roy (1988) The Double Life of Friedrich Engels. In: ''Manchester Region History Review'', vol. 2, no. 1, 1988</ref>

==Paris==
After a productive stay in Britain, Engels decided to return to Germany in 1844. On his way, he stopped in Paris to meet Karl Marx, with whom he had an earlier correspondence.  Marx and Engels met at the Café de la Régence on the Place du Palais, 28 August 1844. The two became close [[friend]]s and would remain so for their entire lives. Engels ended up staying in Paris to help Marx write ''[[The Holy Family (book)|The Holy Family]]'', which was an attack on the [[Young Hegelians]] and the [[Bruno Bauer|Bauer]] brothers. Engels' earliest contribution to Marx's work was writing to the ''Deutsch-französische Jahrbücher'' journal, which was edited by both [[Marx]] and [[Arnold Ruge]] in Paris in the same year.<ref name="en-1893" />

==Brussels==
From 1845 to 1848, Engels and Marx lived in [[Brussels]], spending much of their time organizing the city's [[Germans|German]] workers. Shortly after their arrival, they contacted and joined the underground [[Communist League|German Communist League]] and were commissioned by the League to write a pamphlet explaining the principles of communism. This became the ''[[Communist Manifesto|The Manifesto of the Communist Party]]'', better known as the ''Communist Manifesto''.  It was first published on 21 February 1848.<ref name="engels-bio" />

==Return to Prussia==
[[Image:Engels.jpg|left|thumb|Friedrich Engels]]
During February 1848, [[Revolutions of 1848 in France|there was a revolution in France]] that eventually spread to other Western European countries. This event caused Engels & Marx to go back to their home country of [[Prussia]], specifically the city of [[Cologne]].  While living in Cologne, they created and served as editors for a new daily newspaper called the ''[[Neue Rheinische Zeitung]]''.<ref name="en-1893" /> However, during the June 1849 Prussian [[coup d'état]] the newspaper was suppressed. After the coup, Marx lost his Prussian [[citizenship]], was deported, and fled to Paris and then London.  Engels stayed in Prussia and took part in an armed uprising in South Germany as an [[aide-de-camp]] in the volunteer corps of [[August Willich]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/bio/engels/en-1892.htm |title=Engels, Frederick (encyclopedia) |publisher=Marxists.org |date= |accessdate=2010-02-13}}</ref> When the uprising was crushed, Engels managed to escape by traveling through Switzerland as a [[refugee]] and returned to England.<ref name="engels-bio" />

==Back in Manchester==
Once Engels made it to Britain, he decided to re-enter the commercial firm where his father held shares in order to help support Marx. He hated this work intensely but knew that his friend needed the support.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/work/england/manchester/article_4.shtml |title=Legacies - Work - England - Manchester - Engels in Manchester - Article Page 4 |publisher=BBC |date= |accessdate=2010-02-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/work/england/manchester/article_5.shtml |title=Legacies - Work - England - Manchester - Engels in Manchester - Article Page 5 |publisher=BBC |date= |accessdate=2010-02-13}}</ref>
He started off as an office clerk, the same position he held in his teens, but eventually worked his way up to become a partner in 1864. Five years later, Engels retired from the business to focus more on his studies.<ref name="en-1893" /> At this time, Marx was living in London but they were able to exchange ideas through daily correspondence. In 1870, Engels moved to London where he and Marx lived until Marx's death in 1883.<ref name="engels-bio" />
His London home at this time and until his death was 122 Regent's Park Road, [[Primrose Hill]], NW1.<ref>[http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.001002006005/chooseLetter/E London Blue Plaques] English Heritage - Accessed February 2007</ref> Marx's first London residence was a cramped apartment at 28 [[Dean Street]], [[Soho]]. From 1856, he lived at 9 Grafton Terrace, [[Kentish Town]], and then in a tenement at 41 Maitland Park Road from 1875 until his death.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/photo/places/index.htm |title=Photos of Marx's Residence(s) |publisher=Marxists.org |date= |accessdate=2010-02-13}}</ref>

==Later years==
After Marx's death, Engels devoted much of his remaining years to editing Marx's unfinished volumes of ''Capital''. However, he also contributed significantly to other areas. Engels made an argument using anthropological evidence of the time to show that family structures have changed over history, and that the concept of [[monogamous]] marriage came from the necessity within class society for men to control women to ensure their own children would inherit their property. He argued a future communist society would allow people to make decisions about their relationships free from economic constraints.  One of the best examples of Engels' thoughts on these issues are in his work ''[[The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State]]''.

Engels died of [[Esophageal cancer|throat cancer]] in London in 1895.<ref name="Marx-Engels_Correspondence_1895">{{cite web|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1895/letters/95_05_21.htm |title=Letters: Marx-Engels Correspondence 1895 |publisher=Marxists.org |date= |accessdate=2010-02-13}}</ref> Following cremation at [[Brookwood Cemetery]] near [[Woking]], his ashes were scattered off [[Beachy Head]], near [[Eastbourne]] as he had requested.<ref name="Marx-Engels_Correspondence_1895" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Kerrigan |first=Michael |title=Who Lies Where - A guide to famous graves |year=1998 |publisher=Fourth Estate Limited |location=London |isbn=1-85702-258-0 |page=156}}</ref>

==Personality==
Engels is commonly known as a "ruthless party tactician", "brutal ideologue", and "master tactician" when it came to purging rivals in political organizations. However, another strand of Engels’s personality was one of a "gregarious", "bighearted", and "jovial man of outsize appetites", who was referred to by his son-in-law as "the great beheader of [[champagne (wine)|champagne]] bottles."<ref name="NYT" /> His interests included [[poetry]], [[fox hunting]], and he hosted regular Sunday parties for London’s [[left-wing]] [[intelligentsia]] where as one regular put it, "no one left before 2 or 3 in the morning." His stated personal motto was "take it easy", while "jollity" was listed as his favorite virtue.<ref name="NYT" />

[[Tristram Hunt]], author of ''Marx’s General: The Revolutionary Life of Friedrich Engels'', sums up the disconnect between Engel's personality, and those Soviets who later utilized his works, stating:

{{quote|"This great lover of the good life, passionate advocate of individuality, and enthusiastic believer in literature, culture, art and music as an open forum could never have acceded to the Soviet Communism of the 20th century, all the [[Stalinist]] claims of his paternity notwithstanding."<ref name="NYT" />}}

==Ideological legacy==
[[Tristram Hunt]] argues that Engels has become a convenient [[scapegoat]], too easily blamed for the state crimes of the [[Soviet Union]], Communist Southeast Asia and [[People's Republic of China|China]]. "Engels is left holding the bag of 20th century ideological extremism," Hunt writes, "while Marx is rebranded as the acceptable, postpolitical seer of global capitalism."<ref name="NYT" /> Hunt largely exonerates Engels stating that "in no intelligible sense can Engels or Marx bear culpability for the crimes of historical actors carried out generations later, even if the policies were offered up in their honor."<ref name="NYT" />

Paul Thomas, of the University of California, Berkeley, claims that while Engels had been the most important and dedicated facilitator and diffuser of Marx's writings, he significantly altered Marx's intents as he held, edited and released in a finished form, and commentated on them. Engels attempted to fill gaps in Marx's system and to extend it to other fields. He stressed in particular [[Historical Materialism]], assigning it a character of scientific discovery and a doctrine, indeed forming Marxism as such. A case in point is ''Anti-Dühring'', which supporters of socialism like its detractors treated as an encompassing presentation of Marx's thought. And while in his extensive correspondence with German socialists Engels honestly presented his own secondary place in the couple's intellectual relationship, Russian communists who had no available direct evidence, raised Engels up with Marx and conflated their thoughts as if they were necessarily congruous. Soviet Marxists then developed this tendency to the state doctrine of [[Dialectical Materialism]].<ref>{{citation | last = Thomas | first = Paul | contribution = Critical Reception: Marx then and now | pages = 36–42 | title = The Cambridge Companion to Marx | editor-last = Carver | editor-first = Terrell | year = 1991 | publisher = Cambridge University Press}}<!--He cites Carver 1981 a lot, and Hobsbawm (ed) 1982 "History of Marxism", more on contextual points.--></ref>

==Major works==
===''The Holy Family'' (1844)===
{{Marxist theory}}
''[[The Holy Family (book)|The Holy Family]]'' was a book written by [[Marx]] & Engels in November 1844. The book is a critique on the [[Young Hegelians]] and their trend of thought which was very popular in [[academic]] circles at the time. The title was a suggestion by the [[publisher]] and is meant as a sarcastic reference to the [[Bruno Bauer|Bauer]] Brothers and their supporters.<ref name="holy-family">{{cite web|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/holy-family/index.htm |title=The Holy Family by Marx and Engels |publisher=Marxists.org |date= |accessdate=2010-02-13}}</ref> The book created a controversy with much of the [[Print media|press]] and caused [[Bruno Bauer]] to attempt to refute the book in an article which was published in Wigand's ''Vierteljahrsschrift'' in 1845. Bauer claimed that Marx and Engels misunderstood what he was trying to say. Marx later replied to his response with his own article that was published in the journal Gesellschaftsspiegel in January 1846. Marx also discussed the argument in chapter 2 of [[The German Ideology]].<ref name="holy-family" />

===''The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844'' (1844)===
{{Main|The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844}}
''The Condition of the Working Class'' is a detailed description and analysis of the appalling conditions of the working class in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and Ireland during Engels' stay in England. It was considered a classic in its time and still widely available today.  This work also had many seminal thoughts on the state of [[socialism]] and its development.

===''Herr Eugen Dühring's Revolution in Science'' (1878)===
{{Main|Anti-Dühring}}
Popularly known as ''Anti-Dühring'', ''Herr Eugen Dühring's Revolution in Science'' is a detailed critique of the philosophical positions of [[Eugen Dühring]], a German philosopher and critic of Marxism. In the course of replying to Dühring, Engels reviews recent advances in science and mathematics and seeks to demonstrate the way in which the concepts of dialectics apply to natural phenomena. Many of these ideas were later developed in the unfinished work,  ''[[Dialectics of Nature]]''. The last section of ''Anti-Dühring'' was later edited and published under the separate title, ''Socialism: Utopian and Scientific''.

===''Socialism: Utopian and Scientific'' (1880)===
{{Main|Socialism: Utopian and Scientific}}
In what Engels presented as an extraordinarily popular piece,<ref>{{cite book | quote = From this French text, a Polish and a Spanish edition were prepared. In 1883, our German friends brought out the pamphlet in the original language. Italian, Russian, Danish, Dutch, and Roumanian translations, based upon the German text, have since been published. Thus, the present English edition, this little book circulates in 10 languages. I am not aware that any other Socialist work, not even our Communist Manifesto of 1848, or Marx's Capital, has been so often translated. In Germany, it has had four editions of about 20,000 copies in all. | last = Engels | first = Friedrich | origyear = 1892 | chapter = Introduction | title = Socialism: Utopian and Scientific | chapter-url = http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1880/soc-utop/index.htm | publisher = Progress Publishers | year = 1970 | series = Marx/Engels Selected Works | volume = 3}}<!--alternate editions at http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Socialism%20Utopian%20and%20Scientific%29--> Cited in {{cite book | last Carver | first = Terrell | year = 2003 | publisher = Oxford University Press | title = Engels: A Very Short Introduction | page = 56}} and {{citation | last = Thomas | first = Paul | contribution = Critical Reception: Marx then and now | title = The Cambridge Companion to Marx | editor-last = Carver | editor-first = Terrell | year = 1991 | publisher = Cambridge University Press}}</ref> Engels critiques the utopian socialists, such as Fourier and Owen, and provides an explanation of the socialist framework for understanding capitalism.

===''The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State'' (1884)===
{{Main|The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State}}
''The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State'' is an important and detailed seminal work connecting [[capitalism]] with what Engels argues is an ever changing institution - the family.  It was written when Engels was 64 years of age and at the height of his [[intellectual]] power and contains a comprehensive historical view of the family in relation to the issues of [[Social class|class]], female subjugation and [[private property]].

==Sources==
* Carlton, Grace (1965), ''Friedrich Engels: The Shadow Prophet''. London: Pall Mall Press
* Carver, Terrell. (1989). ''Friedrich Engels: His Life and Thought''. London: Macmillan
* Green, John (2008), ''Engels: A Revolutionary Life'', London: Artery Publications. ISBN 0-9558228-0-7
* Henderson, W. O. (1976), ''The life of Friedrich Engels'', London : Cass, 1976. ISBN 0-7146-4002-6
* Hunt, Tristram (2009), ''The Frock-Coated Communist: The Revolutionary Life of Friedrich Engels'', London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0713998528
* Mayer, Gustav (1936), ''Friedrich Engels: A Biography'' (1934; trans. 1936)

==Notes and references==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
{{wikiquote}}
*[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/bio/index.htm Marx/Engels Biographical Archive]
*[http://marxmyths.org/maximilien-rubel/article.htm The Legend of Marx, or “Engels the founder”] by [[Maximilien Rubel]]
*[http://www.marxist.com/rircontents-5.htm Reason in Revolt: Marxism and Modern Science]
*[http://www.greenleft.org.au/2008/769/39653 Engels: The Che Guevara of his Day]
*[http://simplycharly.com/marx/tristram_hunt_marx_interview.htm The Brave New World: Tristram Hunt On Marx and Engels' Revolutionary Vision]
===Works by Engels===
*[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/index.htm The Marx & Engels Internet Archive] at [[Marxists.org]]
*[http://www.mlwerke.de/me/ Marx and Engels in their native German language]
*{{gutenberg author|id=Friedrich_Engels|name=Friedrich Engels}}
*[http://libcom.org/library/taxonomy/term/93 Libcom.org/library Frederick Engels archive]
*[http://www.zeno.org/Philosophie/M/Engels,%20Friedrich Works by Friedrich Engels] (in German) at [[Zeno.org]]
*[http://www.pathfinderpress.com/s.nl/sc.8/category.100/.f Pathfinder Press]
* Friedrich Engels, “[http://www.ringmar.net/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=814:engels-qof-rifled-cannonq-1860&catid=98:wonders-of-technology&Itemid=142 On Rifled Cannon]," articles from the New York ''Tribune'', April, May and June, 1860, reprinted in ''Military Affairs'' 21, no. 4 (Winter 1957) ed. Morton Borden, 193-198.
{{Marx/Engels}}
<!--Metadata:see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]-->
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|NAME=Engels, Friedrich
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|SHORT DESCRIPTION=German political philosopher
|DATE OF BIRTH=28 November 1820
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Wuppertal]], Germany
|DATE OF DEATH=5 August 1895
|PLACE OF DEATH=London, England
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[[Category:19th-century German philosophers]]
[[Category:Atheist philosophers]]
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[[Category:German atheists]]
[[Category:German communists]]
[[Category:German economists]]
[[Category:German feminists]]
[[Category:German immigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:German-language philosophers]]
[[Category:German philosophers]]
[[Category:German revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Karl Marx]]
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[[Category:Materialists]]
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[[Category:People from Wuppertal]]
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[[Category:Prussian Army personnel]]
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