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Revision 796498506 of "1988 Summer Olympics" on enwiki{{Redirect|Seoul 1988|the Summer Paralympics|1988 Summer Paralympics}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2012}}
{{Infobox Olympic games|1988|Summer
| Name = Games of the XXIV Olympiad
| Logo = 1988 Summer Olympics logo.svg
| Size = 150
| Optional caption =
| Host city = Seoul, South Korea
| Nations participating = 159
| Athletes participating = 8,391 (6,197 men, 2,194 women)
| Events = 237 in 23 sports
| Motto = Harmony and Progress (Korean: 화합과 전진, Hwahab gwa Jeonjin)
| Opening ceremony = 17 September
| Closing ceremony = 2 October
| Officially opened by = [[President of the Republic of Korea|President]] [[Roh Tae-woo]]
| Officially closed by = [[Juan Antonio Samaranch]]<br><small>[[President of the International Olympic Committee]]<small>
| Athlete's Oath = [[Hur Jae]] and [[Son Mi-Na]]
| Judge's Oath = [[Lee Hak-Rae]]
| Olympic Torch = Chung Sunman,<br> [[Kim Wontak]] and [[Sohn Kee-chung]]
| Stadium = [[Seoul Olympic Stadium|Jamsil Olympic Stadium]]
| SpreviousS = [[1984 Summer Olympics|Los Angeles 1984]]
| SnextS = [[1992 Summer Olympics|Barcelona 1992]]
| Sprevious = [[1988 Winter Olympics|Calgary 1988]]
| Snext = [[1992 Winter Olympics|Albertville 1992]]
}}
The '''1988 Summer Olympics''', officially known as the '''Games of the XXIV Olympiad''' ([[Korean language|Korean]]: {{Korean|hangul=서울 하계 올림픽|hanja=--夏季---|rr=Seoul Hagye Ollimpik|labels=no}}; {{IPA-ko|sʌ.ul ha.ɡje ol.lim.pʰik̚|}}), were an international [[multi-sport event]] celebrated from 17 September to 2 October 1988 in [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]]. They were the second summer Olympic Games to be held in Asia and the first since the [[1964 Summer Olympics]] held in Tokyo, Japan. Seoul is the largest city to host the Summer Olympics, a title soon to be turned over to [[Tokyo]] in [[2020]]
In the Seoul Games, 159 nations were represented by a total of 8,391 athletes: 6,197 men and 2,194 women. 263 events were held and 27,221 volunteers helped to prepare the Olympics. 11,331 media (4,978 [[print media|written press]] and 6,353 [[broadcast media|broadcasters]]) showed the Games all over the world.<ref name="SEOUL 1988 Games of the XXIV Olympiad"/>
These were the last Olympic Games for two of the world's "dominating" sport powers, the [[Soviet Union]] and [[East Germany]], as both ceased to exist before the next Olympic Games.
[[North Korea]], still officially at war with South Korea, and its allies, [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|Albania]] (who declared an Olympic-record fourth consecutive boycott), [[People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], [[Cuba]], [[Democratic Republic of Madagascar|Madagascar]], and [[Seychelles]] boycotted the games. [[Nicaragua]] boycotted the games because of the U.S. military support to the [[Contras|Contra]] rebels. However, the much larger boycotts seen in the previous three Summer Olympics ([[1976 Summer Olympics|1976]], [[1980 Summer Olympics|1980]] and [[1984 Summer Olympics|1984]]) were avoided, resulting in the largest ever number of participating nations during the Cold War era.
==Host city selection==
Seoul was chosen to host the [[Summer Olympics|Summer Games]] through a vote held on 30 September 1981, finishing ahead of the Japanese city of [[Nagoya]].<ref name="SEOUL 1988 Games of the XXIV Olympiad">{{cite web
| title = Seoul 1988
|url=http://www.olympic.org/en/content/Olympic-Games/All-Past-Olympic-Games/Summer/Seoul-1988/
|work=olympic.org
| accessdate =12 March 2010| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004191226/http://www.olympic.org/en/content/Olympic-Games/All-Past-Olympic-Games/Summer/Seoul-1988/| archivedate= 4 October 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl=no}}</ref> Below was the vote count that occurred at the 84th [[IOC Session]] and 11th [[Olympic Congress]] in [[Baden-Baden]], [[West Germany]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aldaver.com/votes.html|title= Vote History |publisher=IOC }}</ref>
{|class="wikitable collapsible"
|-
! colspan="7" | 1988 Summer Olympics bidding result<ref name=votes>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamesbids.com/english/archives/past.shtml |title=Past Olympic host city election results |publisher=[[GamesBids]] |accessdate=17 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xFvf0ufx?url=http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/past.html |archivedate=17 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>
|-
! City
! Country
| style="background:silver;"|'''Round 1'''
|-
| [[Seoul]] || {{flag|South Korea|1949}} || style="text-align:center;"|'''52'''
|-
| [[Nagoya bid for the 1988 Summer Olympics|Nagoya]] || {{flag|Japan|1947}} || style="text-align:center;"|27
|}
After the Olympics were awarded, Seoul also received the opportunity to stage the 10th [[1986 Asian Games|Asian Games]] in 1986, using them to test its preparation for the Olympics.
==Highlights==
[[File:Seoul Olympic torch.jpg|right|thumb|South Koreans stand by the cauldron of the 1988 Summer Olympics.]]
[[File:Fireworks at the closing ceremonies of the 1988 Summer Games.JPEG|thumb|Fireworks at the closing ceremonies of the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul]]
* [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Vladimir Artemov]] won four gold medals in gymnastics.<ref name="Honored Inductees - Vladimir Artemov">{{cite web
| title = Honored Inductees – Vladimir Artemov
|url=http://www.ighof.com/honorees/honorees_artemov.html
|work=[[International Gymnastics Hall of Fame|www.ighof.com]]
| accessdate =6 October 2007 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030190746/http://www.ighof.com/honorees/honorees_artemov.html| archivedate= 30 October 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl=yes}}</ref> [[Daniela Silivaş]] of [[Romania]] won three and equalled compatriot [[Nadia Comăneci]]'s record of seven [[Perfect 10 (gymnastics)|Perfect 10s]] in one Olympic Games.<ref name="Honored Inductees - Daniela Silivas">{{cite web
| title = Honored Inductees – Daniela Silivas
|url=http://www.ighof.com/honorees/honorees_silivas.html
|work=[[International Gymnastics Hall of Fame|www.ighof.com]]
| accessdate =6 October 2007 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194910/http://www.ighof.com/honorees/honorees_silivas.html| archivedate= 27 September 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl=yes}}</ref>
* After having demolished the world record in the 100 m dash at the Olympic Trials in Indianapolis, U.S. sprinter [[Florence Griffith Joyner]] set an Olympic record (10.62) in the 100-metre dash and a still-standing world record (21.34) in the 200-metre dash to capture gold medals in both events. To these medals, she added a gold in the 4×100 relay and a silver in the 4×400. Just after the Games, she announced her retirement.<ref name="World Sport - Florence Griffith-Joyner">{{cite news
| title = World Sport – Florence Griffith-Joyner
|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/SPORT/06/03/olympics.griffithjoyner/index.html
|publisher=CNN
| accessdate =6 October 2007
| date=23 June 2004}}</ref>
* Canadian [[Ben Johnson (sprinter)|Ben Johnson]] won [[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metres|the 100 m final]] with a new world record, but was disqualified after he tested positive for [[stanozolol]]. Johnson has since claimed that his positive test was the result of sabotage.<ref name="Odd tale of mystery man in waiting-room">{{cite news
| title = A Look at André Jackson, the Mystery Man (and friend of Carl Lewis) in the Drug testing area with Ben Johnson in Seoul|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/more_sport/athletics/article1161912.ece
|work= The Times Online (UK)| accessdate =23 September 2003 | location=London | date=23 September 2003| first=Laura| last=Pitel}}</ref><ref name="Ben Johnson acusa a EEUU de proteger a sus atletas dopados">{{cite web
| language = Spanish | title = Ben Johnson acusa a EEUU de proteger a sus atletas dopados
|url=http://www.elmundo.es/jjoo/2004/2004/08/11/atletismo/1092214891.html
|work=[[El Mundo (Spain)|www.elmundo.es]]
| accessdate =6 October 2007 }}</ref>
* In the [[Gymnastics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's artistic team all-around|Women's Artistic Gymnastics Team All-Around Competition]], the U.S. women's team was penalized with a deduction of five tenths of a point from their team score by the [[International Federation of Gymnastics|Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG)]] after the compulsory round due to their Olympic team alternate Rhonda Faehn appearing on the podium for the uneven bars during the duration of [[Kelly Garrison-Funderburk|Kelly Garrison-Steve's]] compulsory [[uneven bars (gymnastics)|uneven bars]] routine, despite not competing, having been caught by the East German judge, Ellen Berger. The U.S. finishes in fourth place after the completion of the optional rounds with a combined score of 390.575, three tenths of a point behind the [[East Germany|German Democratic Republic]]. This still remains controversial in the sport of gymnastics, as the U.S. performed better than the East German team and they would have taken the bronze medal in the team competition had they not been penalized or had an inquiry accepted to receive the points back. If they had medaled, it would have also been their first gymnastics medal in the team competition (men or women) and their first gymnastics medal overall on the women's side in a fully attended Olympics (disregarding the [[1984 Summer Olympics|1984 Los Angeles Olympics]] which were boycotted by the Soviet Union and East Germany) had the controversy not been visited in the first place.
* Following the controversy involving the U.S. women's team in artistic gymnastics, U.S. gymnast [[Phoebe Mills]] won an individual bronze medal on the balance beam, shared with Romania's [[Gabriela Potorac]], making history as the first medal (team or individual) ever won by an U.S. woman in artistic gymnastics at a fully attended games (disregarding 1984).
*The [[Soviet Union|USSR (Soviet Union)]] won their final team gold medals in artistic gymnastics on both the men's and women's sides with scores of 593.350 and 395.475 respectively. The men's team was led by [[Vladimir Artemov]], while [[Elena Shushunova]] lead the women's team.
* [[Lawrence Lemieux]], a [[Canadians|Canadian]] sailor in the [[Finn (dinghy)|Finn class]], was in second place and poised to win a silver medal when he abandoned the race to save an injured competitor. He arrived in 21st place, but was recognized by the IOC with the [[Pierre de Coubertin medal]] honoring his bravery and sacrifice.
* U.S. diver [[Greg Louganis]] won back-to-back titles on both diving events, but only after hitting the springboard with his head in the 3 m event final. This became a minor controversy years later when Louganis revealed he knew he was HIV-positive at the time, and did not tell anybody. Since HIV cannot survive in open water, no other divers were ever in danger.
* [[Christa Luding-Rothenburger]] of [[East Germany]] became the first (and only) athlete to win Olympic medals at the [[Winter Olympic Games|Winter Olympics]] and Summer Olympics in the same year. She added a cycling silver to the [[speed skating]] gold she won earlier in the [[1988 Winter Olympics|Winter Olympics of that year]] in [[Calgary]].<ref name="Christa Luding-Rothenburger Encyclopædia Britannica article">{{cite web
| title = Christa Luding-Rothenburger Encyclopædia Britannica article
|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9002734/Christa-Luding-Rothenburger
|work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica Online Encyclopedia]]
| accessdate =6 October 2007 }}</ref>
* [[Anthony Nesty]] of [[Suriname]] won his country's first Olympic medal by winning the 100 m [[Butterfly stroke|butterfly]], scoring an upset victory over [[Matt Biondi]] by .01 of a second (thwarting Biondi's attempt<ref name="Odds against Phelps eclipsing Spitz - Biondi">{{cite news
| title = Odds against Phelps eclipsing Spitz
|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/reutersComService_2_MOLT/idUSL2876024120080529
| accessdate =29 May 2008
| work=Reuters
| date=29 May 2008}}</ref> of breaking [[Mark Spitz]]' record seven golds in one Olympic event); he was the first [[Black people|black person]] to win an individual swimming gold.<ref name="El deporte en el Sur">{{cite web
| language = Spanish | title = El deporte en el Sur
|url=http://www.liceus.com/cgi-bin/ac/pu/Alejandro_Guevara_Deporte.asp
|work=Alejandro Guevara Onofre, Liceus.com
| accessdate =6 October 2007 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017015346/http://www.liceus.com/cgi-bin/ac/pu/Alejandro_Guevara_Deporte.asp| archivedate= 17 October 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl=no}}</ref>
* Swimmer [[Kristin Otto]] of East Germany won six gold medals. Other multi-medalists in the pool were [[Matt Biondi]] (five)<ref name="United States Olympic Committee - Biondi, Matt">{{cite web
|title=United States Olympic Committee – Biondi, Matt
|url=http://www.usoc.org/26_37838.htm
|work=[[United States Olympic Committee|usoc.com]]
|accessdate=6 October 2007
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010090004/http://www.usoc.org/26_37838.htm
|archivedate=10 October 2007
|deadurl=no
|df=dmy
}}</ref> and [[Janet Evans]] (three).<ref name="United States Olympic Committee - Evans, Janet">{{cite web
|title=United States Olympic Committee – Evans, Janet
|url=http://www.usoc.org/26_37840.htm
|work=[[United States Olympic Committee|usoc.com]]
|accessdate=6 October 2007
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011230617/http://www.usoc.org/26_37840.htm
|archivedate=11 October 2007
|deadurl=no
|df=dmy
}}</ref>
* [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[Fencing|fencer]] [[Kerstin Palm]] became the first woman to take part in seven Olympics.<ref name="SEOUL 1988 Games of the XXIV Olympiad"/>
* Swimmer [[Melvin Stewart|Mel Stewart]] of the U.S. was the most anticipated to win the men's 200 m butterfly final{{Citation needed|date=October 2007}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=SN|first=Chengalur|last2=PL|first2=Brown|date=1992-06-01|title=An analysis of male and female Olympic swimmers in the 200-meter events.|url=http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/1324101|journal=Canadian journal of sport sciences = Journal canadien des sciences du sport|language=en|volume=17|issue=2|issn=0833-1235}}</ref> but surprisingly, came in 5th.<ref name="Nuoto - risultati 200m. farfalla uomini">{{cite web
| language = Italian | title = Nuoto – risultati 200m. farfalla uomini
|url=http://www.pechino2008.coni.it/index.php?id=469
|work=coni.it
| accessdate =6 October 2007 }}</ref>
* [[Mark Todd (equestrian)|Mark Todd]] of New Zealand won his second consecutive individual gold medal in the three-day event in equestrian on [[Charisma (horse)|Charisma]], only the second time in eventing history that a gold medal has been won consecutively.<ref name="History of Awards : 1980-1989">{{cite web
|title=History of Awards : 1980–1989
|url=http://www.powerupdates.com/clients/halberg/pages/a_article.asp?pid=0&cid=-630935410&aid=789227824
|work=Halberg Trust website
|accessdate=6 October 2007
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927231704/http://www.powerupdates.com/clients/halberg/pages/a_article.asp?pid=0&cid=-630935410&aid=789227824
|archivedate=27 September 2007
|deadurl=yes
|df=
}}</ref>
* Baseball<ref name="Demonstration Sports at the Olympic Games">{{cite web
| title = Demonstration Sports at the Olympic Games
|url=http://www.topendsports.com/events/discontinued/demo.htm
| work=topendsports.com
| accessdate =6 October 2007 }}</ref> and [[Taekwondo]]<ref name="About WTF - History">{{cite web
|title=About WTF – History
|url=http://www.wtf.org/site/about_wtf/history.htm
|work=[[World Taekwondo Federation|www.wtf.org]]
|accessdate=6 October 2007
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005052615/http://www.wtf.org/site/about_wtf/history.htm
|archivedate=5 October 2007
|deadurl=no
|df=dmy
}}</ref> were demonstration sports. The opening ceremony featured a mass demonstration of taekwondo with hundreds of adults and children performing moves in unison.
* This was the last time the U.S. was represented by a basketball team that didn't feature [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] players;<ref name="The Original Dream Team">{{cite web
| title = The Original Dream Team
|url=http://www.nba.com/history/dreamT_moments.html
|work=[[National Basketball Association|NBA.com]]
| accessdate =6 October 2007 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024164412/http://www.nba.com/history/dreamT_moments.html| archivedate= 24 October 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl=no}}</ref> the team won the bronze medal after being defeated by the Soviet Union which went on to win the gold medal.<ref name="THE SEOUL OLYMPICS: Men's Basketball; After 16-Year Wait, Soviets Stun U.S. Again, 82-76">{{cite news
| title = THE SEOUL OLYMPICS: Men's Basketball; After 16-Year Wait, Soviets Stun U.S. Again, 82–76
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/28/sports/seoul-olympics-men-s-basketball-after-16-year-wait-soviets-stun-us-again-82-76.html?n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fSubjects%2fO%2fOlympic%20Games&pagewanted=print
|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]
|first=Peter
|last=Alfano
|date=28 September 1988
| accessdate =6 October 2007 }}</ref>
* For the first time in history, all the [[dressage]] events were won by women.<ref name="Canada at the 1988 Summer Olympics">{{cite web
|title=Canada at the 1988 Summer Olympics
|url=http://www.sportsofworld.com/olympics/country-performance/canada/1988-seoul.html
|work=sportsofworld.com
|accessdate=6 October 2007
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013023535/http://www.sportsofworld.com/olympics/country-performance/canada/1988-seoul.html
|archivedate=13 October 2007
|deadurl=no
|df=dmy
}}</ref>
* Women's [[judo]] was held for the first time, as a demonstration sport.<ref name="Obukan Judo History">{{cite web
| title = Obukan Judo History
|url=http://www.obukan.org/History.htm
| work=obukan.org
| accessdate =6 October 2007 }}</ref>
* Bowling was held as a demonstration sport, with Kwon Jong Yul of South Korea and Arianne Cerdeña from the Philippines winning the men's and women's gold medals, respectively.
* Table tennis was introduced at the Olympics, with [[China]] and South Korea both winning two titles.<ref name="Olympic Table Tennis Champions">{{cite web
| title = Olympic Table Tennis Champions
|url=http://www.usatt.org/organization/champions/olympic_champions.shtml
|work=usatt.org
| accessdate =6 October 2007 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020015722/http://usatt.org/organization/champions/olympic_champions.shtml| archivedate= 20 October 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl=yes}}</ref>
* Tennis returned to the Olympics after a 64-year absence,<ref name="THE SEOUL OLYMPICS: Tennis; Tennis Returns to Good Reviews">{{cite news
| title = The Seoul Olympics: Tennis; Tennis Returns to Good Reviews
|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DEEDA1638F931A35753C1A96E948260
|work=[[The New York Times|www.nytimes.com]]
| accessdate =6 October 2007
| first=Peter
| last=Alfano
| date=2 October 1988}}</ref> and [[Steffi Graf]] added to her four [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] victories in the year by also winning the Olympic title,<ref name="Steffi graf, la mejor">{{cite web
| language = Spanish | title = Steffi graf, la mejor
|url=http://www.eltenis.net/tenis-femenino/steffi-graf-la-mejor.php
|work=elTenis.net
| accessdate =6 October 2007 }}</ref> beating [[Gabriela Sabatini|Sabatini]] in the final.<ref name="Gabriela Sabatini - Fotos, Vídeos, Biografía, Wallpapers y Ficha Técnica">{{cite web
| language = Spanish | title = Gabriela Sabatini – Fotos, Vídeos, Biografía, Wallpapers y Ficha Técnica
|url=http://www.idolosdeportivos.com/tenis/gabriela-sabatini.php
|work=idolosdeportivos.com
| accessdate =6 October 2007 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018024552/http://www.idolosdeportivos.com/tenis/gabriela-sabatini.php| archivedate= 18 October 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl=no}}</ref>
* Two [[Bulgaria]]n [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifters]] were stripped of their gold medals after failing doping tests, and the team withdrew after this event.<ref name="THE SEOUL OLYMPICS: Weight Lifting; Team Lifted After 2d Drug Test Is Failed">{{cite news
| title = The Seoul Olympics: Weight Lifting; Team Lifted After 2d Drug Test Is Failed
|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE5D81739F937A1575AC0A96E948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print
|work=[[The New York Times|www.nytimes.com]]
| accessdate =6 October 2007
| date=24 September 1988}}</ref>
* Controversies occurred involving boxers including a gold medal being awarded to a Korean [[light-middleweight]] after having apparently been defeated by U.S. boxer [[Roy Jones, Jr.|Roy Jones, Jr]] and an assault on a New Zealander referee by South Korean officials after the referee cautioned a South Korean [[bantamweight]].<ref name="Seoul Games scarred by riots">{{cite web
| title = Seoul Games scarred by riots
|url=http://in.rediff.com/sports/2004/jul/05oly.htm
| work=[[Rediff.com|in.rediff.com]]
| accessdate =22 August 2008 }}</ref>
* Soviet [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifter]] [[Yury Zakharevich]] won the men's heavyweight (up to 110 kg class) with a 210 kg snatch and 245 kg clean and jerk for a 455 kg total. Zakhareivich had dislocated his elbow in 1983 attempting a world record and had it rebuilt with synthetic tendons.
* Indonesia gained its first medal in Olympic history when the women's team won a silver medal in archery.
Live doves were released during the opening ceremony as a symbol of world peace, but a number of the doves were burned alive or suffered major trauma by the lighting of the Olympic cauldron. As a result of protests following the incident, the last time live doves were released at the opening ceremony was in 1992 in Barcelona, hours before the flame was lit. Balloon doves were released in 1994 at the Lillehammer Winter Games and paper doves were used at the Atlanta Ceremony in 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug132004/oly5.asp |title=When messengers of peace were burned alive |accessdate=2009-01-10 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040829084509/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug132004/oly5.asp |archivedate=29 August 2004 |df=dmy }}, Deccan ''Herald'', 12 August 2004. Retrieved 25 June 2008.</ref>
These were also the last Summer Olympic Games to hold the Opening Ceremony during the daytime. The opening ceremony featured a skydiving team descending over the stadium and forming the five-colored Olympic Rings,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skydivecolumbus.com/demo_jumps.htm|title=Demonstration Jumps|publisher=}}</ref> as well as a mass demonstration of [[taekwondo]].
==Significance of the 1988 Olympics in South Korea==
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2013}}
[[File:Seoul.Olympic.Stadium.01 copy.jpg|thumb|The [[Seoul Olympic Stadium]] seen from [[Han River (Korea)|Han River]], [[Seoul]].]]
Hosting the 1988 Olympics presented an opportunity to bring international attention to South Korea.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Horton|first1=Peter|last2=Saunders|first2=John|title=The 'East Asian' Olympic Games: what of sustainable legacies?|url=http://web.a.ebscohost.com.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/ehost/detail/detail?vid=4&sid=f83ad522-f1e7-4059-ae69-642db2e7f2c2%40sessionmgr4003&hid=4109&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=s3h&AN=75273953|publisher=Taylor and Francis|accessdate=20 February 2015}}</ref> The idea for South Korea to place a bid for the 1988 Games emerged during the last days of the [[Park Chung-hee]] administration in the late 1970s. After President Park’s assassination in 1979, [[Chun Doo-hwan]], his successor, submitted Korea’s bid to the IOC in September 1981, in hopes that the increased international exposure brought by the Olympics would legitimize his authoritarian regime amidst increasing political pressure for democratization, provide protection from increasing threats from [[North Korea]], and showcase the [[Miracle on the Han River|Korean economic miracle]] to the world community.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Manheim|first1=Jarol|title=Rites of Passage: The 1988 Seoul Olympics as Public Diplomacy|publisher=Western Political Science Association|pages=279–295|jstor=448367}}</ref> South Korea was awarded the bid on 30 September 1981, becoming the 20th nation (16th in the [[Summer Olympic Games|Summer Olympics]]), the second Asian nation (following Japan in the [[1964 Summer Olympics]]).
In an attempt to follow the model of 1964 Tokyo Olympics as a rite of passage for the Japanese economy and re-integration of Japan in the family of nations in the post-war era, the South Korean government hoped to use the Olympics as a "coming-out party" for the newly industrialized Korean economy. The South Korean government hoped the Olympics would symbolize a new legitimacy of Korea in world affairs. The Olympics gave a powerful impetus to the development of South Korea's relations with Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union and with China.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cho|first1=Ji-Hyun|last2=Bairner|first2=Alan|title=The sociocultural legacy of the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games|doi=10.1080/02614367.2011.636178|publisher=Taylor and Francis}}</ref>
In utilizing media events theory, Larson and Park investigated the 1988 Seoul Olympics as a form of political communication. They revealed the significance of South Korea's military government throughout the period of the olympic bid and preparation, followed by the many advantages of the Seoul Olympics: rapid economic modernization, social mobilization, the legitimization of the military dictatorship, etc.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kang|first=Jaeho|last2=Traganou|first2=Jilly|year=2011|title=The Beijing National Stadium as Media-space|url=|journal=Design and Culture|volume=3|issue=2|pages=|via=}}</ref>
==1988 Summer Olympics boycott==
{{refimprove section|date=December 2010}}
[[File:1988 Summer Olympics Seoul boycotting countries blue.png|thumb|370px|Countries boycotting the 1988 Games are shaded blue]]
In preparation for the 1988 Olympics, the [[International Olympic Committee]] worked to prevent another Olympic boycott by the [[Eastern Bloc]] as had happened at the [[1984 Summer Olympics]] in [[Los Angeles]]. This was made more difficult by the lack of diplomatic relations between South Korea and socialist countries. This prompted action by the IOC president [[Juan Antonio Samaranch]], who was committed to the participation of these countries. Thus, at the Assembly of National Olympic Committees in Mexico City in November 1984, the "Mexico Declaration" [http://library.la84.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1984/ore206/ORE206e.pdf] was adopted; by it, the participants agreed to include the host of the Olympic Games in 1988.{{Clarify|date=February 2014}} The agreement of the Soviet Union brought a pledge of equal participation. However, various socialist [[National Olympic Committee]]s reacted with incomprehension.{{Clarify|date=February 2014}} After the Los Angeles games, [[East Germany]] had already decided to participate again in Seoul. The IOC also decided that it would send invitations to the 1988 Games itself and did not leave this task to the organizing committee as had been done before. Despite these developments, behind the scenes, the IOC did consider relocating the Games and explored the suitability of [[Munich]] as an alternative.
Another point of conflict was the involvement of [[North Korea]] in hosting the Games, something that had been encouraged by Cuban president [[Fidel Castro]], who called for North Korea to be considered joint host of the Games. As a result, on 8 and 9 January 1986 in [[Lausanne]], [[Switzerland]], the IOC President chaired a meeting of the North and South Korean Olympic Committees. North Korea demanded that eleven of the 23 Olympic sports be carried out on its territory, and also demanded special opening and closing ceremonies. It wanted a joint organizing committee and a united team. The negotiations were continued into another meeting, but were not successful. The IOC did not meet the demands of North Korea and only about half of the desired sporting events were offered to the North. So the focus thereafter was solely on Seoul and South Korea.<ref>[http://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/nkidp-e-dossier-no-3-sport-and-politics-the-korean-peninsula-north-korea-and-the-1988 "Sport and Politics on the Korean Peninsula – North Korea and the 1988 Seoul Olympics"] NKIDP e-Dossier No. 3. Retrieved 23 April 2012</ref>
North Korea boycotted the Games after the failed negotiations and was supported by [[Cuba]], [[Nicaragua]] and [[People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|Albania]] and the [[Seychelles]] also did not attend, but, in order to avoid sanctions by the IOC, did not call their absence a boycott. The participation of [[Democratic Republic of Madagascar|Madagascar]] had been expected, and their team was expected at the opening ceremony of 160 nations. However, the country joined the North Korean boycott.<ref>[[:de:Olympische Sommerspiele 1988#Sportpolitik]]</ref>
==Camps for homeless==
In the runup to the 1988 Olympics, the South Korean government ordered Seoul's "vagrants" to be cleared from the street.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tong-Hyung|first1=Kim|last2=Klug|first2=Foster|title=AP: S. Korea covered up mass abuse, killings of 'vagrants'|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/c22de3a565fe4e85a0508bbbd72c3c1b/ap-s-korea-covered-mass-abuse-killings-vagrants|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|date=April 19, 2016|accessdate=April 9, 2017}}</ref> Thousands of people, many of them small children, were sent to a "welfare facility" called the "Brothers Home", where they were subject to severe, often fatal beatings and routine rape.<ref>{{cite web|last=Doctorow |first=Cory|authorlink=Cory Doctorow |title=Before 1988 Olympics, South Korea sent 'vagrants' to camps where rape and murder were routine|url=http://boingboing.net/2016/04/20/pre-1988-olympics-south-korea.html|publisher=[[Boing Boing]]|date=April 20, 2016|accessdate=April 9, 2017}}</ref>
==Official theme song==
[[File:Seoul 1988 Torch.JPG|thumb|The official [[Olympic Torch]] used during the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul.]]
{{main article|Hand in Hand (Olympic theme song)}}
In 1988, the Seoul Olympic Organizing Committee (SLOOC) decided to produce and distribute an official song of the Seoul Games to publicize the Games to all the IOC member nations, encouraging their participation in the festival and
consolidating the harmony and friendship of the entire world citizens through the song. The song "[[Hand in Hand (Olympics)|Hand in Hand]]" was written by Italian composer [[Giorgio Moroder]] and American songwriter [[Tom Whitlock]], and performed by singing group Koreana. "Hand in Hand" topped popular songs in 17 countries including Sweden, West Germany, the Philippines, Spain, Switzerland, Austria, Japan and Hong Kong and was listed
among the top 10s of the popular songs in more than 30 countries.
==Venues==
{{Main article|Venues of the 1988 Summer Olympics}}
[[File:Khitai6.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Olympic Park, Seoul|World Peace Gate]] in Seoul.]]
[[File:Seoul Olympic Swimming Pool.jpg|thumb|[[Jamsil Indoor Swimming Pool]].]]
[[File:Autumn Seoul Olympic Park.jpg|thumb|[[Olympic Park, Seoul|Seoul Olympic Park]] in autumn.]]
*[[Seoul Sports Complex]] venues
**[[Olympic Stadium (Seoul)|Seoul Olympic Stadium]]² – opening/closing ceremonies, athletics, equestrian (jumping individual final), football (final)
**[[Jamsil Indoor Swimming Pool]]² – diving, modern pentathlon (swimming), synchronized swimming, swimming, water polo
**[[Jamsil Gymnasium]]² – basketball, volleyball (final)
**[[Jamsil Students' Gymnasium]]² – boxing
**[[Jamsil Baseball Stadium]]² – baseball (demonstration)
*[[Olympic Park, Seoul|Olympic Park]] venues
**[[Olympic Velodrome (Seoul)|Olympic Velodrome]]¹ – cycling (track)
**[[Olympic Weightlifting Gymnasium]]¹ – weightlifting
**[[Olympic Fencing Gymnasium]]¹ – fencing, modern pentathlon (fencing)
**[[Olympic Gymnastics Arena|Olympic Gymnastics Hall]]¹ – gymnastics
**[[Seoul Olympic Park Tennis Center|Olympic Tennis Center]]¹ – tennis
**[[Mongchon Tosong]]¹ – modern pentathlon (running)
*Other venues in metropolitan Seoul
**[[Seoul Race Park|Seoul Equestrian Park]]– equestrian (all but jumping individual final), modern pentathlon (riding)
**[[Misari Regatta|Han River Regatta Course/Canoeing Site Course]]¹ – canoeing, rowing
**[[Saemaul Sports Hall]]¹ – volleyball preliminaries
**[[Hanyang University Gymnasium]]¹ – volleyball preliminaries
**[[Changchung Gymnasium]]² – judo, taekwondo (demonstration)
**[[Seoul National University Gymnasium]] – badminton (demonstration), table tennis
**[[Royal Bowling Center]]² – bowling (demonstration)
**[[Dongdaemun Stadium]]² – football preliminaries
**[[Hwarang Archery Field]]², Nowon-gu – archery
**[[Taereung International Shooting Range]]², Taenung – modern pentathlon (shooting), shooting
**Streets of Seoul – athletics (20 km/ 50 km walk, marathon)
**[[Jangchung Gymnasium]] – taekwondo (demonstration), judo
*Venues outside Seoul
**[[Sangmu Gymnasium]]¹, [[Seongnam]] – wrestling
**[[Daejeon Hanbat Stadium|Daejeon Stadium]]², [[Daejeon]] – football preliminaries
**[[Daegu Civil Stadium|Daegu Stadium]]², [[Daegu]] – football preliminaries
**[[Busan Gudeok Stadium|Busan Stadium]]², [[Busan]] – football preliminaries
**[[Gwangju Stadium]]², [[Gwangju]] – football preliminaries
**[[Suwon Gymnasium]]¹, [[Suwon]] – handball
**[[Seongnam 1 Stadium|Seongnam Stadium]]², [[Seongnam]] – field hockey
**[[Busan Yachting Center]]¹, [[Busan]] – sailing
**[[Tongillo Road Course]] – cycling (individual road race, road team time trial)
¹ New facilities constructed in preparation for the Olympic Games. ² Existing facilities modified or refurbished in preparation for the Olympic Games.
==Cost==
According to ''The Oxford Olympics Study'' data is not available to establish the cost of the Seoul 1988 Summer Olympics.<ref>{{Cite book|ssrn=2804554|title=The Oxford Olympics Study 2016: Cost and Cost Overrun at the Games|last=Flyvbjerg|first=Bent|last2=Stewart|first2=Allison|last3=Budzier|first3=Alexander|publisher=Saïd Business School Working Papers (Oxford: University of Oxford)|year=2016|isbn=|location=Oxford|pages=9–13|quote=|via=}}</ref> Average cost for Summer Games since 1960, for which data are available, is USD 5.2 billion.
==Medals awarded==
The 1988 Summer Olympic programme featured 237 events in the following 23 sports:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-1-of-4}}
*Aquatics
**{{GamesSport|Diving|Events=4|Format=d}}
**{{GamesSport|Swimming|Events=31|Format=d}}
**{{GamesSport|Synchronized swimming|Events=2|Format=d}}
**{{GamesSport|Water polo|Events=1|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Archery|Events=4|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Athletics|Events=42|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Basketball|Events=2|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Boxing|Events=12|Format=d}}
{{col-2-of-4}}
*{{GamesSport|Canoeing|Events=12|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Cycling|Format=d}}
**Road <small>(3)</small>
**Track <small>(6)</small>
*{{GamesSport|Equestrian|Format=d}}
**Dressage <small>(2)</small>
**Eventing <small>(2)</small>
**Show jumping <small>(2)</small>
*{{GamesSport|Fencing|Events=8|Format=d}}
{{col-3-of-4}}
*{{GamesSport|Field hockey|Events=2|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Football|Events=1|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Gymnastics|Format=d}}
**Artistic <small>(14)</small>
**Rhythmic <small>(1)</small>
*{{GamesSport|Handball|Events=2|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Judo|Events=7|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Modern pentathlon|Events=2|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Rowing|Events=14|Format=d}}
{{col-4-of-4}}
*{{GamesSport|Sailing|Events=8|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Shooting|Events=13|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Table tennis|Events=4|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Tennis|Events=4|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Volleyball|Events=2|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Weightlifting|Events=10|Format=d}}
*{{GamesSport|Wrestling|Format=d}}
**Freestyle <small>(10)</small>
**Greco-Roman <small>(10)</small>
{{col-end}}
[[File:Erich Buljung.JPEG|thumb|150px|right|[[Erich Buljung]] shows a silver medal he won in the 10m [[air pistol]] competition at the 1988 Summer Olympics.]]
===Demonstration sports===
These were the demonstration sports in the games:<ref name="SEOUL 1988 Games of the XXIV Olympiad"/>
* {{GamesSport|Badminton}}
* {{GamesSport|Baseball}}
* {{GamesSport|Bowling}}
* {{GamesSport|Judo}}
* {{GamesSport|Taekwondo}}
* {{GamesSport|Wheelchair racing}}
==Calendar==
:''All times are local [[Time in Australia|AEST]] ([[UTC+10]])''
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:90%;position:relative;"
|-
|bgcolor=#00cc33 align=center| ● ||Opening ceremony|| bgcolor=#3399ff align=center|   ||Event competitions || bgcolor=#ffcc00 align=center| ● ||Event finals || bgcolor=#ee3333| ● ||Closing ceremony
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:90%; line-height:1.25em;"
|-
!rowspan=2|Date
!colspan=14|September
!colspan=2|October
|-
!17th<br>Sat!!18th<br>Sun!!19th<br>Mon!!20th<br>Tue!!21st<br>Wed!!22nd<br>Thu!!23rd<br>Fri!!24th<br>Sat!!25th<br>Sun!!26th<br>Mon!!27th<br>Tue!!28th<br>Wed!!29th<br>Thu!!30th<br>Fri!!1st<br>Sat!!2nd<br>Sun
|- align="center"
| align="left" | [[Archery at the 1988 Summer Olympics|Archery]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Archery at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's individual|●]] [[Archery at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's individual|●]]
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Archery at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's team|●]] [[Archery at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's team|●]]
|
|- align="center"
| align="left" | [[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics|Athletics]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |<span style="line-height:0.7em;">[[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 20 kilometres walk|●]]<br>[[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's shot put|●]] [[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's marathon|●]]</span>
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |<span style="line-height:0.7em;">[[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metres|●]]<br>[[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's triple jump|●]] [[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's heptathlon|●]]</span>
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |<span style="line-height:0.7em;">[[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres hurdles|●]] [[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's high jump|●]]<br>[[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's javelin throw|●]] [[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metres|●]] [[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's 3000 metres|●]]</span>
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |<span style="line-height:0.7em;">[[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 800 metres|●]] [[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 10,000 metres|●]] [[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 110 metres hurdles|●]] [[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's long jump|●]]<br>[[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's hammer throw|●]] [[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's 400 metres|●]] [[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's 800 metres|●]] [[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's javelin throw|●]]</span>
|
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |<span style="line-height:0.7em;">[[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metres|●]] [[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres|●]] [[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 3000 metres steeplechase|●]]<br>[[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's pole vault|●]] [[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's 400 metres hurdles|●]]</span>
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |<span style="line-height:0.7em;">[[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's decathlon|●]] [[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's 200 metres|●]]<br>[[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's long jump|●]] [[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's discus throw|●]]</span>
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |<span style="line-height:0.7em;">[[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 kilometres walk|●]] [[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's 10,000 metres|●]]<br>[[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metres hurdles|●]] [[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's high jump|●]]</span>
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |<span style="line-height:0.7em;">[[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 1500 metres|●]] [[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 5000 metres|●]] [[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metres relay|●]]<br>[[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay|●]] [[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's discus throw|●]] [[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's 1500 metres|●]]<br>[[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay|●]] [[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|●]] [[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's shot put|●]]</span>
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon|●]]
|- align="center"
| align="left" | [[Basketball at the 1988 Summer Olympics|Basketball]]
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Basketball at the 1988 Summer Olympics#Women's Tournament|●]]
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Basketball at the 1988 Summer Olympics#Men's Tournament|●]]
|
|
|- align="center"
| align="left" | [[Boxing at the 1988 Summer Olympics|Boxing]]
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
|
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |<span style="line-height:0.7em;">[[Boxing at the 1988 Summer Olympics#Light Flyweight (– 48 kg)|●]] [[Boxing at the 1988 Summer Olympics#Bantamweight (– 54 kg)|●]] [[Boxing at the 1988 Summer Olympics#Lightweight (– 60 kg)|●]]<br>[[Boxing at the 1988 Summer Olympics#Welterweight (– 67 kg)|●]] [[Boxing at the 1988 Summer Olympics#Middleweight (– 75 kg)|●]] [[Boxing at the 1988 Summer Olympics#Heavyweight (– 91 kg)|●]]</span>
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |<span style="line-height:0.7em;">[[Boxing at the 1988 Summer Olympics#Flyweight (– 51 kg)|●]] [[Boxing at the 1988 Summer Olympics#Featherweight (– 57 kg)|●]] [[Boxing at the 1988 Summer Olympics#Light Welterweight (– 63.5 kg)|●]]<br>[[Boxing at the 1988 Summer Olympics#Light Middleweight (– 71 kg)|●]] [[Boxing at the 1988 Summer Olympics#Light Heavyweight (– 81 kg)|●]] [[Boxing at the 1988 Summer Olympics#Super Heavyweight (+ 91 kg)|●]]</span>
|- align="center"
| align="left" | [[Canoeing at the 1988 Summer Olympics|Canoeing]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |<span style="line-height:0.7em;">[[Canoeing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's K-1 500 metres|●]] [[Canoeing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's K-2 500 metres|●]] [[Canoeing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's K-1 500 metres|●]]<br>[[Canoeing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's K-2 500 metres|●]] [[Canoeing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's C-1 500 metres|●]] [[Canoeing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's C-2 500 metres|●]]</span>
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |<span style="line-height:0.7em;">[[Canoeing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's K-1 1000 metres|●]] [[Canoeing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's K-2 1000 metres|●]] [[Canoeing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's K-4 1000 metres|●]]<br>[[Canoeing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's K-4 500 metres|●]] [[Canoeing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's C-1 1000 metres|●]] [[Canoeing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's C-2 1000 metres|●]]</span>
|
|- align="center"
| align="left" | [[Cycling at the 1988 Summer Olympics|Cycling]]
|
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Cycling at the 1988 Summer Olympics - Men's team time trial|●]]
|
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Cycling at the 1988 Summer Olympics - Men's time trial|●]]
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Cycling at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's individual pursuit|●]]
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |<span style="line-height:0.7em;">[[Cycling at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's individual sprint|●]] [[Cycling at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's team pursuit|●]]<br>[[Cycling at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's points race|●]] [[Cycling at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's individual sprint|●]]</span>
|
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Cycling at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's road race|●]]
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Cycling at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's individual road race|●]]
|
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|
|- align="center"
| align="left" | [[Diving at the 1988 Summer Olympics|Diving]]
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | [[Diving at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's 10 metre platform|●]]
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | [[Diving at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 3 metre springboard|●]]
|
|
|
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | [[Diving at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's 3 metre springboard|●]]
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 | [[Diving at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 10 metre platform|●]]
|
|
|
|
|
|- align="center"
| align="left" | [[Equestrian at the 1988 Summer Olympics|Equestrian]]
|
|
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Equestrian at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Individual eventing|●]] [[Equestrian at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Team eventing|●]]
|
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Equestrian at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Team dressage|●]]
|
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Equestrian at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Individual dressage|●]] [[Equestrian at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Team eventing|●]]
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Equestrian at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Team jumping|●]]
|
|
|
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Equestrian at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Individual jumping|●]]
|- align="center"
| align="left" | [[Fencing at the 1988 Summer Olympics|Fencing]]
|
|
|
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Fencing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's foil|●]]
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Fencing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's foil|●]]
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Fencing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's sabre|●]]
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Fencing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's épée|●]]
|
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Fencing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's team foil|●]]
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Fencing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's team foil|●]]
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Fencing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's team sabre|●]]
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Fencing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's team épée|●]]
|
|
|- align="center"
| align="left" | [[Field hockey at the 1988 Summer Olympics|Field hockey]]
|
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
|
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Field hockey at the 1988 Summer Olympics#Women's competition|●]]
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Field hockey at the 1988 Summer Olympics#Men’s Tournament|●]]
|
|- align="center"
| align="left" | [[Football at the 1988 Summer Olympics|Football (soccer)]]
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
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| bgcolor=#3399ff |
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| bgcolor=#3399ff |
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|
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Football at the 1988 Summer Olympics|●]]
|
|- align="center"
| align="left" | [[Gymnastics at the 1988 Summer Olympics|Gymnastics]]
|
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Gymnastics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's artistic team all-around|●]]
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Gymnastics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's artistic team all-around|●]]
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Gymnastics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's artistic individual all-around|●]]
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Gymnastics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's artistic individual all-around|●]]
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |<span style="line-height:0.7em;">[[Gymnastics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's floor|●]] [[Gymnastics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's vault|●]] [[Gymnastics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's parallel bars|●]]<br>[[Gymnastics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's horizontal bar|●]] [[Gymnastics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's rings|●]] [[Gymnastics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's pommel horse|●]]</span>
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |<span style="line-height:0.7em;">[[Gymnastics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's floor|●]] [[Gymnastics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's vault|●]]<br>[[Gymnastics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's uneven bars|●]] [[Gymnastics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's balance beam|●]]</span>
|
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| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Gymnastics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's rhythmic individual all-around|●]]
|
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|- align="center"
| align="left" | [[Handball at the 1988 Summer Olympics|Handball]]
|
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|
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |[[Handball at the 1988 Summer Olympics#Women's Tournament|●]]
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Handball at the 1988 Summer Olympics#Men's Tournament|●]]
|
|- align="center"
| align="left" | [[Judo at the 1988 Summer Olympics|Judo]]
|
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| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Judo at the 1988 Summer Olympics – 60 kg|●]]
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Judo at the 1988 Summer Olympics – 65 kg|●]]
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Judo at the 1988 Summer Olympics – 71 kg|●]]
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Judo at the 1988 Summer Olympics – 78 kg|●]]
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Judo at the 1988 Summer Olympics – 86 kg|●]]
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Judo at the 1988 Summer Olympics – 95 kg|●]]
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Judo at the 1988 Summer Olympics – +95 kg|●]]
|
|- align="center"
| align="left" | [[Modern pentathlon at the 1988 Summer Olympics|Modern pentathlon]]
|
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Modern pentathlon at the 1988 Summer Olympics#Individual|●]] [[Modern pentathlon at the 1988 Summer Olympics#Team|●]]
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|- align="center"
| align="left" | [[Rowing at the 1988 Summer Olympics|Rowing]]
|
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| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |<span style="line-height:0.7em;">[[Rowing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's single sculls|●]] [[Rowing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's double sculls|●]]<br>[[Rowing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's coxless pair|●]] [[Rowing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's coxed four|●]]<br>[[Rowing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's double sculls|●]] [[Rowing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's coxless pair|●]] [[Rowing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's coxed four|●]]</span>
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |<span style="line-height:0.7em;">[[Rowing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's coxed pair|●]] [[Rowing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's quadruple sculls|●]]<br>[[Rowing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's coxless four|●]] [[Rowing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's eight|●]]<br>[[Rowing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's single sculls|●]] [[Rowing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's quadruple sculls|●]] [[Rowing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's eight|●]]</span>
|
|
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|- align="center"
| align="left" | [[Sailing at the 1988 Summer Olympics|Sailing]]
|
|
|
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
|
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |<span style="line-height:0.7em;">[[Sailing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – 470 Male|●]] [[Sailing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – 470 Female|●]] [[Sailing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Division II|●]] [[Sailing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Finn|●]]<br>[[Sailing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Star|●]] [[Sailing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Tornado|●]] [[Sailing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Soling|●]] [[Sailing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Flying Dutchman|●]]</span>
|
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|
|
|- align="center"
| align="left" | [[Shooting at the 1988 Summer Olympics|Shooting]]
|
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Shooting at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre pistol|●]] [[Shooting at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's 10 metre air rifle|●]]
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Shooting at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre rifle prone|●]] [[Shooting at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's 25 metre pistol|●]]
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Shooting at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 10 metre air rifle|●]] [[Shooting at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Trap|●]]
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Shooting at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's 10 metre air pistol|●]] [[Shooting at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's 50 metre rifle three positions|●]]
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Shooting at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre rifle three positions|●]]
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Shooting at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 25 metre rapid fire pistol|●]] [[Shooting at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre running target|●]]
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Shooting at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 10 metre air pistol|●]] [[Shooting at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Skeet|●]]
|
|
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|
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|
|- align="center"
| align="left" | [[Swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics|Swimming]]
|
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |<span style="line-height:0.7em;">[[Swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre freestyle|●]] [[Swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre breaststroke|●]]<br>[[Swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metre freestyle|●]] [[Swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's 400 metre individual medley|●]]</span>
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |<span style="line-height:0.7em;">[[Swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|●]] [[Swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre butterfly|●]]<br>[[Swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metre individual medley|●]] [[Swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's 200 metre freestyle|●]] [[Swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's 200 metre breaststroke|●]]</span>
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |<span style="line-height:0.7em;">[[Swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre freestyle|●]] [[Swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre backstroke|●]]<br>[[Swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's 400 metre freestyle|●]] [[Swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay|●]] [[Swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metre backstroke|●]]</span>
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |<span style="line-height:0.7em;">[[Swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metre freestyle|●]] [[Swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay|●]]<br>[[Swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre breaststroke|●]] [[Swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metre breaststroke|●]] [[Swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metre butterfly|●]]</span>
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |<span style="line-height:0.7em;">[[Swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre freestyle|●]] [[Swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre backstroke|●]] [[Swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre butterfly|●]]<br>[[Swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's 800 metre freestyle|●]] [[Swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's 200 metre individual medley|●]] [[Swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 100 metre medley relay|●]]</span>
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |<span style="line-height:0.7em;">[[Swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 1500 metre freestyle|●]] [[Swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre individual medley|●]] [[Swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay|●]]<br>[[Swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's 50 metre freestyle|●]] [[Swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's 200 metre backstroke|●]] [[Swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's 200 metre butterfly|●]]</span>
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|- align="center"
| align="left" | [[Synchronized swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics|Synchronized swimming]]
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|
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
|
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Synchronised swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's solo|●]]
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Synchronized swimming at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's duet|●]]
|
|- align="center"
| align="left" | [[Table tennis at the 1988 Summer Olympics|Table tennis]]
|
|
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|
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Table tennis at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|●]] [[Table tennis at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's doubles|●]]
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Table tennis at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|●]] [[Table tennis at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's singles|●]]
|
|- align="center"
| align="left" | [[Tennis at the 1988 Summer Olympics|Tennis]]
|
|
|
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Tennis at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's Singles|●]] [[Tennis at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's Doubles|●]]
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Tennis at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's Doubles|●]] [[Tennis at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's Singles|●]]
|
|- align="center"
| align="left" | [[Volleyball at the 1988 Summer Olympics|Volleyball]]
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
|
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Volleyball at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's volleyball|●]]
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Volleyball at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|●]]
|- align="center"
| align="left" | [[Water polo at the 1988 Summer Olympics|Water polo]]
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
|
|
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
|
|
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Water polo at the 1988 Summer Olympics|●]]
|
|- align="center"
| align="left" | [[Weightlifting at the 1988 Summer Olympics|Weightlifting]]
|
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Weightlifting at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 52 kg|●]]
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Weightlifting at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 56 kg|●]]
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Weightlifting at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 60 kg|●]]
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Weightlifting at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 67.5 kg|●]]
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Weightlifting at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 75 kg|●]]
|
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Weightlifting at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 82.5 kg|●]]
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Weightlifting at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 90 kg|●]]
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Weightlifting at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 kg|●]]
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Weightlifting at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 110 kg|●]]
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |[[Weightlifting at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's +110 kg|●]]
|
|
|
|
|- align="center"
| align="left" | [[Wrestling at the 1988 Summer Olympics|Wrestling]]
|
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |<span style="line-height:0.7em;">[[Wrestling at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's Greco-Roman 48 kg|●]]<br>[[Wrestling at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's Greco-Roman 62 kg|●]] [[Wrestling at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's Greco-Roman 90 kg|●]]</span>
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |<span style="line-height:0.7em;">[[Wrestling at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's Greco-Roman 52 kg|●]] [[Wrestling at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's Greco-Roman 74 kg|●]]<br>[[Wrestling at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's Greco-Roman 100 kg|●]] [[Wrestling at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's Greco-Roman 130 kg|●]]</span>
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |<span style="line-height:0.7em;">[[Wrestling at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's Greco-Roman 57 kg|●]]<br>[[Wrestling at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's Greco-Roman 68 kg|●]] [[Wrestling at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's Greco-Roman 82 kg|●]]</span>
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#3399ff |
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |<span style="line-height:0.7em;">[[Wrestling at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 48 kg|●]]<br>[[Wrestling at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 62 kg|●]] [[Wrestling at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 90 kg|●]]</span>
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |<span style="line-height:0.7em;">[[Wrestling at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 52 kg|●]]<br>[[Wrestling at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 74 kg|●]] [[Wrestling at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 100 kg|●]]</span>
| bgcolor=#ffcc00 |<span style="line-height:0.7em;">[[Wrestling at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 57 kg|●]] [[Wrestling at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 68 kg|●]]<br>[[Wrestling at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 82 kg|●]] [[Wrestling at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 130 kg|●]]</span>
|
|-
! Total gold medals !! !! 5 !! 7 !! 9 !! 14 !! 17 !! 12 !! 30 !! 26 !! 9 !! 15 !! 9 !! 11 !! 36 !! 37 !! 9
|-
| Ceremonies ||bgcolor=#00cc33 align=center|[[1988 Summer Olympics Opening Ceremony|●]]|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||bgcolor=#ee3333 align=center|[[1992 Summer Olympics closing ceremony|●]]
|-
!rowspan=2|Date
!17th<br>Sat!!18th<br>Sun!!19th<br>Mon!!20th<br>Tue!!21st<br>Wed!!22nd<br>Thu!!23rd<br>Fri!!24th<br>Sat!!25th<br>Sun!!26th<br>Mon!!27th<br>Tue!!28th<br>Wed!!29th<br>Thu!!30th<br>Fri!!1st<br>Sat!!2nd<br>Sun
|-
!colspan=14|September
!colspan=2|October
|}
==Participating National Olympic Committees==
[[File:1988 Summer Olympic games countries.png|thumb|Participants (blue nations had their first entrance).]]
[[File:1988 Summer olympics team numbers.gif|thumb|Number of athletes sent by each nation.]]
Athletes from 159 nations competed at the Seoul Games. [[Aruba]], [[American Samoa]], [[Brunei]], [[Cook Islands]], [[Maldives]], [[Vanuatu]], [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]], and [[People's Democratic Republic of Yemen|South Yemen]] made their first Olympic appearance at these Games. [[Guam]] made their first Summer Olympic appearance at these games having participated in the [[1988 Winter Olympics]] in Calgary.
In the following list, the number in parentheses indicates the number of athletes from each nation that competed in Seoul:<ref name="Olympic Games Participating Countries - 1988 Seoul">{{cite web
| title = Olympic Games Participating Countries – 1988 Seoul
|url=http://olympic-museum.de/part_count/1988.htm
|work=olympic-museum.de
| accessdate =7 October 2007 }}</ref>
{{Clear}}
<center>
{| class="wikitable collapsible" style="width:100%;"
|-
! Participating National Olympic Committees
|-
|
{{div col|5}}
* {{flagIOC|AFG|1988 Summer|5}}
* {{flagIOC|ALG|1988 Summer|46}}
* {{flagIOC|ASA|1988 Summer|6}}
* {{flagIOC|AND|1988 Summer|3}}
* {{flagIOC|ANG|1988 Summer|29}}
* {{flagIOC|ANT|1988 Summer|16}}
* {{flagIOC|ARG|1988 Summer|125}}
* {{flagIOC|ARU|1988 Summer|8}}
* {{flagIOC|AUS|1988 Summer|295}}
* {{flagIOC|AUT|1988 Summer|88}}
* {{flagIOC|BAH|1988 Summer|17}}
* {{flagIOC|BRN|1988 Summer|11}}
* {{flagIOC|BAN|1988 Summer|6}}
* {{flagIOC|BAR|1988 Summer|17}}
* {{flagIOC|BEL|1988 Summer|65}}
* {{flagIOC|BIZ|1988 Summer|10}}
* {{flagIOC|BEN|1988 Summer|7}}
* {{flagIOC|BER|1988 Summer|13}}
* {{flagIOC|BHU|1988 Summer|3}}
* {{flagIOC|BOL|1988 Summer|7}}
* {{flagIOC|BOT|1988 Summer|8}}
* {{flagIOC|BRA|1988 Summer|171}}
* {{flagIOC|IVB|1988 Summer|3}}
* {{flagIOC|BUL|1988 Summer|186}}
* {{flagIOC|BUR|1988 Summer|6}}
* {{flagIOC|BIR|1988 Summer|2}}
* {{flagIOC|CMR|1988 Summer|15}}
* {{flagIOC|CAN|1988 Summer|379}}
* {{flagIOC|CAY|1988 Summer|8}}
* {{flagIOC|CAF|1988 Summer|16}}
* {{flagIOC|CHA|1988 Summer|6}}
* {{flagIOC|CHI|1988 Summer|18}}
* {{flagIOC|CHN|1988 Summer|293}}
* {{flagIOC|COL|1988 Summer|43}}
* {{flagIOC|CGO|1988 Summer|9}}
* {{flagIOC|COK|1988 Summer|6}}
* {{flagIOC|CRC|1988 Summer|16}}
* {{flagIOC|CYP|1988 Summer|9}}
* {{flagIOC|TCH|1988 Summer|171}}
* {{flagIOC|DEN|1988 Summer|92}}
* {{flagIOC|DJI|1988 Summer|7}}
* {{flagIOC|DOM|1988 Summer|16}}
* {{flagIOC|ECU|1988 Summer|26}}
* {{flagIOC|EGY|1988 Summer|54}}
* {{flagIOC|ESA|1988 Summer|6}}
* {{flagIOC|GEQ|1988 Summer|6}}
* {{flagIOC|FIJ|1988 Summer|24}}
* {{flagIOC|FIN|1988 Summer|79}}
* {{flagIOC|FRA|1988 Summer|309}}
* {{flagIOC|GAB|1988 Summer|3}}
* {{flagIOC|GAM|1988 Summer|7}}
* {{flagIOC|GDR|1988 Summer|291}}
* {{flagIOC|FRG|1988 Summer|404}}
* {{flagIOC|GHA|1988 Summer|18}}
* {{flagIOC|GBR|1988 Summer|369}}
* {{flagIOC|GRE|1988 Summer|58}}
* {{flagIOC|GRN|1988 Summer|6}}
* {{flagIOC|GUM|1988 Summer|20}}
* {{flagIOC|GUA|1988 Summer|30}}
* {{flagIOC|GUI|1988 Summer|8}}
* {{flagIOC|GUY|1988 Summer|8}}
* {{flagIOC|HAI|1988 Summer|4}}
* {{flagIOC|HON|1988 Summer|7}}
* {{flagIOC|HKG|1988 Summer|49}}
* {{flagIOC|HUN|1988 Summer|203}}
* {{flagIOC|ISL|1988 Summer|32}}
* {{flagIOC|IND|1988 Summer|46}}
* {{flagIOC|INA|1988 Summer|31}}
* {{flagIOC|IRI|1988 Summer|27}}
* {{flagIOC|IRQ|1988 Summer|31}}
* {{flagIOC|IRL|1988 Summer|65}}
* {{flagIOC|ISR|1988 Summer|19}}
* {{flagIOC|ITA|1988 Summer|286}}
* {{flagIOC|CIV|1988 Summer|32}}
* {{flagIOC|JAM|1988 Summer|35}}
* {{flagIOC|JPN|1988 Summer|289}}
* {{flagIOC|JOR|1988 Summer|9}}
* {{flagIOC|KEN|1988 Summer|76}}
* {{flagIOC|KOR|1988 Summer|467}} '''(host)'''
* {{flagIOC|KUW|1988 Summer|31}}
* {{flagIOC|LAO|1988 Summer|3}}
* {{flagIOC|LIB|1988 Summer|8}}
* {{flagIOC|LES|1988 Summer|6}}
* {{flagIOC|LBR|1988 Summer|8}}
* {{flagIOC|LBA|1988 Summer|6}}
* {{flagIOC|LIE|1988 Summer|12}}
* {{flagIOC|LUX|1988 Summer|8}}
* {{flagIOC|MAW|1988 Summer|17}}
* {{flagIOC|MAS|1988 Summer|13}}
* {{flagIOC|MDV|1988 Summer|7}}
* {{flagIOC|MLI|1988 Summer|6}}
* {{flagIOC|MLT|1988 Summer|9}}
* {{flagIOC|MTN|1988 Summer|6}}
* {{flagIOC|MRI|1988 Summer|8}}
* {{flagIOC|MEX|1988 Summer|91}}
* {{flagIOC|MON|1988 Summer|9}}
* {{flagIOC|MGL|1988 Summer|28}}
* {{flagIOC|MAR|1988 Summer|27}}
* {{flagIOC|MOZ|1988 Summer|6}}
* {{flagIOC|NEP|1988 Summer|18}}
* {{flagIOC|NED|1988 Summer|192}}
* {{flagIOC|AHO|1988 Summer|3}}
* {{flagIOC|NZL|1988 Summer|93}}
* {{flagIOC|NIG|1988 Summer|8}}
* {{flagIOC|NGR|1988 Summer|76}}
* {{flagIOC|NOR|1988 Summer|79}}
* {{flagIOC|OMA|1988 Summer|13}}
* {{flagIOC|PAK|1988 Summer|31}}
* {{flagIOC|PAN|1988 Summer|6}}
* {{flagIOC|PNG|1988 Summer|12}}
* {{flagIOC|PAR|1988 Summer|10}}
* {{flagIOC|PER|1988 Summer|22}}
* {{flagIOC|PHI|1988 Summer|33}}
* {{flagIOC|POL|1988 Summer|152}}
* {{flagIOC|POR|1988 Summer|68}}
* {{flagIOC|PUR|1988 Summer|70}}
* {{flagIOC|QAT|1988 Summer|12}}
* {{flagIOC|ROM|1988 Summer|64}}
* {{flagIOC|RWA|1988 Summer|6}}
* {{flagIOC|VIN|1988 Summer|6}}
* {{flagIOC|SMR|1988 Summer|11}}
* {{flagIOC|KSA|1988 Summer|14}}
* {{flagIOC|SEN|1988 Summer|22}}
* {{flagIOC|SLE|1988 Summer|15}}
* {{flagIOC|SIN|1988 Summer|8}}
* {{flagIOC|SOL|1988 Summer|7}}
* {{flagIOC|SOM|1988 Summer|7}}
* {{flagIOC|URS|1988 Summer|514}}
* {{flagIOC|ESP|1988 Summer|269}}
* {{flagIOC|SRI|1988 Summer|6}}
* {{flagIOC|SUD|1988 Summer|8}}
* {{flagIOC|SUR|1988 Summer|6}}
* {{flagIOC|SWZ|1988 Summer|11}}
* {{flagIOC|SWE|1988 Summer|205}}
* {{flagIOC|SUI|1988 Summer|109}}
* {{flagIOC|SYR|1988 Summer|16}}
* {{flagIOC|TPE|1988 Summer|90}}
* {{flagIOC|TAN|1988 Summer|10}}
* {{flagIOC|THA|1988 Summer|16}}
* {{flagIOC|TOG|1988 Summer|6}}
* {{flagIOC|TGA|1988 Summer|6}}
* {{flagIOC|TRI|1988 Summer|6}}
* {{flagIOC|TUN|1988 Summer|41}}
* {{flagIOC|TUR|1988 Summer|50}}
* {{flagIOC|UGA|1988 Summer|25}}
* {{flagIOC|UAE|1988 Summer|12}}
* {{flagIOC|USA|1988 Summer|615}}
* {{flagIOC|URU|1988 Summer|14}}
* {{flagIOC|VAN|1988 Summer|6}}
* {{flagIOC|VEN|1988 Summer|18}}
* {{flagIOC|VIE|1988 Summer|10}}
* {{flagIOC|ISV|1988 Summer|26}}
* {{flagIOC|SAM|1988 Summer|11}}
* {{flagIOC|YAR|1988 Summer|11}}
* {{flagIOC|YMD|1988 Summer|8}}
* {{flagIOC|YUG|1988 Summer|157}}
* {{flagIOC|ZAI|1988 Summer|15}}
* {{flagIOC|ZAM|1988 Summer|31}}
* {{flagIOC|ZIM|1988 Summer|31}}
|}
{{div col end}}
</center>
* {{flagIOC|BRU|1988 Summer}} participated in the Opening Ceremonies and Closing Ceremonies, marking its first appearance at the Olympic Games, but its delegation consisted of only one swimming official.
* When the team from the Dominican Republic marched in during the Parade of Nations, the superimposed map erroneously showed the location of [[Cuba]].<ref>{{cite AV media |people=Lee Junewoo |date=14 Jan 2014 |year= |title=[1/3] Opening Ceremony - 1988 Seoul Olympic Games |trans-title= |medium= |language= |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xfIFiyLswLE |access-date=25 October 2016 |format= |time=38:15 |location= |publisher= |id= |isbn= |oclc= |quote= |ref= }}</ref>
==Medal count==
{{Main article|1988 Summer Olympics medal table}}
These are the top ten nations that won medals at the 1988 Games.
{| {{RankedMedalTable|class=wikitable sortable}}
|-
| 1 ||align=left| {{flagIOCteam|URS|1988 Summer}} || 55 || 31 || 46 || 132
|-
| 2 ||align=left| {{flagIOCteam|GDR|1988 Summer}} || 37 || 35 || 30 || 102
|-
| 3 ||align=left| {{flagIOCteam|USA|1988 Summer}} || 36 || 31 || 27 || 94
|- style="background:#ccf;"
| 4 ||align=left| {{flagIOCteam|KOR|1988 Summer}} || 12 || 10 || 11 || 33
|-
| 5 ||align=left| {{flagIOCteam|FRG|1988 Summer}} || 11 || 14 || 15 || 40
|-
| 6 ||align=left| {{flagIOCteam|HUN|1988 Summer}} || 11 || 6 || 6 || 23
|-
| 7 ||align=left| {{flagIOCteam|BUL|1988 Summer}} || 10 || 12 || 13 || 35
|-
| 8 ||align=left| {{flagIOCteam|ROU|1988 Summer}} || 7 || 11 || 6 || 24
|-
| 9 ||align=left| {{flagIOCteam|FRA|1988 Summer}} || 6 || 4 || 6 || 16
|-
| 10 ||align=left| {{flagIOCteam|ITA|1988 Summer}} || 6 || 4 || 4 || 14
|}
{{Color box|#ccccff| <nowiki>*</nowiki> |border=darkgray}} Host nation (South Korea)
==Mascot==
The official mascot for the 1988 Summer Olympic Games was [[Hodori]]. It was a stylized tiger designed by Kim Hyun as an amicable [[Siberian tiger|Amur tiger]], portraying the friendly and hospitable traditions of the [[Korean people]].<ref name="Hodori - mascot of the 1988 Olympic Summer Games">{{cite web
| title = Hodori – mascot of the 1988 Olympic Summer Games
|url=http://en.beijing2008.com/07/74/article211987407.shtml
|work=beijing2008.com
| accessdate =8 October 2007 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011224332/http://en.beijing2008.com/07/74/article211987407.shtml| archivedate= 11 October 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl=no}}</ref> Hodori's female version was called Hosuni.<ref name="Seoul 1988 - Hodori and Hosuni">{{cite web
| title = Seoul 1988 – Hodori and Hosuni
|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/2008/2006-08/25/content_674011.htm
|work=[[China Daily|www.chinadaily.com.cn]]
| accessdate =8 October 2007 }}</ref>
The name {{lang|ko|호돌이}} ''Hodori'' was chosen from 2,295 suggestions sent in by the public. It is a [[compound (linguistics)|compound]] of {{lang|ko|호}} ''ho'', the [[Sino-Korean vocabulary|Sino-Korean]] [[bound morpheme]] for "tiger" (appearing also in the usual word {{lang|ko|호랑이}} ''horangi'' for "tiger"), and {{lang|ko|돌이}} ''dori'', a diminutive for "boys".<ref name="Hodori - mascot of the 1988 Olympic Summer Games"/>
==Broadcast rights==
The games were covered by the following broadcasters:
{{div col||35em}}
* {{flag|Argentina}}: [[TV Pública Digital (Argentina)|Argentina Televisora Color]], [[El Trece (Argentina)|Canal 13]], [[Telefe|Canal 11]]
* {{flag|Australia}}: [[Network Ten]]
* {{flag|Belgium}}: [[RTBF]], [[Vlaamse_Radio-_en_Televisieomroeporganisatie|BRT]]
* {{flag|Brazil|1968}}: [[Rede Globo]], [[Rede Manchete]], [[Rede Record]] and [[Rede Bandeirantes]]
* {{flag|Brunei}}: [[Radio Televisyen Brunei|RTB]] [[RTB1|Channel 5]] and [[Radio Televisyen Brunei|RTB]] [[RTB2|Channel 10]]
* {{flag|Canada}}: [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]
* {{flag|Chile}}: [[Televisión Nacional de Chile|TVN]], [[Canal 13 (Chile)|UC-TV]]
* {{flag|China}}: [[China Central Television|CCTV]]
* {{flag|Colombia}}: [[Organización de Telecomunicaciones de Iberoamérica|OTI]] ([[Canal Uno|Inravisión Cadena Uno]]: [[RTI Producciones]], [[RCN Televisión]], [[Caracol Televisión]], [[Producciones JES]], [[Producciones PUNCH]], [[Datos y Mensajes]])
* {{flag|Czechoslovakia}}: [[Czechoslovak Television|ČST]]
* {{flag|Denmark}}: [[DR (broadcaster)|DR]]
* {{flag|East Germany}} : [[Deutscher Fernsehfunk|DFF]]
* {{flag|Finland}}: [[Yleisradio|YLE]]
* {{flag|France}}: [[TF1]]
* {{flag|Hong Kong|colonial}}: [[Asia Television|ATV]] and [[TVB]]
* {{flag|Hungary|1957}}: [[Magyar Televízió]]
* {{flag|India}}: [[Doordarshan]]
* {{flag|Indonesia}}: [[Televisi Republik Indonesia|TVRI Jakarta]]
* {{flag|Ireland}}: [[Raidió Teilifís Éireann|RTÉ]]
* {{flag|Israel}}: [[Israel Broadcasting Authority|IBA]]
* {{flag|Italy}}: [[RAI]]
* {{flag|Japan|1870}}: [[NHK]]
* {{flag|Macau|colonial}}: [[Teledifusão de Macau|TDM]]
* {{flag|Malaysia}}: [[Radio Televisyen Malaysia|RTM]] [[TV1 (Malaysia)|TV1]] and [[Sistem Televisyen Malaysia Berhad|STMB]] [[TV3 (Malaysia)|TV3]]
* {{flag|Mexico}}: [[Televisa]]
* {{flag|Netherlands}}: [[Netherlands Public Broadcasting|NPO]]
* {{flag|New Zealand}}: [[Television New Zealand|TVNZ]]
* {{flag|Paraguay}}: [[Paraguay TV|Paraguay Televisora Color]], [[Telefuturo|Canal 4]], [[Sistema Nacional de Televisión (Paraguay)|Canal 9]]
* {{flag|Norway}}: [[Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation|NRK]]
* {{flag|Philippines}}: [[GMA Network|GMA Radio-Television Arts]] and [[People's Television Network|PTV-4]]
* {{flag|Poland}}: [[Telewizja Polska|TVP]]
* {{flag|Portugal}}: [[Rádio e Televisão de Portugal|RTP]]
* {{flag|Puerto Rico|1952}}: [[WAPA-TV]]
* {{flag|Romania|1965}}: [[Televiziunea Română|TVR]]
* {{flag|Singapore}}: [[Singapore Broadcasting Corporation|SBC]] [[MediaCorp TV12|Channel 12]]
* {{flag|South Korea}}: [[Korean Broadcasting System|KBS]] and [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]]
* {{flag|Soviet Union}}: [[Soviet Central Television|CT-USSR]]
* {{flag|Spain}}: [[Televisión Española|TVE]]
* {{flag|Sweden}}: [[Sveriges Television|SVT]]
* {{flag|Taiwan}}: [[Taiwan Television|TTV]], [[China Television|CTV]] and [[Chinese Television System|CTS]]
* {{flag|Thailand}}: [[National Broadcasting Services of Thailand|National Television Thailand]]
* {{flag|Turkey}}: [[Turkish Radio and Television Corporation|TRT]]
* {{flag|United Kingdom}}: [[BBC]], [[ITV (TV channel)|ITV]] and [[Channel 4]]
* {{flag|United States|1960}}: [[WNBC-TV|WNBC-4]] ([[Olympics on NBC|NBC]]) and [[West Coast Talk Radio]]
* {{flag|Venezuela|1930}}: [[Venevision]]
* {{flag|West Germany}}: [[ARD (broadcaster)|ARD]] and [[ZDF]]
* {{flag|Yugoslavia}}: [[Yugoslav Radio Television|JRT]]
{{div col end}}
==See also==
{{Portal|1980s|South Korea|Olympics}}
*[[1988 Summer Olympics Album: One Moment in Time]]
==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{commons category|1988 Summer Olympics}}
*{{IOC games|games=1988 Summer Olympics }}
*{{IOC medals|games=1988 Summer Olympics }}
* [http://www.88olympic.or.kr// 88 Seoul Olympics], Seoul Olympics memorial hall
* {{cite web |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1988/ore252/ORE252h.pdf | title = Olympic Review 1988 – Official results | format = PDF | accessdate=22 March 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326105229/http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1988/ore252/ORE252h.pdf| archivedate= 26 March 2009| deadurl=no}}
* [http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1988/1988v1.pdf Official Report Vol. 1]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155747/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1988/1988v2.pdf Official Report Vol. 2]
* [http://imnews.imbc.com/20dbnews/history/1988/09,1,list1,17.html 17 September 1988 Newsdesk broadcasting]
* [http://imnews.imbc.com/20dbnews/history/1988/10,1,list1,2.html 2 October 1988 Newsdesk broadcasting]
* [http://www.marcolympics.org/jeux/1988/summer/index.html The program of the 1988 Seoul Olympics]
* {{cite web|url=http://110.45.145.134/10_search/index.asp |publisher=Seoul Olympic Sports Promotion Foundation |title=1988 Seoul Olympic Archive |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5iaox2HZ0?url=http://110.45.145.134/10_search/index.asp |archivedate=28 July 2009 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}
{{S-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[1984 Summer Olympics|Los Angeles]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=''Summer Olympic Games'' <br> [[Seoul]]|years=''XXIV Olympiad'' (1988)}}
{{s-aft|after=[[1992 Summer Olympics|Barcelona]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{Olympic Games}}
{{NOCin1988SummerOlympics}}
{{EventsAt1988SummerOlympics}}
{{1988 Summer Olympic venues}}
{{Sports Emmy Award for Outstanding Live Sports Special}}
{{TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Sports}}
<!-- Please DO NOT add more categories to this article – add them to the category page itself -->
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Olympics|1980s|South Korea|Seoul}}
[[Category:1988 Summer Olympics| ]]
[[Category:1988 in multi-sport events|Olympics]]
[[Category:Sports competitions in Seoul]]
[[Category:Olympic Games in South Korea]]
[[Category:1988 in South Korean sport|Olympic Games]]
[[Category:Summer Olympics by year]]
[[Category:1980s in Seoul]]
[[Category:International sports boycotts]]
[[Category:September 1988 sports events]]
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