Revision 856 of "Apple_Computer" on enwiki

{{Infobox_Company |
  company_name   = Apple Computer, Inc. |
  company_logo   = [[Image:Apple-logo.png]] |
  company_type   = Public ([[NASDAQ]]: [http://quotes.nasdaq.com/asp/SummaryQuote.asp?symbol=AAPL&selected=AAPL AAPL]) |
  company_slogan = Think Different. |
  foundation     = [[California]] ([[January 3]], [[1977]]) |
  location       = 1 Infinite Loop<br />[[Cupertino, California|Cupertino, CA]] 95014 |
  key_people     = [[Steve Jobs|Steven P. Jobs]], CEO & Director<br />[[Timothy D. Cook]], EVP & COO<br />[[Peter Oppenheimer]], SVP & CFO<br />[[Philip W. Schiller]], SVP of Marketing<br />[[Jonathan Ive]], VP Industrial Design|
  num_employees  = 13,426 (2004) |
  products       = [[Mac OS X]]<br />[[iMac]]<br />[[Power Mac]]<br />[[PowerBook]]<br />[[iBook]]<br />[[iPod]]<br />[[iPod mini]]<br />[[iPod shuffle]]<br />[[Mac mini]]<br />[[Xserve]]<br />[[AirPort]]<br />[[QuickTime]]<br />[[iLife]]<br />[[iWork]]<br /> |
  homepage       = [http://www.apple.com/ www.apple.com]
}}

'''Apple Computer, Inc.''' {{nasdaq|AAPL}} is a [[Silicon Valley]] company based in [[Cupertino]], [[California]], whose core business is [[computer]] technologies. Apple helped start the personal computer revolution in the [[1970s]] with its [[Apple II]] and shaped it in the [[1980s]] and since with the [[Apple Macintosh|Macintosh]]. Apple is known for innovative software and hardware, such as the [[iMac]]; its [[iPod]] digital music player; and the [[iTunes Music Store]].

Apple corporate mission: To make the power of computing available and accessible to everyone.

== Pre-foundation ==

Before he co-founded Apple, [[Steve Wozniak]] was an electronics [[hacker]]. By 1975, he was working at [[Hewlett-Packard]] and helping his friend [[Steve Jobs]] design video games for [[Atari]]. Wozniak had been buying computer time on a variety of minicomputers hosted by Call Computer, a [[timesharing]] firm run by [[Alex Kamradt]]. The computer terminals available at that time were primarily paper-based; thermal printers like the [[Texas Instruments]] Silent 700 were the state of the art. Wozniak had seen a 1975 issue of [[Popular Electronics]] magazine on how to build your own [[computer terminal]]. Using off-the-shelf parts, Wozniak designed the Computer Conversor, a 24-line by 40-column, uppercase-only video teletype that he could use to log on to the minicomputers at Call Computer. Alex Kamradt commissioned the design and sold a small number of them through his firm.

In 1975, Wozniak started attending meetings of the [[Homebrew Computer Club]]. New microcomputers such as the [[Altair_8800|Altair 8800]] and the [[IMSAI]] inspired him to build a microprocessor into his video teletype and have a complete computer.

At the time the only [[microcomputer]] [[Central processing unit|CPUs]] generally available were the $179 [[Intel]] [[Intel 8080|8080]], and the $170 [[Motorola]] [[Motorola 6800|6800]]. Wozniak preferred the 6800, but both were out of his price range. So he watched, and learned, and designed computers on paper, waiting for the day he could afford a CPU.

When [[MOS Technology]] released its $20 [[MOS Technology 6502|6502]] chip in [[1976]], Wozniak wrote a version of [[BASIC programming language|BASIC]] for it, then began to design a computer for it to run on. The 6502 was designed by the same people who designed the 6800, as many in [[Silicon Valley]] left employers to form their own companies. Wozniak's earlier 6800 paper-computer needed only minor changes to run on the new chip.

Wozniak completed the machine and took it to Homebrew Computer Club meetings to show it off. At the meeting, Wozniak met his old friend Jobs, who was interested in the commercial potential of the small hobby machines.

== Early years ==
[[Image:Apple_first_logo.jpg|right|128px|The very first Apple Computer logo, drawn by Ron Wayne]]
[[Image:Striped_apple_logo.png|right|Original corporate Apple logo]]
Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak ("the two Steves") had been friends for some time, having met in 1971, when a mutual friend introduced 21-year-old Wozniak to 16-year-old Jobs. Jobs managed to interest Wozniak in assembling a machine and selling it. 

Jobs approached a local computer store, The Byte Shop, who said they would be interested in the machine, but only if it came fully assembled. The owner, Paul Terrell, went further, saying he would order 50 of the machines and pay $500 each on delivery. Jobs then took the purchase order that he had been given from the Byte Shop to Cramer Electronics, a national electronic parts distributor, and ordered the components he needed to assemble the Apple 1 Computer. The local credit manager asked Jobs how he was going to pay for the parts and he replied, " I have this purchase order from the Byte Shop chain of computer stores for 50 of my computers and the payment terms are COD. If you give me the parts on a net 30 day terms I can build the computers in that time frame deliver and collect my money from Terrell at the Byte Shop and pay you." With that, the credit manager called Paul Terrell who was attending an IEEE computer conference at Asilimar in Pacific Grove and verified the validity of the Purchase Order. Amazed at the tenacity of Jobs, Terrell assured the credit manager if the computers showed up in his stores Jobs would be paid and would have more than enough money to pay for the parts order. The two Steves and their small crew spent day and night building and testing the computers and delivered to Terrell on time to pay his suppliers and have a tidy profit left over for their celebration and next order. Steve Jobs had found a way to finance his company without giving away one share of stock or ownership and leveraged that into a multi million dollar company.

The machine had only a few notable features. One was the use of a [[Television|TV]] as the display system, whereas many machines had no display at all. This was not like the displays of later machines however, and displayed text at a terribly slow 60 characters per second. This machine, the [[Apple I|Apple&nbsp;I]] also included [[bootstrap]] code on [[Read-only memory|ROM]], which made it easier to start up. Finally, at the insistence of Paul Terrell, Wozniak also designed a cassette interface for loading and saving programs, at the then-rapid pace of 1200 bit/s. Although the machine was fairly simple, it was nevertheless a masterpiece of design, using far fewer parts than anything in its class, and quickly earning Wozniak a reputation as a master designer.

Joined by another friend, [[Ronald Wayne]], the three started to build the machines. Using a variety of methods, including borrowing space from friends and family, selling various prized items (like [[calculator]]s and a [[Volkswagen|VW]] [[VW Type 2|bus]]), scrounging, white lies (or petty fraud, depending on your point of view), Jobs managed to secure the parts needed while Wozniak and Wayne assembled them. They were delivered in June, and as promised, they were paid on delivery. Eventually 200 of the Apple I's were built.

But Wozniak had already moved on from the Apple I. Many of the design features of the I were due to the limited amount of money they had to construct the prototype, but with the income from the sales he was able to start construction of a very much upgraded machine, the [[Apple II]]; it was presented to the public at the first [[West Coast Computer Faire]] on [[April 16]] and [[April 17|17]], [[1977]]. On the first day of exhibition, Jobs introduced Apple II to a [[Japan]]ese textile technician named &#27700;&#23798;&#25935;&#38596; (Mizushima Satoshi) who became the first authorized Apple dealer in Japan.[http://www.openbook.tv/book2/2_chapter1.htm]

The main difference internally was a completely redesigned TV interface, which held the display in memory. Now not only useful for simple text display, the Apple II included graphics, and, eventually, color. Jobs meanwhile pressed for a much improved case and keyboard, with the idea that the machine should be complete and ready to run out of the box. This was almost the case for the Apple I machines sold to The Byte Shop, but one still needed to plug various parts together and type in the code to run BASIC.

Building such a machine was going to cost a lot more money. Jobs started looking for cash, but Wayne was somewhat gun shy due to a failed venture four years earlier, and eventually dropped out of the company. Banks were reluctant to loan Jobs money; the idea of a computer for ordinary people seemed absurd at the time. Jobs eventually met [[Mike Markkula|"Mike" Markkula]] who co-signed a bank loan for $250,000, and the three formed Apple Computer on [[April 1]], [[1976]].

With both cash and a new case design in hand, the Apple II was released in [[1977]] and became the computer generally credited with creating the [[home computer]] market. Millions were sold well into the [[1980s]]. When Apple went public in [[1980]], they generated more money than any IPO since [[ Ford Motor Company]] in [[1956]], and instantly created more millionaires than any company in history.

A number of different models of the [[Apple II family]] were built, including the [[Apple IIe]] and [[Apple IIgs]], which could still be found in many schools as late as the end of the [[1990s]].

==Apple III and Lisa==

By the [[1980s|'80s]] Apple faced emerging competition in the personal computing business. Chief among them was [[IBM]], the first "big name" in computing. IBM's [[IBM PC|PC]] model, running [[Disk operating system|DOS]] (short for "disk operating system", and licensed to IBM by [[Microsoft]]) was capturing a large share of the emerging desktop computing market in large companies.

Several smaller businesses were using the Apple II, but the company felt it needed a newer, more advanced model to compete in the corporate desktop computing market. Thus, designers of the [[Apple III]] were forced to comply with Jobs' lofty and sometimes impractical goals. Among them was the omission of a cooling fan - it is reported Jobs found them "inelegant." The new machines were prone to overheating, and most early models had to be recalled. The Apple III was also expensive, and, though the company introduced an updated version in [[1983]], largely a failure.

Meanwhile various groups within Apple were working on a completely new kind of personal computer, with advanced technologies such as a [[graphical user interface]], [[computer mouse]], [[object-oriented programming]] and [[Computer network|networking]] capabilities. These people, including [[Jef Raskin]] and [[Bill Atkinson]], agitated for Steve Jobs to put the company's focus behind such computers.

It was only when they brought him to see the work being done at [[Xerox PARC]] on the [[Alto (computer)|Alto]] in December [[1979]] that Jobs decided the future was in such graphics-intensive, icon-friendly computers, and supported the competing [[Apple Lisa]] and [[Apple Macintosh]] teams. Over the objections of some PARC researchers, many of whom (such as [[Larry Tesler]]) ended up working at Apple, Xerox granted Apple engineers 3 days of access to the PARC facilities in return for selling them one million dollars in pre-IPO Apple stock (approximately $18mil. net).  The Lisa debuted in January [[1983]] at $10,000. Once again, Apple had introduced a product that was ahead of its time, but far too expensive (the company would continue to follow this pattern for the next few years), and Apple again failed to capture the business market. The Lisa was discontinued in [[1986]].


==The Macintosh==

[[Image:Ad_apple_1984.jpg|right|250px|Apple's 1984 ad]]
The Lisa project was removed from Jobs' control midway through development.  Jobs soon turned his attention to the Macintosh project, originally envisioned as a kind of "budget Lisa." The [[Apple Macintosh]] was launched in [[1984]] with a now famous [[1984 (television commercial)|Super Bowl advertisement]] based on [[George Orwell]]'s novel ''[[1984 (novel)|1984]]'', declaring, "On January 24, Apple Computer will introduce Macintosh.  And you'll see why 1984 won't be like '1984'" &mdash; the obvious implication being that the Mac's new, "user friendly" GUI would liberate computing and information from an elite of large corporations and technocrats.  Apple also spawned the concept of [[Apple evangelist|Mac evangelism]] which was pioneered by Apple employee, and later Apple Fellow, [[Guy Kawasaki]].

Despite early concerns about the system, such as lack of software, the [[monochrome]]-only display and the closed architecture, the Macintosh brand was eventually a success for Apple and continues to be to this day.  There are those who argue that it might have been a bigger success.  On a visit to Apple headquarters in [[Cupertino, California|Cupertino]], Jobs showed [[Bill Gates]], co-founder and now chairman of [[Microsoft]], a prototype of the Mac GUI.  In [[1985]], Microsoft launched [[Microsoft Windows]], its own GUI for IBM PCs.  By that point the IBM PC system had been [[reverse engineered]] and many companies were also making [[IBM PC Compatible|IBM-PC-compatibles]], cheaper copies of the PC.  While it did briefly license some of its own designs, Apple did not allow other computer makers to clone the Mac until long after Microsoft dominated the marketplace.  By then, it was too late for Apple to reclaim its lost marketshare and the [[Macintosh clone]]s sold in the 1990s achieved limited success.  Although the first version of Windows was technologically inferior to the Mac, a Windows-equipped PC clone could be purchased for much less.  In addition, Microsoft's improvements to the system soon closed the technological gap.  Also, because of the open nature of the PC platform there was always more software available for Windows.

Microsoft and Windows would go on to become one of the most phenomenal business stories of the late [[20th century]], and Apple would never again be the world's No. 1 personal computer maker.

== Recent years ==

After the failed [[Macintosh Portable]] of [[1989]], a much more popular laptop, the [[PowerBook]], was introduced in the early [[1990s]]. The first of these was co-designed with [[Sony]], and established the modern layout for laptop computers that has remained popular ever since, with a rear hinge supporting the screen, and a keyboard placed towards the back of the lower deck with a [[trackball]] (later [[trackpad]]) in front. However, the [[PowerBook]] brand suffered a blow when the [[PowerBook|PowerBook 5300]] model suffered many quality problems, such as combusting lithium-ion batteries, easily chipped cases, and poor screens. Products from Apple past & present also include operating systems such as [[ProDOS]], [[Mac OS]], [[Mac OS X]], and [[A/UX]], networking products such as [[AppleTalk]], and multimedia programs like [[QuickTime]] and the Final Cut series. In [[1994]], Apple revamped its [[Apple Macintosh|Macintosh]] line with the introduction of the [[Power Macintosh|Power Macintosh]], which was based on the [[PowerPC]] line of processors developed by [[IBM]], [[Motorola]] and Apple. These processors utilized [[RISC]] architecture, which differed substantially from the Motorola [[68000|680X0]] series that preceded it. Apple's operating system software was adjusted so that most software written for the older processors could run in emulation on the PowerPC series.

After an internal power struggle with new CEO [[John Sculley]] in the [[1980s]], Jobs resigned from Apple and went on to found [[NeXT]] Inc., which ultimately failed, after a promising start. Later on, Apple in an effort to save the company, bought up [[NeXT]] and its UNIX-based OS [[NEXTSTEP|NeXTstep]], and this move brought Jobs back to Apple's management. One of his first acts as new acting CEO was to instigate development of the [[iMac]], which saved the company from going under while they had time to work on sorting out the operating system.

More recent products include the [[Apple AirPort]] which uses [[Wireless LAN]] technology to connect computers of different brands to the [[Internet]] without wires. There are also the [[iBook]] and [[Power Mac|Power Mac G4]] computers.

In early [[2002]], Apple unveiled a new [[iMac]] G4. It had a hemispherical base and a flat panel all-digital display supported by a swiveling neck. This model was discontinued in the summer of [[2004]]. A new model based on the [[PowerPC 970|G5 processor]] was unveiled [[August 31]], [[2004]] and was made available in mid-September. This model dispenses with the base altogether; placing the CPU and the rest of the computing hardware behind the flat-panel screen, which is suspended from a streamlined aluminum foot. This new iMac, dubbed the [[iMac G5|iMac G5]], is the world's thinnest desktop computer, measuring in at around two inches (around 5.1 centimeters).

In mid-[[2003]], Apple launched the fifth generation PowerPC based on the [[PowerPC 970|G5 processor]].  This was the first 64 bit computer sold to the general public.

In [[2001]], Apple introduced [[Mac OS X]], an operating system based on NeXT's [[NEXTSTEP|NeXTstep]], that finally marries the stability, reliability and security of [[Unix]] with the ease of use of the Macintosh interface in an OS targeted at professionals and consumers alike. Mac OS X includes a program called the Classic Environment to run Mac OS 9.1-9.2.2 under Mac OS X, making it possible to use software written for "classic" (meaning pre-X) Mac OS. Through Apple's [[Carbon (computing)|Carbon]] library, developers of pre-Mac OS X software have a relatively easy means of adapting that software to take advantage of Mac OS X's features.

Apple computers such as the PowerBook, and more recently the iBook and the iMac, are frequently featured as props in films and television series. Occasionally the heroes use Apple computers while the villains are relegated to PC compatibles. In 1996, Apple ran an advertising campaign for the PowerBook tying in with the film ''[[Mission: Impossible (movie)|Mission: Impossible]]''.

A few years ago, Apple also released the XServe 1U rack mounted server. Originally featuring two G4 chips, the XServe was unusual for Apple in that it was rather cheaper than similar machines released by its competitors. This was due, in no small part, to Apple's use of Fast ATA drives as opposed to the traditional SCSI hard drives used in traditional rack-mounted servers. This line was recently augmented with G5 chips. Apple later released the XRaid, an 8 drive RAID array which was, again, cheaper than competing systems.

In addition to computers, Apple has also produced consumer devices. In the [[1990s]], Apple released the [[Apple Newton|Newton]], an early [[Personal Digital Assistant|PDA]]. It failed commercially, but was a forerunner of devices such as [[Palm Pilot]] and its descendants, and [[PocketPC]]s. Through the [[1990s]], Microsoft began to gain a much larger percentage of new computer users than Apple. As a result Apple fell from controlling 20% of the total personal computer market to 5% by the end of the decade. The company was struggling financially when on [[August 6]], [[1997]] Microsoft bought a $150 million non-voting share of company as a result of a court settlement between themselves and Apple. (Microsoft has since sold all Apple stock holdings.) Perhaps more significantly, Microsoft simultaneously announced its continued support for Mac versions of its office suite, Microsoft Office and soon created a [[Macintosh Business Unit]]. This reversed the earlier trend within Microsoft that resulted in poor Mac versions of their software and resulted in several award-winning releases. However market share continues to decline, reaching 3% by [[2004]].

[[Image:Apple store Chicago.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The Apple logo of a store on the [[Magnificent Mile]] in [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]]]]

In May of [[2001]], after much speculation, Apple announced the opening of a line of [[Apple retail store]]s, to be located throughout the major U.S. computer buying markets. The stores were designed for two primary purposes: to stem the tide of Apple's declining share of the computer market, as well as a response to poor marketing of Apple products at third-party retail outlets. Initially, the Apple Stores were opened in the U.S. only, but in late [[2003]], Apple opened its first Apple Store outside the USA, in [[Tokyo]]'s [[Ginza]] district. Ginza was followed by a store in [[Osaka, Osaka|Osaka]], Japan in August of [[2004]]. More shops for [[Japan]] are supposedly in the works. Apple's first European store opened in [[London]] in November 2004. Stores in the [[Bull Ring, Birmingham|Bullring]] shopping centre in [[Birmingham]] and the [[Bluewater Shopping Centre|Bluewater]] shopping centre in [[Kent]] are due to open in early 2005. Also in an effort to court a broader market Apple opened several "mini" stores in October 2004. These stores are only one half the square footage of the smallest "normal" store and thus can be placed in several smaller markets.

==iPod and iTunes Music Store==
In October of [[2001]], Apple introduced the [[iPod]], a portable digital music player. Its signature was the incredible amount of storage space, initially 5 GB, enough to hold approximately 1,000 songs, compared to the 20-30 songs of [[Flash memory|Flash]]-based players of the time. Apple has since revised its iPod line several times, introducing a slimmer, more compact design, [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] compatibility (previous iPods only interacted with Macintosh computers), [[Advanced Audio Coding|AAC]] compatibility, storage sizes of up to 60 GB, and easier connectivity with car or home stereo systems. On October 26th, 2004, Apple released a color version of their award winning [[iPod]] which can not only play music but also show photos. As of November 2004, the iPod boasted a 87.3% market share among hard-drive based players, according to NPD Group.

Apple has revolutionized the computer and music industry by signing the five major record companies to join its new music download service, the successful [[iTunes Music Store]]. Unlike other fee-based music services, the iTunes Music Store charges a flat $0.99 per song (or $9.99 per album). Users have more flexiblility than on previous on-line music services. For example, they can burn CDs including the purchased songs (although a given playlist can be burned to CD a limited number of times), share and play the songs on up to 5 computers, and of course download songs onto an iPod. 

The [[iTunes Music Store]] commercial model is one-time purchase, which contrasts with other commercial subscription music services where users are required to pay a regular fee to be able to access musical content (but are able to access a larger volume of music during the subscription). If these services begin to gain traction in the marketplace, it is arguable if Apple will not reshape the iTunes Music Store in some way to stay competitive.

The iTunes Music Store was launched in [[2003]] with 2 million downloads in only 16 days; all of which were purchased only on Macintosh computers. Apple has since released a version of [[Apple iTunes|iTunes]] for Windows, allowing Windows users the ability to access the store as well. In addition, Apple plans for a worldwide release for its music store; currently, it is only available to customers in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, and the [[Eurozone]].

In January of [[2004]] Apple released a more compact version of their [[iPod]] player, the 4-GB [[iPod Mini]]. Although the Mini held fewer songs then the other iPod models at that time, its smaller size and that it came in multiple colours made it a difficult find on store shelves after its debut. 

In June of [[2004]] Apple opened their [[iTunes Music Store]] in the [[United Kingdom]], [[France]], and [[Germany]]. A [[European Union]] version opened October of [[2004]] (actually, a [[Eurozone]] version; not initially available in the [[Republic of Ireland]] due to the intransigence of the [[Irish Recorded Music Association]] (IRMA) but eventually opened Thursday [[January 6]], [[2005]]). A version for [[Canada]] opened in December [[2004]]. On [[December 16]], [[2004]], Apple sold its [http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2004/dec/16itunes.html 200 millionth song] on the [[iTunes Music Store]] to Ryan Alekman from [[Belchertown, Massachusetts|Belchertown]], [[Massachusetts]]. The download was ''[[The Complete U2]]'', by [[U2 (band)|U2]].

On [[11 January]] [[2005]], an even smaller version of the iPod was announced, this one based on [[flash memory]] instead of using a miniaturized hard drive. The [[iPod shuffle]], like its predecessors, proved so popular that it sold out almost immediately, causing delays of up to four weeks in obtaining one within a single week of its debut.

==Hardware currently made by Apple==

'''Computers'''

*'''Consumer Sub-Desktop Computer''' - [[Mac mini]] - Comes in two models. BYODKM (Bring your own display, keyboard, and mouse).
*'''Consumer Desktop Computer''' - [[iMac]] - Currently the iMac G5 with 17" and 20" models
*'''Consumer Portable Computer''' - [[iBook]] - Currently the iBook G4 with 12" and 14" models

*'''Pro Desktop Computer''' - [[Power Mac G5]] - Comes in four models
*'''Pro Portable Computer''' - [[PowerBook G4]] - Comes in 12", 15" and 17" models

*'''Education Desktop Computer''' - [[eMac]] - Also sold to regular consumers and government employees
*'''Servers''' - [[Xserve]] - Single Processor, Dual Processor, and Cluster Node
**'''Server Storage Options''' - [[Xserve RAID]] 

'''iPod Digital Music Players'''

*[[iPod photo]] - Holds up to 15,000 Songs or 25,000 Photos in 2 models (30 & 60 GB)
*[[iPod]] - Holds up to 5,000 Songs (20 GB)
*[[iPod U2 Edition]] - Holds up to 5,000 songs in black and red with U2 band members' signatures engraved on back (20 GB)
*[[iPod mini]] - Holds up to 1,500 songs in 2 models (4 & 6 GB) and 4 colors (silver, green, pink, blue)
*[[iPod shuffle]] - Holds up to 240 songs in 2 models (512 MB & 1 GB)
*[[iPod Accessories]]
**[[iPod Socks]]
**[[iPod Remote]]
**[[iPod Dock]]

'''Computer Accessories'''
*'''Video Conferencing Camera''' - [[iSight]]
*'''Wireless Networking Products''' - [[AirPort Extreme|AirPort Extreme Base Station]] & [[AirPort Express]]
*'''Computer Displays''' - [[Apple Cinema HD Display]] & [[Apple Displays]]
*'''Mouse & Keyboard''' - [[Apple Mouse]] & [[Apple Keyboard]]
*'''Wireless Mouse & Keyboard''' - [[Apple Wireless Keyboard]], [[Apple Wireless Mouse]]
*'''Computer Speakers''' - [[Apple Pro Speakers]]


See also [[List of Macintosh models grouped by CPU]].

==Software currently made by Apple==

===[[Operating system]]s===
*[[Mac OS X]] - The client operating system that Apple ships today
*[[Mac OS X Server]] - The server operating system that Apple ships today

===Software with [[Mac OS X]]===
*[[Apple Address Book]]
*[[Apple Mail]] - email client
*[[Preview (software)|Apple Preview]]
*[[Apple Script Editor]] - for editing [[AppleScript]]s
*[[Apple X11]]
*[[Apple Chess|Chess]]
*[[Apple Darwin|Darwin]], the BSD core of Mac OS X
*[[Macintosh Finder|Finder]] - default file management application
*[[Font Book]] - font management tool
*[[iCal]] - [[calendar]] management
*[[iChat AV]] - [[instant messaging]] and [[Video teleconference|video conferencing]]
*[[QuickTime Player]], [[Quicktime]]
*[[Safari (web browser)|Safari]] - web browser
*[[Sherlock (software)|Sherlock]] - file searching (version 2), web services (version 3)
*[[Stickies]], a program to put [[Post-It Note]]-like notes on the desktop
*[[TextEdit]]
*[[Xcode]], an integrated [[software development]] environment

===[[iLife]] Digital Hub software===
[[iLife]] Includes
*[[iDVD]], a basic [[DVD]]-authoring application
*[[iMovie]], a basic [[video editing]] application
*[[iPhoto]], a [[photo]] management application
*[[iTunes]], a [[music]] player, manager, and store
*[[GarageBand]], a music recording and creation application

===[[iWork]] productivity suite===
[[iWork]] includes
*[[Keynote]], a professional presentation application
*[[Pages]], a word processing and page layout application

===Pro applications===
*[[Production Suite]] - Bundles [[Final Cut Pro]], [[DVD Studio Pro]], and [[Motion]].
*[[Final Cut Pro]] - High end video editing
*[[DVD Studio Pro]] - Professional DVD authoring
*[[Logic Pro]] - Comprehensive music toolkit
*[[Shake (software)|Shake]] - Advanced effects compositing
*[[Apple Motion|Motion]] - Real Time Motion Graphics

===Other applications===
*[[AppleWorks]] office/productivity suite
*[[Final Cut Express]] video editor
*[[Logic Express]] music editor

===QuickTime===
*[[QuickTime Player]]
*[[QuickTime Pro]]
*[[QuickTime Streaming Server]]
*[[QuickTime Broadcaster]]

===Server solutions===
*[[Mac OS X Server]]
*[[Xsan]]
*[[Apple Remote Desktop]]
*[[WebObjects]]

===Note about Software===
It should be noted that of these above applications, iTunes and the basic QuickTime player are available for both Macintosh and Microsoft Windows users as free downloads. AppleWorks (Version 5 only) and QuickTime Pro are also both available for Macintosh and Microsoft Windows users, for a fee. In addition, a version of QuickTime Streaming Server can be run on multiple computing platforms, and even [[Apple Darwin]] can run on computers using the x86 (or compatible) family of CPUs.

See [[List of Macintosh software]].

==Hardware formerly made by Apple==

*[[ImageWriter]]
*[[StyleWriter]]
*[[LaserWriter]]
*[[Apple QuickTake|QuickTake]], early digital camera
*[[Apple Newton]], one of the world's first PDAs
*[[Apple Pippin|Pippin games console]] (never released)
*[[Power Mac G4 Cube]], compact high-performance computer

==Documentation==

*[http://developer.apple.com/referencelibrary/ Developers' Reference Library]
*[[Inside Macintosh]]

== Slogans ==

'''Company Advertising Campaigns'''

* "Soon there will be 2 kinds of people. Those who use computers, and those who use Apples." (Early [[1980s]])
* "Changing the world &mdash; one person at a time" (mid-[[1980s]])
* "The computer for the rest of us" ([[1984]])
* "Leading The Way" ([[1984]])
* "The power to be your best" ([[1980s]]&ndash;[[1990s]])
* "[[Think different]]" ([[1997]]&ndash;[[2002]]) The most famous advertising campaign in Apple's history
* "Switch" ([[2002]]&ndash;[[2003]]) Hoping to capture PC users to "Switch" to the Mac platform

'''Product Advertising Slogans'''

* "I think, therefore iMac." ([[1998]]) based on [[René Descartes]] famous line, "I think, therefore I am" ([[Cogito ergo sum]]).
* "Rip. Mix. Burn." ([[1999]]) used to promote iTunes desktop CD burning capability, somewhat controversial
* "1000 songs in your pocket." ([[2001]]) used to promote the first generation iPod's large storage capacity and compact design
* "Rock and Roll will never die. It is, however, being reborn." ([[2003]]) used to promote the [[iTunes Music Store]]
* "Reading. Writing. Rock 'n Roll." ([[2004]] back-to-school sales campaign)
* "From the creators of iPod." ([[2004]]) used to market the new iMac G5
* "Life is random." ([[2005]]) used to promote the shuffle feature in the iPod Shuffle
* "Your song is in the bottle. 200 million songs. 1 in 3 wins." ([[2005]]) used during the 2005 Pepsi-iTunes promotion.
* "Give chance a chance." ([[2005]]) Used to promote [[iPod shuffle]].
* "Random is the new order." ([[2005]]) Used to promote [[iPod Shuffle]].
* "Enjoy uncertainty." ([[2005]]) Used to promote [[iPod Shuffle]].

== Apple as a corporation ==

=== Trademark dispute with Apple Corps ===

In [[1981]] [[Apple Records|Apple Corps]], i.e. [[The Beatles]] filed suit against Apple Computer for trademark infringement. The suit settled with an undisclosed amount being paid to Apple Corps. This amount has been estimated to $50&ndash;$200 million, but was later revealed to be only $80,000.

In [[1986]] Apple added [[Musical instrument digital interface|MIDI]] and audio-recording capabilities to its computers, and in [[1989]] Apple Corps sued again. In [[1991]] another settlement of around $26.5 million was reached. At this time, an Apple employee named [[Jim Reeves]] added a sampled system sound called ''[[xylophone]]'' to the Macintosh operating system, but Apple's legal department objected on the grounds that Apple Corps would probably not like it. Reeves renamed the sound to ''[[sosumi]]'', which he asserted was [[Japanese language|Japanese]] for "the absence of musicality", but in fact can be read phonetically as "So, sue me".

The 1991 settlement outlines the rights each company has to the Apple trademark. While Apple Corps was given the right to use the name on any "creative works whose principal content is music", Apple Computer was given the right to use the name on "goods or services...used to reproduce, run, play or otherwise deliver such content," but not on content distributed on physical media. [http://news.com.com/Apple+vs.+Apple+Perfect+harmony/2100-1027_3-5378401.html]

In September [[2003]] Apple Computer was sued by Apple Corps again, this time for introducing [[iTunes]] and the [[iPod]]. Some observers believe the wording of the previous settlement favors Apple Computer in this case.[http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/sep2004/tc20040930_9317_tc056.htm] As of [[February]] [[2005]] this suit has not yet been resolved.

=== Trademark dispute with Abdul Traya ===

In July [[1998]] [[Abdul Traya]] and [[Stan Berg]] registered the domain name ''www.appleimac.com'', two months after Apple announced the [[iMac]], in an attempt to draw attention to the web-hosting business they were running out of their parents basement. A note on their site stated that their plan was to "''generate traffic to our servers and try to put the domain to sale. [sic]''" [http://news.com.com/2100-1023-221921.html] After a legal dispute that lasted until April [[1999]], Traya and Apple settled out of court with Apple paying legal fees and giving Traya a "''token payment''" in exchange for the domain name. [http://www.macobserver.com/news/99/april/990427/applevsteen.html]

=== Defamation dispute with Carl Sagan ===

In [[1994]] Apple was sued by [[Carl Sagan]] for using his name as the internal code-name for the Power Macintosh 7100. Sagan lost the suit twice. See [[Carl Sagan#Personality|the Carl Sagan article]] for details.

=== Trademark dispute with CyberBritain/ Benjamin Cohen ===

In November 2000, [http://www.cyberbritain.co.uk CyberBritain] registered the domain name, itunes.co.uk for an mp3 search engine. Apple was granted a UK restricted (non music) trademark for ITUNES on 23rd March 2001. Apple and CyberBritain/ Benjamin Cohen are in a dispute over the rights to the name. The story was broken by [http://www.theregister.co.uk/2004/12/06/apple_itunescouk_domain_dispute/ The Register] on the 6th December 2004. The domain name now forwards to CyberBritain's cash back/ rewards website [http://www.QuickQuid.com QuickQuid.com]

===Diversity===

Apple received a 100% rating on the first Corporate Equality Index released by the [[Human Rights Campaign]] in [[2002]] related to its policies on [[LGBT]] employees. They have maintained this rating in 2003 and 2004.

However, it has been criticized for discriminating against African-Americans.[http://www.wired.com/news/business/0,1367,48154,00.html] In November 2001, a former product design engineer filed a lawsuit in California alleging racial discrimination in that he was refused promotions and perks, isolated from other staff and dismissed unreasonably. He further alleged he was paid less than white counterparts.

The company was also sued for sexual discrimination, although the case was dismissed after opening statements.[http://www.orrick.com/practices/employment/discrimination.asp]

In [[2000]], [[Jesse Jackson]] singled out Apple as a "negative example" of racial tolerance due to its failure to appoint African Americans or Latinos to the board. [http://www.lowendmac.com/musings/racism.shtml] Apple has still not made such an appointment.

=== Criticism ===
Apple has been criticised for their [[vertical integration|vertically integrated]] business model, which runs against the grain of much of the 'received wisdom' of economists, particularly for the computer industry. However, the company is profitable. Other criticisms have included that it has been very personality driven, especially in the two different eras of Steve Jobs' tenure; some even regard it as being a cult, or at least having cult-like features. Jobs' infamous [[reality distortion field]] is often cited as a criticism. From a technical standpoint, Apple has also been criticised for having a closed and proprietary architecture with the original Macintosh, and a "[[not invented here]]" syndrome against adopting open standards.

However, that trend has been largely reversed with [[Mac OS X]], and the company now has an official policy of adopting open industry standards where they exist. Apple has now used industry standard hardware technologies for many years, which has helped to lower prices significantly. Many Apple technologies have become industry standards where no former standard existed, e.g. [[ZeroConf]] network configuration, [[FireWire]], etc. Other technologies, invented elsewhere, only gained wide industry acceptance after Apple adopted them, including 3-1/2 inch [[floppy disk]]s, [[SCSI]], [[USB]], [[Wi-Fi]] and, of course, graphical user interfaces. Mac OS X itself is now based on an [[open source]] [[kernel]] and core operating system called [[Apple Darwin|Darwin]].  Apple also uses an open source HTML rendering engine in its Safari web browser.

Some third-party developers are also critical of the competing factions within Apple themselves, illustrated by the perception of an ongoing rivalry between the developers of [[Cocoa (computing)|Cocoa]], which came from NeXT, and those of [[Carbon (computing)|Carbon]], which came from Apple. This rivalry is seen as counterproductive and unnecessary by many developers.

Apple's retail initiative has had a mixed reception. They have been considered a success in raising awareness of the Apple brand. Retailers have suggested that the Apple-owned retail stores have preferential treatment when receiving Apple hardware, and therefore receive limited stock product earlier, and at lower prices - an accusation that has been officially denied by Apple.

=== Apple CEOs, 1977-present ===
<!--If you change the title of this section, please change the link at [[List of Apple Computer CEOs]] correspondingly.-->
* 1977-1981: [[Michael Scott (Apple Computer)|Michael Scott]]
* 1981-1983: [[Mike Markkula]]
* 1983-1993: [[John Sculley]]
* 1993-1996: [[Michael Spindler]]
* 1996-1997: [[Gil Amelio]]
* 1997-present: [[Steve Jobs]]

== See also ==
* [[Apple Developer Connection]] &mdash; Developer relations program
* [[Macintosh clones]] &mdash; Discussion of Apple's licensing of the Macintosh platform
* [[Apple typography]] &mdash; Apple's [[typography|type]] related endeavors, technological and artistic

== External links ==
<!-- Please do not add unnecessary links to this section: Wikipedia is not a link repository. See the Talk page for this article, and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not -->
{{commons|Category:Apple_Computer}}
* [http://www.apple.com Apple Computer Official Website]
* [http://www.apple-history.com/ Apple-History.com]
* [http://www.applestuff.info Apple Computers Informations And News]
* [http://www.theapplemuseum.com/ The Apple Museum]
* [http://seriot.ch/AppleBlogs Apple Employee Weblogs]
* [http://www.yellowikis.org/wiki/index.php/Apple_computer Yellowikis:Apple_computer]
* [http://beyondtheobvious.org/archive/2005/01/24/apple-commercial-archive Apple TV Commercials Download]
* [http://www.siliconvalleyinfozone.com/companies/Apple_Computer Silicon Valley InfoZone - Apple Computer]

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