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User:Ineuw/TPSM Proofreading guide
{{process header
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 | section  = Proofreading guide 
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{{TOCcenter}}

==Introduction==

This document focuses on a proofreading strategy of {{TPSMProject}}. If you are new to the experience, [[Help:Side_by_side_image_view_for_proofreading|this link]] is best for comprehensive information on proofreading in general.

<div style="display:inline;">The size of the {{TPSMProject}} convinced this contributor that some standardized guide of formatting would be useful to expedite the proofreading process so that the contents can be enjoyed by those who visit Wikisource just for the pleasure of reading.</div>

These notes are spurred by the size of the project, considering that six months of a volume consist of approximately 900 pages, and then taking into account the number of volumes in the project. The attempt here is to describe a rationalized process of the hierarchical approach, while individual editing preferences are developed. They provide guidance with informational notes regarding issues that arise during proofreading.

This document follows the described proofreading process order. While it was developed during proofreading of the first volumes, a close eye was kept on the structures and editing styles of subsequent volumes. After randomly traversing the volumes, confidence increased about the usefulness of this document, since there are no substantial style changes for decades after its initial publication in May 1872.

== Proofreading strategy ==

A volume consists of six monthly issues, at first dated [[Wikisource:WikiProject Popular Science Monthly/Index Links|from May to October and November to April and later from January to June and July to December]]. Monthly editions contain articles on various subjects of academic thought, scientific research results, technological advancements, social issues, and intermittently published lecture series. At the end of each month, major articles are augmented with a series of recurring monthly features sections of correspondence, editor’s commentary, upcoming publications listing, miscellaneous information of interest to readers, obituaries, etc.

The idea behind the proofreading strategy is that once the distraction of the variations is eliminated, familiarity with the style common to the pages speeds up the proofreading process, and helps to quickly deal with images and tables as part of the normal proofreading procedure.

Devising the strategy required a Table of Contents, which doesn't exist in the originals. 

There is an [[Page:Popular_Science_Monthly_Volume_1.djvu/789|Index]] at the end of the volumes, which combines, in alphabetical order, article titles and index entries.

From this, a custom page number ordered [[Popular Science Monthly/Volume 1|Table of Contents (TOC)]] was extracted and matched to the articles' order.

Using the TOC, article titles were standardized, and all titled pages were proofread. The same process was applied to the recurring monthly section titles and paragraph start styles. Finally, the rest of the body of the volume are being proofread systematically, incorporating image processing procedures for uploading to the Commons, in parallel with proofreading of a page.

== Templates instead of HTML code ==

[[:Category:Formatting templates|Templates]] are used almost exclusively and HTML tags are limited to where a template isn't possible. Template selection was determined by their relevance and versatility in reducing the editing process to a logical minimum. Defaults were used where applicable, and a compact list of the templates is listed in the [[#Proofreading_tools|Proofreading tools]] section.

=== Project specific templates ===

* [[:Category:The Popular Science Monthly Project templates|Project templates category page]]

<center>
{|class="wikitable sortable" align=center width= cellpadding=2px {{ts|sm90}}
|-
!width="190" | Description
!width="360" | Note
!width="130" | Template 
!width="60" | Shortcut
!width="40" | Namespace
|-
|Article title|Article titles of all volumes except recurring titles||||[[:Template:PSMTitle|PSMTitle]]||[[:Template:Pt|Pt]]||Page
|-
|Correspondence section title 1|||||[[:Template:PSMCorrespondence|PSMCorrespondence]]||[[:Template:Pcor|Pcor]]||Page
|-
|Correspondence section title 2|||||[[:Template:PSMCorrespondence2|PSMCorrespondence2]]||[[:Template:PCor2|PCor2]]||Page
|-
|Correspondence section title 3|||||[[:Template:PSMCorrespondence3|PSMCorrespondence3]]||[[:Template:PCor3|PCor3]]||Page
|-
|Discussion and Correspondence|||||[[:Template:PSMDiscuss&Correspond|PSMDiscuss&Correspond]]|||[[:Template:PD&C|PD&C]]||Page
|-
|Editor's Table 1|||||[[:Template:PSMEditorsTable|PSMEditorsTable]]||[[:Template:Pedit|Pedit]]||Page
|-
|Editor's Table 2|||||[[:Template:PSMEditorsTable2|PSMEditorsTable2]]||[[:Template:Pedit2|Pedit2]]||Page
|-
|End of article graphic rule|||||[[:Template:PSM rule|PSM rule]]||||Page
|-
|Entertaining Varieties|||||[[:Template:PSMEntVar|PSMEntVar]]||||Page
|-
|Monthly first article title 1|||||[[:Template:PSMPage1Title|PSMPage1Title]]||||Page
|-
|Monthly first article title 2|||||[[:Template:PSMPage1Title2|PSMPage1Title2]]||||Page
|-
|Monthly first article title 3|||||[[:Template:PSMPage1Title3|PSMPage1Title3]]||||Page
|-
|Monthly first article title 4|||||[[:Template:PSMPage1Title4|PSMPage1Title4]]||||Page
|-
|Fragments of Science|||||[[:Template:PSMFragmentsOfScience|PSMFragmentsOfScience]]||[[:Template:Pfos|Pfos]]||Page
|-
|General Notices|||||[[:Template:PSMGeneralNotices|PSMGeneralNotices]]||[[:Template:Pgn|Pgn]]||Page
|-
|Image required template|||||[[:Template:PSMImages|PSMImages]]||||Page
|-
|Index header with underline|||||[[:Template:PSMIndex|PSMIndex]]||||Page
|-
|Index header without underline|||||[[:Template:PSMIndex2|PSMIndex2]]||||Page
|-
|Link to PSM article|||||[[:Template:PSM link|PSM link]]||||Main
|-
|Literary Notes|||||[[:Template:PSMLitNotes|PSMLitNotes]]||[[:Template:Plit|Plit]]||Page
|-
|Literary review paragraph template|||||[[:Template:PSMLitReview|PSMLitReview]]||[[:Template:Plr|Plr]]||Page
|-
|Minor Paragraphs|||||[[:Template:PSMMinorParagraphs|PSMMinorParagraphs]]||[[:Template:Pmp|Pmp]]||Page
|-
|Miscellany|||||[[:Template:PSMMisc|PSMMisc]]||[[:Template:Pmm|Pmm]]||Page
|-
|Navigator to index scans and images|||||[[:Template:Psm|Psm]]||||Wikiproject
|-
|Notes title 1|||||[[:Template:PSMNotes|PSMNotes]]||[[:Template:Pn|Pn]]||Page
|-
|Notes title 2|||||[[:Template:PSMNotes2|PSMNotes2]]||[[:Template:Pn2|Pn2]]||Page
|-
|Obituary Note (single)|||||[[:Template:PSMObitNote|PSMObitNote]]||[[:Template:POn2|POn2]]||Page
|-
|Obituary Notes (plural)|||||[[:Template:PSMObitNotes|PSMObitNotes]]||[[:Template:POn|POn]]||Page
|-
|Obituary|||||[[:Template:PSMObitTitle|PSMObitTitle]]||[[:Template:POb|POb]]||Page
|-
|Page display frame bottom|||||[[:Template:PSMLayoutBottom|PSMLayoutBottom]]||||Main
|-
|Page display frame top|||||[[:Template:PSMLayoutTop|PSMLayoutTop]]||||Main
|-
|Popular Miscellany|||||[[:Template:PSMPopMisc|PSMPopMisc]]||[[:Template:Pm|Pm]]||Page
|-
|Project home page link|||||[[:Template:PSMProjectHome|PSMProjectHome]]||||Wikiproject
|-
|Project pages title|||||[[:Template:TPSMProject|TPSMProject]]||||Wikiproject
|-
|Publications received 1|||||[[:Template:PSMPubRec|PSMPubRec]]||[[:Template:Ppr|Ppr]]||Page
|-
|Publications received 2|||||[[:Template:PSMPubRec2|PSMPubRec2]]||[[:Template:Ppr2|Ppr2]]||Page
|-
|Scientific Literature 1|||||[[:Template:PSMScientificLiterature|PSMScientificLiterature]]||[[:Template:Psl|Psl]]||Page
|-
|Scientific Literature 2|||||[[:Template:PSMScientificLiterature2|PSMScientificLiterature2]]||[[:Template:Psl2|Psl2]]||Page
|-
|Shorter Articles|||||[[:Template:PSMShorterArticles|PSMShorterArticles]]||[[:Template:Psa|Psa]]||Page
|-
|Shorter Articles2|||||[[:Template:PSMShorterArticles2|PSMShorterArticles2]]||[[:Template:Psa2|Psa2]]||Page
|-
|Shorter Articles And Correspondence|||||[[:Template:PSMShorterArticlesAndCorrespondence|PSMShorterArticlesAndCorrespondence]]||[[:Template:Psac|Psac]]||Page
|-
|Shorter Articles And Discussion|||||[[:Template:PSMShorterArticlesAndDiscussion|PSMShorterArticlesAndDiscussion]]||[[:Template:Psad|Psad]]||Page
|-
|Table of Contents|||||[[:Template:PSMToC|PSMToC]]||||Main
|-
|Table required template|||||[[:Template:PSMTable|PSMTable]]||||Page
|-
|The Progress Of Science||Used from volume 57 to volume 68|||[[:Template:PSMProgressOfScience|PSMProgressOfScience]]||[[:Template:Pps|Pps]]||Page
|-
|The Progress Of Science||Used from volume 68 to volume ??|||[[:Template:PSMProgressOfScience2|PSMProgressOfScience2]]||[[:Template:Pps2|Pps2]]||Page
|-
|Volume title page 1|||||[[:Template:TPSM|TPSM]]||||Page
|-
|Volume title page 2|||||[[:Template:TPSM2|TPSM2]]||||Page
|-
|Volume title page 3|||||[[:Template:TPSM3|TPSM3]]||||Page
|-
|}
</center>

== Table of Contents ==

# Table of Contents entries are the names of the assembled article pages in the main namespace. While the article titles are uppercase, in the Table of Contents they are capitalized lowercase, except pronouns, prepositions, and conjunctions, which are lowercase, (unless they are the first word of the title).
# Article titles on the left are hyperlinks to the assembled page in the main namespace.
# The monthly headings are anchored {{colors|blue||<nowiki>{{anchor|May 1872}}</nowiki>}} for direct access to the section from the namespace article.


{{PSMLayoutTop}}
{|
|width="400px"|
|width="200px"|
|-
|colspan="2"|{{center|[[Popular Science Monthly/Volume 1|Table of Contents]]}}
|-
|colspan="2"|{{anchor|May 1872}}{{center|May 1872}}
|-
|[[User:Ineuw/xxx|Article 1]]
|align="right"|[[User:Ineuw/xxx|101]]
|-
|[[User:Ineuw/xxx|Article 2]]
|align="right"|[[User:Ineuw/xxx|115]]
|-
|[[User:Ineuw/xxx|Article 3]]
|align="right"|[[User:Ineuw/xxx|130]]
|-
|colspan="2"|{{center|Recurring monthly features}}
|-
|[[User:Ineuw/xxx|Editor's Table]]
|align="right"|[[User:Ineuw/xxx|140]]
|-
|[[User:Ineuw/xxx|Literary Notices]]
|align="right"|[[User:Ineuw/xxx|160]]
|-
|[[User:Ineuw/xxx|Summary]]
|align="right"|[[User:Ineuw/xxx|170]]
|-
|[[User:Ineuw/xxx|Notes]]
|align="right"|[[User:Ineuw/xxx|180]]
|-
|colspan="2"|{{center|One per volume}}
|-
|[[User:Ineuw/xxx|Index ]]
|align="right"|[[User:Ineuw/xxx|800]]
|-
|}
{{PSMLayoutBottom}}

=== Section tags ===

A simple alphanumeric coding is devised for the section begin and end tag codes, when two articles begin and end on the same page.

The scheme greatly simplifies section coding when proofreading, and when referencing the section codes during final page assembly in the main namespace. In the context of this project, this scheme cannot cause a section tag conflict.

The codes are made up of the following segments:

End of article begin and end section code segments:

  E = End of article
 27 = .djvu page number
 {{colors|blue||<nowiki><section begin=E27 /><section end=E27 /></nowiki>}}

The article following on the same page uses the code segments, except prefixed by 'B' to indicate the beginning section of the article.

  B = Beginning of article
 27 = .djvu page number
 {{colors|blue||<nowiki><section begin=B27 /><section end=B27 /></nowiki>}}

The example of the above coding scheme is visible on the edit view of .djvu page 27/17 [[Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 1.djvu/27|here]], with the final results are visible  [[Popular Science Monthly/Volume 1/May 1872/The Recent Eclipse of the Sun|on this page]].

=== Page names of the main namespace ===

Taking into account the number of volumes, the volumes biannual cycle (May to October, November to April), the monthly issues and the article titles, four page name segments (root and three subsequent branches) minimum, are required to satisfy uniqueness and identify the project, the volume, the issue, and article.

# The root segment is made up of the publication name, which satisfies all volumes.
# The first sub segment is the the Volume and number.
# The second sub segment indicates issue month and year. Volumes are six months, calculated from the first issue in May 1872 and thus, even numbered issues span two years. Also, there may be merged volumes.
# The third sub segment is the article title, matching the Table of Contents, which was matched to each article.

In addition to general article titles, this structure takes into account lecture series by attaching their sub-title numbers to the series title (the lecture series are numbered), and thus avoiding a fourth sub segment (fifth page name segment).

;Series
 Popular Science Monthly/Volume 1/May 1872/The Study of Sociology I
 Popular Science Monthly/Volume 1/May 1872/Natural History of Man I

;Regular recurring monthly features
 Popular Science Monthly/Volume 1/May 1872/Editor's Table
 Popular Science Monthly/Volume 1/May 1872/Literary Notices
 Popular Science Monthly/Volume 1/May 1872/Miscellany
 Popular Science Monthly/Volume 1/May 1872/Note

;Occasional recurring monthly features
 Popular Science Monthly/Volume 3/May 1873/Correspondence
 Popular Science Monthly/Volume 2/May 1873/Obituary

;Per volume pages
 Popular Science Monthly/Volume 1 (Table of Contents)
 Popular Science Monthly/Volume 1/Index
 Popular Science Monthly/Volume 1/Advertisements

;Unnumbered pages
 Popular Science Monthly/Volume 1/Advertisements

== Title styles ==
=== Spacing and separation ===

Articles in the main namespace are displayed as a single page, unlike the original, where articles follow one another on the same page. For satisfactory results when viewed in both modes, the following spacing is used:

# Two empty lines are inserted between the paragraph end and the {{tl|PSM rule}}.
# The graphic rule is followed by the two section tags.
# Section tags are followed by two empty lines and the article main title.
# The article main title is followed by various subtitles, separated by a single empty line. 
# Article first paragraph is always preceded by a single empty line.

{{center|Main articles titles}}


{{PSM rule}}


 {{colors|blue||<nowiki>{{PSM rule}}</nowiki>
 <nowiki><section end=Ennn /><section begin=Bnnn /></nowiki>}}

{{center|Monthly recurring features}}


{{rule}}


 {{colors|blue||<nowiki>{{rule}}
 <section end=Ennn /><section begin=Bnnn /></nowiki>}}

# In single page display, the graphic rule, if any, is only visible at the end of the article.
# No graphic rule is used when an article ends at the end of the page.
# Monthly recurring features are separated by the {{colors|blue||{{tl|rule}}}}.

=== Monthly title page templates ===

A single template standardizes the title page layout {{tl|PSMPage1Title}}, which requires the month and the year parameters.

;Usage
 <nowiki>{{PSMPage1Title|xxx}}</nowiki>

{{PSMPage1Title|SEPTEMBER, 1878.}}

=== Articles ===

Article main titles are followed by a variety of sub-title styles specific to their content. This is then followed by the first paragraph ''leadin'' of a dropped initial. Some articles have no authors.

[[Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 1.djvu/71|This page]] has one main and five sub titles, as displayed below. Otherwise, article titles consist of one main and, at most, three sub-titles. Since the styles differ, there is good visual contrast, even when the font-size difference is less than 10%. Titles can start anywhere on a page.
<br />


{{center|{{font-size|130%|THE NATURAL HISTORY OF MAN}}}}

{{center|{{sc|By}} A. DE QUATREFAGES,}}

{{center|{{font-size|90%|''A COURSE OF LECTURES AT THE IMPERIAL ASYLUM OF VINCENNES.''}}}}

{{center|{{font-size|75%|MEMBER OF THE INSTITUTE OF FRANCE, PROFESSOR AT THE MUSEUM, ETC.}}}}

{{center|{{font-size|85%|TRANSLATED BY ELIZA A. YOUMANS.}}}}

{{center|''I.—The Unity of the Human Species''.}}

{{dropinitial|L}}orem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aenean commodo ligula eget dolor. Aenean massa. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Donec quam felis, ultricies nec, pellentesque eu, pretium quis, sem.


{{center|{{u|Wikified layout of the title styles, including spacing}}}}

 <br />
 <nowiki>{{PSM rule}}</nowiki> preceded by two empty lines
 <br />
 <nowiki>{{center|{{font-size|130%|xxx}}}}</nowiki> title preceded by two empty lines <br />
 <nowiki>{{center|{{sc|xxx}}xxx}}</nowiki> author <br />
 <nowiki>{{center|{{font-size|90%|''xxx''}}}}</nowiki> series description <br />
 <nowiki>{{center|{{font-size|75%|xxx}}}}</nowiki> professional qualifications intro <br />
 <nowiki>{{center|{{font-size|85%|xxx}}}}</nowiki> translator <br />
 <nowiki>{{center|''xxx''}}</nowiki> sub=title <br />
 <nowiki>{{dropinitial|xxx}}xxx</nowiki> first paragraph leadin

=== Recurring monthly feature titles found in Volume 1 to 10 ===

==== Obituary ====

==== Correspondence ==== 

==== Correspondence and Editor's Table ==== 

==== Editor's Table ==== 

Section may begin anywhere on the page.
 <br />
 <nowiki>{{rule}}</nowiki> preceded by two empty lines
 <br />
 <nowiki>{{center|{{font-size|130%|EDITOR'S TABLE.}}}}</nowiki> section title preceded by two empty lines
 <br />
 <nowiki>{{rule|10em}}</nowiki> underline preceded by two empty lines <br />
 <nowiki>{{center|''xxx''}}</nowiki> title <br />
 <nowiki>{{dropinitial|X}}xxx</nowiki> first paragraph leadin <br />

{{u|Subsequent paragraph style}}
 <br />
 <nowiki>{{center|''xxx''}}</nowiki> title preceeded by two empty lines<br />
 <nowiki>{{sc|Xxx}}</nowiki> paragraph leadin

==== Literary Notices ==== 

Section may start anywhere on the page.
 <br />
 <nowiki>{{rule}}</nowiki> preceded by two empty lines
 <br />
 <nowiki>{{center|{{font-size|130%|LITERARY NOTICES}}}}</nowiki> preceded by two empty lines
 <nowiki>{{hanging indent|{{sc|xxx}}xxx}}}}</nowiki> book title <br />
 <nowiki>{{sc|xxx}}</nowiki> review leadin <br />

{{u|Subsequent sub-title styles}}
 <br />
 <nowiki>{{hanging indent|{{sc|xxx}}xxx}}}}</nowiki> book title preceeded by two empty lines<br />
 <nowiki>{gap}}{{sc|xxx}}</nowiki> review leadin

==== Miscellany or Popular Miscellany ====

Section may start anywhere on the page.
 <br />
 <nowiki>{{rule}}</nowiki> preceded by two empty lines
 <br />
 <nowiki>{{center|{{font-size|130%|MISCELLANY}}}}</nowiki> preceded by two empty lines
 <nowiki>{gap}}'''xxx'''—</nowiki> first paragraph leading <br />

{{u|Subsequent paragraph leadins}}
 <br />
 <nowiki>'''xxx'''—</nowiki> preceded by two empty lines

==== Notes ====

Section may start anywhere on the page. 
 <br />
 <nowiki>{{rule}}</nowiki> preceded by two empty lines
 <br />
 <nowiki>{{center|{{font-size|130%|NOTES}}}}</nowiki> title preceded by two empty lines
 <nowiki>{gap}}{{sc|xxx}}</nowiki>

{{u|Subsequent paragraph leadins}}
 <br />
 <nowiki>{gap}}{{sc|xxx}}</nowiki> preceded by two empty lines

== The step by step process ==

The process begins with initial preparation in the Wiki editor, then, pasting the contents into a text editor, formatting and defining the paragraphs, correcting by repeatedly searching for known OCR anomalies, spell checking, pasting the results back into the Wiki editor, and proofreading the text, and checking for missing symbols and formatting ignored by the OCR process.
<br />

=== In Wiki editor ===

Start by visiting the [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Wikisource:WikiProject_Popular_Science_Monthly/Index_Links Popular Science Monthly Index Links], select a volume, and then select a [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Help:Page_Status red tagged page], and click 'Edit' to open the Wiki editor.

Insert the {{tl|inuse}} template in the first line and save the page. Then, reopen again to copy the contents into the text editor. The template indicates to others that the page is in use.
<br />

=== In text editor ===

==== Body of text ====

The first word may be the separated end segment of the hyphenated last word of the previous page. If so, insert the {{tl|hwe}} template and enter the required parameters.

Look for tables and lists. Using a spreadsheet to design a table or a list, and then [[#Spreadsheet_to_table_conversion|converting it]] to a wiki table is a good timesaving solution.

Image display is a multiple step process described separately under [[#Managing images|Managing images]] section below.

If the last word of the page is hyphenated, check next page for the complete word, insert the {{tl|hws}} and {{tl|hwe}} templates with the required parameters on both pages.
<br />

==== References and footnotes ====

Footnotes, found at the bottom of the page, are proofread, enclosed with the <nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki> tags, and placed inline in the text in place of the original footnote reference number. This also requires the {{tl|smallrefs}} template to be placed in the hidden footer section like thus, 

 <nowiki>{{smallrefs}}</div></nowiki>

to render the footnotes in small font. Footnote placement is required for the proper rendering of the single page display in the main namespace. Footnote references are automatically numbered. An example of a two page footnote can be seen [[Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 1.djvu/723|on this page]], when viewed in edit mode.

==== Unsupervised changes ====

A series of search and replace actions clean up the text without altering the content. They eliminate incorrect OCR spacing of punctuation, unnecessary space, and standardize the paragraphs' format.


{{PSMLayoutTop}}
{|style="text-align:justify; margin:1em auto 1em auto;" cellpadding="2"
|-
|Before proceeding, a note to those who are only familiar with Windows and the MS Word .doc definition of a paragraph, which considers the paragraph terminated when encountering the first (<Enter key>) line break
Line break, or Carriage Return (CR) is referred to as \newline here. The OCR scan terminates every line with a \newline, and uses two \newlines to render paragraph separation when the text is pasted in the editor.
|-
|}
{{PSMLayoutBottom}}


The following process preserves text separated by two \newlines and replaces single \newline codes with a space to form a single continuous text line for each paragraph. References to character codes can be found for \newline, [[wikipedia:Newline|here]], and for space, [[wikipedia:Space_%28punctuation%29|here]].

# Trim paragraphs to remove preceding and trailing spaces by searching for occurrences of space before and after a \newline.
# Replace two spaces with one space.
# Replace two \newlines with a unique symbol to mask actual paragraph breaks. This <<>> symbol example is easily created on any English language keyboard, and is unlikely to exist in any text.
# Replace a single \newline with space. This formats the text into one continuous line and correctly defines paragraph breaks.
# Replace the paragraph symbol <<>>, with two \newlines to restore paragraph breaks.
# Replace colon preceded by space ( :), with a colon (:).
# Replace semicolon preceded by space ( ;), with a semicolon (;).
# Replace question mark preceded by space ( ?), with a question mark (?).
# Replace exclamation mark preceded by space ( !), with an exclamation mark (!).

All of the above can be instantaneously accomplished in a text editor with macro capability.
<br />

==== Supervised changes ====

These changes must be supervised because they occur in various contexts.

# Search for the hyphen - (ANSI 045), and join the words as required. Hyphenated words, which by themselves are correct, are left as is, being the typesetting style at the time.
# Search for the double quotation mark " (ANSI 034) and check for matching opening and closing marks. Delete the space between the marks and the enclosed text.
# There is an occasionally occurring typographical style, in which the beginning of a paragraph is opened without a closing double quotation mark.<ref>This may have been a typesetter's error and a proofreader's oversight, for which they should have been banished to the [[wikipedia:Zambezi|Zambezi river]] to look for Dr. Livingstone.<br /></ref>
# Search for single quotation mark ' (ANSI 039) and check that they are used in the right context, and are not smudges picked up by the scan. Occasionally, they are used to enclose text, within, or in place of, double quotation marks.
# Search for 'ae', and 'oe', which are most likely to incorrectly rendered ligatures 'æ', and the 'œ'. Assumptions can be made of their existence in the text, based on the article's subject matter.

{{smallrefs}}

==== OCR anomalies ====

In general, the quality of the .djvu page image, and/or the subject matter influence the lack of clarity. Articles about classical antiquity and scientific topics containing tables and math information are affected.

Some symbols and characters are ignored by the OCR. These include the em dash (—), italicized text, currency symbols, accented characters, and diacriticals.

In several instances, the OCR process has difficulty in distinguishing certain characters and commonly misreads the following:

# Uppercase words beginning with '"W' are preceded by a double quotation mark. Compare to the original.
# Short words beginning with 'w' are occasionally garbled as in 'w T e', which is supposed to be 'we'. Correct these by searching for 'w ' followed by a single space.
# Occasionally, the lowercase 'h' is rendered as 'b'.
# Words containing 'g' are occasionally, and those containing 'gg' are always garbled. As an example, the OCR renders the word 'aggregate' as 'aof2:reo;ate'.
# In uppercase article titles, the R is often rendered as 'K' 'E', or 'B'. Spell check finds the error, unless the change is a meaningful word.
# The uppercase ligature Æ is not recognized by the OCR.

==== Spell check ====

Perform a spell check, and when in doubt, check the scanned page. Bad spelling in the original is corrected. Outdated, but correct spelling, is left as is, preferably accompanied by the invisible {{tl|sic}} template indicating that the spelling was checked previously.

US English dictionary is sufficient, and spelling variations of English words are ignored.
Instead, if simultaneous use of multiple dictionaries during spell check is possible, then medical and scientific dictionaries would be preferred.

An alphabetic list of archaically spelled words and proper names collected from the Volumes can be found [[Wikisource:WikiProject Popular Science Monthly/Archaic spellings|on this page]].
<br />

=== Final proofreading ===

Copy the formatted text into the Wiki editor. Click the [[File:button_category_plus.png|alt=[+]]] button  on the toolbar to reveal the normally hidden header and footer. Paste the {{tl|smallrefs}} if required, into the footer

Em—dashes and ''italicized text'' are used extensively, and can appear anywhere on any page.

# Proofread to insert missing 'em—dashes' (ANSI 0151).
# Proofread to <nowiki>''italicize''</nowiki> text. ''Referenced publication names are always italicized''.
# References to the publication itself are always in small caps, as in {{sc|The Popular Science Monthly}} or {{sc|The Monthly}}.
# If there is an image, insert the image template in the same place as in the original, and add the Fig no. and caption to the template, even if it's showing in the image.

The following appear with decreasing frequency and have a relation to the article topic.

# Proofread for ambiguous text missed by the spell check. They may be incorrectly rendered scientific, technical, or currency symbols like, fractions '½', degrees '°', or currency '£' symbols.
# Aside from formatted titles, some articles use CAPITALIZED and {{sc|Small caps}} to emphasize their point.

Select the yellow radio button to indicate 'Proofread' and save the edits.

== Managing images ==

Before processing an image, 
[http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&search=&fulltext=Search search Wikimedia for images]], under  <nowiki>[[Category:Popular Science Monthly illustrations]]</nowiki><br /> category.

=== A handy toolbar button for images ===

This javascript creates the code element and spacing for inserting an image in the text.

<pre>
 if (mwCustomEditButtons) {
  mwCustomEditButtons[mwCustomEditButtons.length] = {
      "imageFile": "",
      "speedTip": " V3 ",
      "tagOpen": '[[File:|frameless|center|350px|]]\n\n{{c|{{sc|Fig. ',
      "tagClose": '. ',
      "sampleText": ""};
 };
 <br />
 <br />

 <br />
 
</pre>

=== Image preparation and naming ===

# Copy and paste the page into an image editor.
# Reduce image by cropping the surrounding blank area, leaving the Fig. no. and the caption in the image, if exists.
# If necessary, resize the image to improve clarity.
# Save the image in .JPG format on the local drive, using the following naming convention:

         PSM = Project indicator followed by space
         V01 = 2 digit Volume number followed by space
        D587 = Djvu number scan page number followed by space
 Description = Niagara falls region

Putting it together, the file name is '''PSM V01 D587 Niagara falls region.jpg''', and it can be viewed on [[Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 1.djvu/587]].

=== Image upload template ===

Images are stored on Wikimedia Commons and can only be uploaded by registered users. [http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Upload&uselang=fromwikimedia Use this form for uploading images].

Copy and paste these two templates and the category as is. This template uses the 'REVISIONUSER' magic word and should display your ''userid''.

;For each image
# Change the 'Description'.
# Edit the 'Source' URL page number.
# Be sure that the Commons category is included. The image below is [[:File:TPSMV1P587 Fig 4.jpg]] and is categorized as [[commons:Category:Popular_Science_Monthly_illustrations/Volume_1|Category:Popular Science Monthly illustrations/Volume 1]].
 
;For each volume
# Edit the year. Where the Volume spans two years, indicate as 1872-73.
# Change the Category Vulume number.

<pre>
{{Information
  |Description    = Map of the Region or Niagara Falls
  |Source         = http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Popular_Science_Monthly_Volume_1.djvu/587
  |Date           = 1872
  |Author         = Unknown
  |Permission     = {PD-old}}
  |other_versions =
 }}<br />

 <br />
 [[Category:Popular Science Monthly illustrations/Volume 1]]
</pre>

=== Image category selection ===

An image being uploaded to the Commons must include the Volume sub category found grouped under the 
[[commons:Category:Popular_Science_Monthly_illustrations|Popular Science Monthly illustrations Main category]]. For example: [[commons:Category:Popular_Science_Monthly_illustrations/Volume_5|This link shows all images from Volume 5]].

Additional categories about the image are helpful and [[commons:Special:Categories|THIS PAGE]] is the search page for the extensive Wikimedia categories list.

== Proofreading tools ==

The preference is that the Wiki editor should be able to do all the operations, but it's not yet possible. External editors are used to perform the outlined process, and open source software is desirable, but this is not always possible or convenient.


{{center|Template summary to be pasted into a text file for quick reference}}

 <nowiki>[[File:}}xxx.jpg|frameless|center|350px|]]</nowiki> with <nowiki>{{center|{{fs|80%|xxx}}}}
 </nowiki> OR <nowiki>{{center|{{sc|xxx}}}}</nowiki> for image description.
 <nowiki>{{User annotation|xxx}}</nowiki>
 <nowiki>{{center|xxx}}</nowiki>
 <nowiki>{{dropinitial|x}}</nowiki>
 <nowiki>{{font-size|nnn%|xxx}} or {{fs|nnn%|xxx}}</nowiki>
 <nowiki>{{gap}} or {{gap|nnnem}}</nowiki>
 <nowiki>{{PSM rule}}</nowiki>
 <nowiki>{{hanging indent|{{sc|xxx}}xxx}}}} or {{hi|{{sc|xxx}}xxx}}}}</nowiki>
 <nowiki>{{hwe|xxx|xxx}}</nowiki>
 <nowiki>{{hws|xxx|xxx}}</nowiki>
 <nowiki>{{inuse}}</nowiki>
 <nowiki>{{largeinitial|content|}}</nowiki>
 <nowiki>{{para indent||xxx}}</nowiki>
 <nowiki>{{rule}} or {{rule|nn%}}</nowiki>
 <nowiki>{{sc|xxx}}</nowiki>
 <nowiki>{{sic}}</nowiki>
 <nowiki>{{smallrefs}}</nowiki>

 <nowiki>{{PSMLayoutTop}}</nowiki>
 <nowiki>{{PSMLayoutBottom}}</nowiki>
 <nowiki>{{PSMPage1Title|xxx}}</nowiki>

=== Text editors ===

Any text editor with a spell check dictionary, and preferably with a keyboard macro recorder,
can be used.

US English dictionary is sufficient, although, if multiple dictionaries are possible, then medical and scientific dictionaries would be the additional choices. An alphabetic list of archaic spellings and proper names collected from Volume 1, can be found [[Wikisource:WikiProject Popular Science Monthly/Archaic spellings|on this page]].

All of the unsupervised tasks listed previously, are instantly performed by a single macro. In addition, frequently used template and HTML codes can be assigned to keyboard macros.

=== Image editor ===

The editor is used to trim excessive blank space surrounding the image and save it as a .JPG file. Image clarity of drawings doesn't improve by changing the pixel size, and photos didn't appear in print until 1880.

=== Conversion tools ===

* [[wikipedia:Help:WordToWiki|MS Word HTML format to Wiki]]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:WordToWiki MS Word HTML format to Wiki]

*[http://excel2wiki.net/ MS Excel format to Wiki table]

=== Dictionaries ===

* [[wiktionary:Wiktionary:Main_Page|Wiktionary]]
* [http://translate.google.com/translate_t# Google Translate]
* [http://babelfish.altavista.com/tr Babel Fish translator]

== List of tasks to be done ==

Contents were moved to the [[Wikisource:WikiProject_Popular_Science_Monthly#To_do_list|
project to do list]], of tasks to be done.

== Comments on the contents ==

For students of science, technology, and social history, the publication provides a fascinating view through the window of the printed word, and what a view it is. To read the articles promulgated by the great minds of 19th century, the depth and diverse range of subjects covered is a mine, of pure gold. The language, the terminology, the spelling, the occasional tone of condescension employed in addressing the reading audience, enhances the experience.

The publication aimed to reach a wide audience by disseminating information, and publicizing issues of wide ranging interest for the emerging 19th century middle class thirsty for knowledge. The novel approach of fusing the perceived desire of the public, and serving as a platform for the dissemination of academic thought, was well received.

Of great interest is the level of scientific knowledge and the social issues of the day. It's somewhat eerie to read that the then prevailing views expressed on matters of public health, education, nutrition, employment, natural resources and pollution, are still familiar in our time. The knowledge espoused range from the quaint to the surprisingly advanced, with many theories still in the process of being debated and formulated.

=== The typesetting ===

The display of increased confidence in the viability of the enterprise is palpable as indicated by proudly published reviews on [[Popular Science Monthly/Volume 1/June 1872/Press Reviews|on this page]] of the June 1872 issue. The positive reception by the press, the academic community, and the interested public. Subtle changes appear progressively after this issue. the typesetting style is progressively streamlined and displays increased professionalism.

The composition is improved and the payoff for the proofreader is the reduced frequency of typographical embellishments. The number of quotes, italics and em dashes used on the pages can generally be said to be no more than one or two each per page, and that's good news. Of course there are some extreme exceptions, like idiosyncratic writing where the word "practical", enclosed in quotes, appears nine times on a single page.

After spending time at a daily paper, observing [[wikipedia:Linotype_machine|Linotype machines]] in operation, surrounded by typesetters and proofreaders at work, a sense of amazement is felt when one considers that these pages were manually set letter by letter, space by space, block by block, to a justified paragraph format, inversely, and with very few errors.

=== Subject and style ===

While random sampling of articles by topic, an interesting relationship can be discerned between the article's subject, the typographical style, and even the word count per page. Articles on morality, religion and religious thought, contain an increased number of typographical embellishments to emphasize their admonishing and cautionary messages. This is indicated by an increased number of em—dashes, double quotes, single quotes, italics, and capitalized text. There is a lot of rolling of the holy.