Revision 345831466 of "Ilan Pappé" on enwiki

{{Infobox person
|name = Ilan Pappé
|box_width = 250px
|image = Ilan Pappe.JPG
|image_size = 170px
|caption = 
|birth_date = {{birth-date|1954}}
|occupation = historian, political activist
|residence = England 
|citizenship = 
|nationality = [[Israel]]i
|ethnicity = [[Jew]]ish
|alma_mater = [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]<br>[[University of Oxford]]
|known_for = One of Israel's "[[New Historians]]"
}}

  Roland is a much bigger Nazi even than I am!

  Rancillly yours,

  --- Gilad Atzmon

'''Ilan Pappé''' ({{lang-he|אילן פפה}}; born 1954 in [[Haifa]], [[Israel]]) is professor of history at the [[University of Exeter]] in the UK, co-director of the Exeter Center for Ethno-Political Studies, and political activist. He was formerly a senior lecturer in political science at [[Haifa University]] (1984-2007), and chair of the Emil Touma Institute for Palestinian and Israeli Studies in Haifa (2000-2008).<ref>[http://huss.exeter.ac.uk/history/staff/pappe/ Professor Illan Pappe], University of Exeter, accessed May 6, 2009; Pappe, Ilan. [http://ilanpappe.com/?page_id=2 Biography], ''ilanpappe.com'', accessed May 6, 2009.</ref> He is the author of [[The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine (Book)|''The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine'']] (2006), ''The Modern Middle East'' (2005), ''A History of Modern Palestine: One Land, Two Peoples'' (2003), and ''Britain and the Arab-Israeli Conflict'' (1988).<ref name=bio>Pappe, Ilan. [http://ilanpappe.com/?page_id=2 Biography], ''ilanpappe.com'', accessed May 6, 2009.</ref> He was formerly a leading member of [[Hadash]],<ref>[http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=235340&contrassID=2&subContrassID=0&sbSubContrassID=0 A new candidate for the Hadash coalition: Attorney Dov Hanin of Tel Aviv]''Ha'aretz'', Yair Ettinger</ref> and was a candidate on the party list in the [[Israeli legislative election, 1996|1996]] and [[Israeli legislative election, 1999|1999]] Knesset elections.<ref>[http://www.knesset.gov.il/elections/asp/party.asp?id=6 1996 election results page]</ref>

Pappé is one of Israel's "[[New Historians]]" who, since the release of pertinent British and Israeli government documents in the early 1980s, have been [[historical revisionist|rewriting the history]] of Israel's creation in 1948, and the corresponding [[1948 Palestinian exodus|expulsion or flight]] of 700,000 [[Palestinian people|Palestinians]] in the same year. He has written that the expulsions were not decided on an ''[[ad hoc]]'' basis, as other historians have argued, but constituted the [[ethnic cleansing]] of [[Palestine]], in accordance with [[Plan Dalet]], drawn up in 1947 by Israel's future leaders.<ref>Pappé, Ilan. ''The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine'', 2006.</ref> He blames the creation of Israel for the lack of peace in the Middle East, arguing that Zionism is more dangerous than Islam, and has called for an international [[Academic boycotts of Israel|boycott of Israeli academics]].<ref name=Wilson>Wilson, Scott. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/10/AR2007031001252.html A Shared History, a Different Conclusion], ''The Washington Post'', March 7, 2007.</ref><ref>Lynfield, Ben. [http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0512/p06s01-wome.html British Boycott Riles Israeli Academics], ''The Christian Science Monitor'', May 12, 2005.</ref> 

His work has been both supported and criticized by other historians. Before he left Israel in 2008, he had been condemned in the [[Knesset]], Israel's parliament; a minister of education had called for him to be sacked; his photograph had appeared in a newspaper at the center of a target; and he had received several death threats.<ref name=Arnot>Arnot, Chris. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2009/jan/20/interview-ilan-pappe-historian I felt it was my duty to protest], ''The Guardian'', January 20, 2009.</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Pappé was born in [[Haifa]] to German-Jewish parents who fled Nazi persecution in the 1930s.<ref name=Arnot/> At the age of 18, he was drafted into the [[Israel Defense Forces]], serving in the [[Golan Heights]] during the 1973 [[Yom Kippur War]].<ref name ="LJ">[http://www.logosjournal.com/pappe.htm Logos Journal]</ref> He graduated from the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] in 1978, and in 1984 obtained his PhD in history from the [[University of Oxford]], under the guidance of Arab historian [[Albert Hourani]] and Roger Owen.<ref name ="LJ"/> His doctoral thesis became his first book, ''Britain and the Arab-Israeli Conflict''.<ref name=Wilson/>

== Academic career ==
{{Nakba}}
[[Image:Dr. Ilan Pappé2.JPG|thumb|200px|left|Pappé in a lecture in the [[Manchester Metropolitan University]] in 2008]]
Pappe was the Academic Director of the [[Projects working for peace among Israelis and Arabs#Givat Haviva's Jewish-Arab Center for Peace|Research Institute for Peace at Givat Haviva]] from 1993 to 2000, and chair of the [[Emil Touma]] Institute for Palestinian Studies.

He left the University of Haifa in 2007, to take up his appointment in Exeter, after his endorsement of the boycott of Israeli universities led the president of the university to call for his resignation.<ref>{{waybackdate|site=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/569271.html|date=20050426125752}}Haifa University president calls on dissident academic to resign, Tamara Traubman, [[Haaretz]] April 26, 2005</ref> Pappé said that he found it "increasingly difficult to live in Israel" with his "unwelcome views and convictions." In a [[Qatar]] newspaper interview explaining his decision, he said: "I was boycotted in my university and there had been attempts to expel me from my job. I am getting threatening calls from people every day. I am not being viewed as a threat to the Israeli society but my people think that I am either insane or my views are irrelevant. Many Israelis also believe that I am working as a mercenary for the Arabs.<ref>[http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/Display_news.asp?section=local_news&month=march2007&file=local_news200703298205.xml Academic slams Israel for land grab], Mohammed Iqbal, ''The Peninsula On-line: Qatar's leading English Daily'', 29 March 2007</ref>

Pappé currently works on 20th century ethno-politics in the history department of the University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus.<ref>[http://www.huss.ex.ac.uk/history/staff/pappe/ Exeter University]</ref>. As of the 2009/2010 academic year, he will join the Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies on the main [[Streatham Campus]] in Exeter.

=== Katz controversy ===
{{more|Al-Tantura|the Katz controversy}}
Pappé publicly supported an M.A. thesis by Haifa University student Teddy Katz, which was approved with highest honors, that claimed Israel had committed a massacre in the Palestinian village of [[Al-Tantura|Al-Tantura]] during the war in 1948, based upon interviews Arab residents of the village and Israeli veteran of the operation.<ref>[http://www.palestineremembered.com/Haifa/al-Tantura/Story560.html "Tantura Massacre exposed"] 8 September 2001, Palestine Remembered,</ref> Neither Israeli nor Palestinian historians had previously recorded any such incident. [[Meyrav Wurmser]] describes it as a "made-up massacre,"<ref>[http://www.weeklystandard.com/Utilities/printer_preview.asp?idArticle=99&R=EB972A018 Preview: Made-Up Massacre]</ref> but according to Pappe "In fact the story of Tantura had already been told before, as early as 1950 .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. It appears in the memoirs of a Haifa notable, Muhammad Nimr al-Khatib, who, a few days after the battle, recorded the testimony of a Palestinian."<ref>Pappé, ''The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine'' (2006) p. 137.</ref> In December 2000, Katz was sued for libel by veterans of the [[Alexandroni Brigade]] and after the testimony was heard, he retracted his allegations about the massacre. Twelve hours later, he retracted his retraction.

Following the trial the university appointed a committee to reexamine the thesis, which decided to overturn the original decision and fail it.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=167664 "His colleagues call him a traitor"] Tom Segev for ''Haaretz'' (retrieved February 4, 2007)</ref><ref name="CP0505">{{cite news|url=http://www.counterpunch.org/amit05112005.html|title=The Collapse of Academic Freedom in Israel; Tantura, Teddy Katz and Haifa University|last=Amit|first=Zalman|date=2005-05-11|publisher=[[Counterpunch]]|accessdate=2009-05-07}}</ref> Pappé continues to defend both Katz and his thesis.<ref name="IlanPappe">[http://ipsnewsite.mysite4now.com/enakba/history/Pappe,%20The%20Tantura%20Case%20in%20Israel.pdf Journal of Palestine Studies], Vol. 30, No. 3, (Spring, 2001), pp. 19-39: The Tantura Case in Israel: The Katz Research and Trial by Ilan Pappe; With eye witness accounts from: Dan Vitkon, Yosef Graf, Salih 'Abn al-Rahman, Tuvia Lishansky Mordechai Sokoler, Ali 'Abd al-Rahman Dekansh, Najiah Abu Amr, Fawsi Mahmoud Tanj, Mustafa Masri</ref><ref>Ilan Pappé, (2006); pp 113, 127,133, 155, 165, 183, 197, 203, 210, 211.</ref> [[Tom Segev]] and others<ref name="IlanPappe"/> argued that there is merit or some truth in what Katz described.<ref name="CP0505" /> According to the Israeli [[New Historians|new historian]] [[Benny Morris]], although war crimes were committed, there's "no unequivocal proof of a large-scale massacre."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=380986&contrassID=2
|title=Survival of the fittest|publisher=[[Haaretz]], 8 January 2004|accessdate=2009-05-15|last=Shavit|first=Ari}}"There is no unequivocal proof of a large-scale massacre at Tantura, but war crimes were perpetrated there"</ref>

==Political activism==
In 1999, Pappé ran in the [[Israeli legislative election, 1996|Knesset elections]] as seventh on the [[Maki (current political party)|Communist Party]]-led [[Hadash]] list.<ref>[http://www.knesset.gov.il/elections/asp/party.asp?id=6 1996 election results page]</ref> He is a prominent supporter of the [[One State Solution]] envisaging one state for Palestinians and Israelis.<ref>[http://ilanpappe.com/?p=58 The Official Website of Ilan Pappé]</ref>

After years of political activism, Pappé supports [[economic and political boycotts of Israel]], including an [[Academic boycotts of Israel|academic boycott]]. He believes boycotts are justified because "the [[occupied territories|Israeli occupation]] is a dynamic process and it becomes worse with each passing day. The AUT can choose to stand by and do nothing, or to be part of a historical movement similar to the anti-apartheid campaign against the white supremacist regime in South Africa. By choosing the latter, it can move us forward along the only remaining viable and non-violent road to saving both Palestinians and Israelis from an impending catastrophe."<ref>[http://www.monabaker.com/pMachine/more.php?id=A2814_0_1_0_M From Ilan Pappé, to the Association of University Teachers in Britain by Ilan Pappé, May 2005]</ref><ref>[http://education.guardian.co.uk/egweekly/story/0,,1490283,00.html Guardian:] Ilan Pappé to AUT; "Back the boycott"</ref>

<blockquote>If it is possible Israel’s conduct in 1948 would be brought onto the stage of international tribunals; this may deliver a message even to the peace camp in Israel that reconciliation entails recognition of war crimes and collective atrocities. This cannot be done from within, as any reference in the Israeli press to expulsion, massacre or destruction in 1948 is usually denied and attributed to self hate and service to the enemy in times of war. This reaction encompasses academia, the media and educational system, as well as political circles."''<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MOzJeyjF2_UC&pg=PA250&dq=Ilan+Pappe&ei=CfRUSKisAYiSjgHC_5yHDA&client=firefox-a&sig=U0s2oBB1uMfxgsbEnLKBdoOR36w#PPA244,M1 Google Books]Arab-Jewish Relations: From Conflict to Resolution? : Essays in Honour of ...By Elie Podeh, Asher, Post Conflictual Possibilities by Ilan Pappé p 244</ref></blockquote>

As a result, University of Haifa President Aharon Ben-Ze'ev called on Pappé to resign, saying: "it is fitting for someone who calls for a boycott of his university to apply the boycott himself." He said that Pappé would not be ostracized, since that would undermine [[academic freedom]], but he should leave voluntarily.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=569361 Haifa U. academic remains steadfast in support of boycott By Tamara Traubman]</ref> In the same year, Pappé initiated the annual Israeli [[Right of Return#Palestinian|Right of return]] conferences, which called for the unconditional right of return of the Palestinian refugees who were expelled in 1948.

==Critical assessment==
Ilan Pappé's books have been praised by [[Walid Khalidi]], [[Richard Falk]], [[Ella Shohat]], [[Nur Masalha]] and [[John Pilger]]. Pilger describes Pappé as "Israel’s bravest, most principled, most incisive historian." On the other hand, Israeli historian [[Benny Morris]], another of Israel's "new historians," is critical of his work. On Pappé's ''A History of Modern Palestine: One Land, Two Peoples'', Benny Morris wrote: 

<blockquote>Unfortunately much of what Pappé tries to sell his readers is complete fabrication. [...] This book is awash with errors of a quantity and a quality that are not found in serious historiography. [...] The multiplicity of mistakes on each page is a product of both Pappé's historical methodology and his political proclivities[.] [...] For those enamored with subjectivity and in thrall to historical relativism, a fact is not a fact and accuracy is unattainable."''<ref>[http://www.ee.bgu.ac.il/~censor/katz-directory/04-03-22benny-morris-The%20New%20Republic-1.pdf Politics by other means, Benny Morris New Republic]</ref></blockquote>

Pappé replied that his books and Morris's all contain mistakes regarding dates, names, and numbers: 

<blockquote>We should all try and minimize them to note, I agree. Very few of us succeed and one can only hope to become perfect in the next work—which has not as yet been written. ... They should not however be pointed out as part of an ideology or a basis for [[ad hominem]] attack. Worse, a reviewer is not allowed to lie openly about them as Morris does.<ref>Shehori, Dalia. (2004, May 5). [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=422776 One man's history is another man's lie]. ''[[Ha'aretz]]''. </ref><ref>Pappé, Ilan. (2004, March 30). [http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article2555.shtml Response to Benny Morris' "Politics by other means" in the New Republic]. ''[[The Electronic Intifada]]''.</ref></blockquote>

[[Efraim Karsh]], one of the most vocal critics of the [[New Historians]], also accuses Pappé of factual misrepresentations:

<blockquote>Readers are told of events that never happened, such as the nonexistent May 1948 [[Tantura]] "massacre" or the expulsion of Arabs within twelve days of the partition resolution. They learn of political decisions that were never made, such as the Anglo-French 1912 plan for the occupation of Palestine or the contriving of 'a master plan to rid the future Jewish state of as many Palestinians as possible. And they are misinformed about military and political developments, such as the rationale for the [[Balfour declaration]]...<ref name=Karsh>[http://www.meforum.org/article/897 ME Forum]A History of Modern Palestine: One Land, Two Peoples by Ilan Pappé Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 333 pp. Reviewed by Efraim Karsh</ref></blockquote>

He also singles Pappé out as "the odd man out among the so-called New Historians", for relying on secondary sources and admitting his own bias in his introduction. Karsh critically quotes Pappe saying "My bias is apparent despite the desire of my peers that I stick to facts and the "truth" when reconstructing past realities. I view any such construction as vain and presumptuous. This book is written by one who admits compassion for the colonized not the colonizer; who sympathizes with the occupied not the occupiers."<ref name=Karsh/> Pappé's response was that Karsh 'has taken upon himself the mantle of spokesperson for the [[Zionist]] narrative, and anyone thus committed to a national narrative cannot begin to accept the claims made by the counter-narrative, in this case, the Palestinian one.'<ref>[http://www.ilanpappe.org/Articles/My%20Non-Zionist%20Narrative.htm The Official Website of Ilan Pappé]</ref>

In a review essay of ''The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine'', [[Seth J. Frantzman]] calls Pappé's work "a cynical exercise in manipulating evidence to fit an implausible thesis." He writes that Pappé "ignores context and draws far broader conclusions than evidence allows by cherry-picking some reports and ignoring other sources entirely."<ref name=Frantzman>Frantzman, Seth J. [http://www.meforum.org/1886/the-ethnic-cleansing-of-palestine "Flunking History: Ilan Pappé's The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine"], ''Middle Eastern Quarterly'', vol. 15, no. 2, p. 70.</ref>

== Published work ==
=== Books ===
* ''[[The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine (Book)|The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine]]'', London and New York: Oneworld, 2006. ISBN 1851684670
* ''The Modern Middle East'', London and New York: Routledge, 2005. ISBN 0415214092
* ''The Modern History Palestine, One Land, Two Peoples'', Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]], (2003; 2006) ISBN 0521556325 (The book is available in French, German, Spanish and Italian).
* (With Jamil Hilal). ''Parlare Con il Nemico, Narrazioni palestinesi e israeliane a confronto'' Milano: Bollati Boringhieri, 2004.<ref>[http://www.progettonovecento.it/biblio.htm Bibliografia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* ''The Aristocracy: The Husaynis; A Political Biography'', Jerusalem: Mossad Byalik, (Hebrew), 2003.
* ''The Israel-Palestine Question'', London and New York: Routledge, (1999, 2006). ISBN 0415169488
* (with M. Maoz). ''History From Within: Politics and Ideas in Middle East'', London and New York: Tauris, 1997. ISBN 1860640125
* (with J. Nevo). ''Jordan in the Middle East: The Making of a Pivotal State,'' London: Frank Cass, 1994. ISBN 0714634549
* ''The Making of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1947-1951'', London and New York: [[I.B. Tauris]], (1992, 1994). ISBN 1850438196
* ''Britain and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1948-1951'', London: St. Antony's College Series, [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan Press]]; New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988. ISBN 0312015739

=== Articles ===
* [http://www.jerusalemquarterly.org/details.php?cat=4&id=107 The Rise and Fall of the Husainis (Part 1)], Autumn 2000, Issue 10, [[Jerusalem Quarterly]],
* [http://www.jerusalemquarterly.org/details.php?cat=2&id=119 The Husayni Family Faces New Challenges: Tanzimat, Young Turks, the Europeans and Zionism 1840-1922, Part II] Winter-Spring 2001, Issue 11-12, Jerusalem Quarterly,
* [http://www.bintjbeil.com/articles/en/021020_pappe.html "The '48 Nakba & The Zionist Quest for its Completion"], ''Between The Lines'', October 2002 
* [http://www.jerusalemquarterly.org/details.php?cat=4&id=175 Haj Amin and the Buraq Revolt], June 2003, Issue 18, Jerusalem Quarterly
* [http://education.guardian.co.uk/egweekly/story/0,,1490283,00.html Back the boycott] May 24, 2005 [[The Guardian]]
* [http://www.badil.org/al-majdal/2006/Spring/article03.htm "Calling a Spade a Spade: The 1948 Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine",] article in ''al-Majdal'' Magazine, Spring 2006 [retrieved May 17, 2007]
* [http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article7036.shtml Towards a Geography of Peace: Whither Gaza?], 18 June 2007, The [[Electronic Intifada]], 
* [http://ipsnewsite.mysite4now.com/enakba/history/Pappe,%20The%20Tantura%20Case%20in%20Israel.pdf Journal of Palestine Studies], Vol. 30, No. 3, (Spring, 2001), pp. 19-39: The Tantura Case in Israel: The Katz Research and Trial by Ilan Pappe.
* [http://ipsnewsite.mysite4now.com/enakba/history/Pappe,%20Review%20Essay,%20Israeli%20Television's%20Fiftieth%20Anniversary%20Series.pdf Institute for Palestinian Studies] Pappé, Ilan "Review Essay, Israeli Television's Fiftieth Anniversary Series: A Post-Zionist View?" Journal of Palestine Studies Vol 27, no. 4 (Sum. 98): pp 99-105.

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{refbegin}}
* [http://ilanpappe.com/ Official website of Ilan Pappé]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ByZwc9SIUms][http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RMv6cmhU6hY&feature=related][http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KPP6j8-nLWI&feature=related][http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d0Lb_r29Hjg&feature=related]Talk by Ilan Pappe at Oxford University, February 2007
* [http://flashpoints.net/archive/archive-2007-May-all.html#2007-05-28 Pappé speaking in Amsterdam on "The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine", January 28, 2007] (broadcast on ''Flashpoints'' / [[KPFA]]-FM, Berkeley, May 28, 2007)
* [http://www.logosjournal.com/pappe.htm "Power and History in the Middle East: A Conversation with Ilan Pappe"], ''Logos'', Winter 2004
* [http://www.labournet.net/world/0209/pappe1.html Interview with Ilan Pappé by LabourNet UK]
* [http://arts.independent.co.uk/books/reviews/article2008026.ece The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine The borders of fact and myth] By Stephen Howe 24 November 2006 [[The Independent]]
* [http://news.sky.com/skynews/video/videoplayer/0,,31200-IsraelDebate_181006_0900,00.html# SkyNews1] or [http://skynews-clips.videoloungetv.com/public/skynews/latest/IsraelDebate_181006_0900.wmv Sky News2] &mdash; brief debate between Ilan Pappé and Ephraim Karsh on Sky News, 18 October 2006. 
* [http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=76007 "Post-Zionism Only Rings Once"] &mdash; Neri Livneh
* [http://www.ww4report.com/node/1826 Pappé refutes Chomsky on Israel's lobby]
* [http://www.counterpunch.org/barat06062008.html Frank Barat,] 'An Interview with Ilan Pappé and Noam Chomsky', Counterpunch 6/6/2008
* [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=572912 Alone on the Barricades], Meron Rappaport interviews Ilan Pappé about Teddy Katz and the AUT boycott, [[Haaretz]], 2005
* [http://ilanpappe.com/?p=43#more-43 An Interview with Ilan Pappe] by Baudouin Loos, Brussels, 29 November 1999
* [http://www.archive.org/details/IlanPappeEthnicCleansingofPalestine_31 Nadim Mahjoub interviews Ilan Pappe on Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine], [[Resonance FM]] Radio, London, UK, 27 October 2006
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pappe, Ilan}}
[[Category:Israeli historians]]
[[Category:British historians]]
[[Category:Jewish historians]]
[[Category:Israeli communists]]
[[Category:Historians of the Middle East]]
[[Category:New Historians]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Exeter]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category: Jewish anti-Zionism]]

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