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User:Ineuw/TPSM Proofreading guide
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== Background information ==

This manual is focused on the proofreading formats used in {{TPSMProject}}. The information here is specifically lays out the style for this project and information on templates and methods which are not not used, are omitted from this guide. Nevertheless, the information provided here may be of help in other projects.

This project began in the autumn of 2009 and at the time of this writing in the autumn of 2014 five years later, we have 28 of 87 volumes proofread. The additional volumes no longer deal with the original premise of the publication, but they are available for proofreading.

=== Breakdown of the approach used to proofread ===

The volumes have no table of contents and this was constructed by paging through and collecting article titles, authors, tagging pages containing images and tables - and proofreading the indexes which are located at the back of each volume. The titles and the volume indexes collected are stored in 87 offline MSAccess databases which are linked into a single master database which is also contains the nearly 2,500 author names, the list of identified monthly recurring article titles.

=== What was completed overall ===

* Article title pages.
* Index pages at the end of each volume.
* Pages with images.
* Pages with tables.
* Table of contents.
* Main namespace article titles.
* Major categorization of the main namespace articles.

=== What needs to be done ===

* Proofreading of pages.
* Inserting overlooked tables.
* Inserting overlooked images.
* Replacing font size templates with the PSM specific templates.
* Linking the volume index entry anchors to the titles.

== Typographic formats ==

=== Hyphenation ===

* Hyphenated words, which by themselves are correct, are left as is, being the typesetting style at the time.
* A hyphen at the end of line is often used to justify the text. Use your judgement if the words should be hyphenated.
* If the last word of the page is hyphenated, check next page for the complete word and enclose the first part of the hyphenated word at the bottom of the page '''<nowiki>{{hyphenated word start|comp|complete}}</nowiki>''' and enclose the second part of the hyphenated word at the top of the following page '''<nowiki>{{hyphenated word end|lete|complete}}</nowiki>''' and this will result in 
{{hyphenated word start|comp|complete}} {{hyphenated word end|lete|complete}} 
when transcluded in the main namespace. The abbreviated form of the templates are {{tl|hws}} and {{tl|hwe}} [link to example]

=== Single and double quotes ===

* Use standard English typewriter double quotes " (ANSI 034)  and not international glyphs or the Unicode slanted/curved quotes.
* Check for matching opening and closing quotes and close up the space between the marks and the enclosed text.
* There is an occasionally occurring typographical style applied to a series of paragraphs where the beginning of each paragraph is opened without a closing double quotation mark.
* For single quotes use the standard English typewrite single quote ' (ANSI 039) They are used to enclose text, within, or in place of, double quotation marks.

=== Ligatures, typographic characters and symbols ===

* Insert the missing 'em—dash' — (ANSI 0151). Currently this is available on the advanced editor toolbar, can be added to the user's Charinsert preference, or use the {{tl|--}} template. 
* Apply <nowiki>''italics''</nowiki> to the text where required. ''Referenced publication names are always italicized''.
* Proofread for ambiguous text. They may be incorrectly rendered scientific, technical, or currency symbols like, fractions '½', degrees '°', currency '£' symbols or centered decimal point as · .
*  Search for 'ae', and 'oe', which are most likely to incorrectly rendered ligatures 'æ', and the 'œ'. Assumptions can be made of their existence in the text, based on the article's subject matter.
* In some volumes, some symbols and characters are ignored by the OCR. These include the em dash (—), currency symbols ($ and £), and the temperature indicator º, etc.

== Fonts sizes and font templates ==

Fonts larger than 100% are of no concern, but font sizes that are less that 100%, use the font templates listed below, because they have line heights proportional to the font size.<ref>The {{tl|fsx}} template doesn't reduce the line height proportionately.</ref>

* {{tl|fs90}} is used to enclose Author names, 
* {{tl|fs90/s}} {{tl|fs90/e}} used to enclose a bloc of paragraphs and/or span pages. When used to span pages, the <nowiki>{{fs90/e}}</nowiki> is placed in the footer of the first page, to terminates the block and <nowiki>{{fs90/s}}</nowiki> is placed in the header of the following page to begin the new block. This way the transcluded text in the main namespace will be enclosed with a single set of templates because headers and footers are excluded.
* {{tl|fs85}} 85% font size and 100% line height. - Used exclusively for image captions and subtitled sections of recurring monthly features.
* {{tl|fs75}} 75% font size and 95% line height. - Used to enhance the diversity of font sizes of article sub-titles.
* {{tl|fs70}} 70% font size and 90% line height. - Used inline to match the line height of fraction templates <nowiki>{{fs70|{{over||}}}} and {{fs70|{{frac||}}}}</nowiki>.

Link to the [[Help:Beginner's guide to typography#100% and smaller font size and style comparisons table|100% and smaller font size and style comparisons table]].

=== Titles ===

* Articles' main titles are set by templates. [[TPSM Proofreading guide#PSM_article_title_templates|See list of title templates in the Reference section at the end of the page.. ]]

=== Author names ===

* The main title is followed by the Aauthor's name for which there is no template. The name is enclosed in the {{tl|Small caps}} template, then the set to font size is 90% always using the {{tl|fs90}} template and finally centered on the page.

<pre>
{{c|{{fs90|{{sc|By AUTHOR NAME}}}}}}
</pre>
{{c|{{fs90|{{sc|By AUTHOR NAME}}}}}}
{{Dhr}}

{{Dhr}}
{{rule|65%}}
{{Dhr}}

=== Secondary title font sizes ===

* If there is a second subtitle below the author's name, then the font size is 75% using the {{tl|fs75}} template and the subtitle is centered.
* If there is a tertiary subtitle, center it an enclose it with a font size comparable to the original, which might be 100% or 85% font size using the {{tl|fs85}} template.
* {{sc|Example:}}[[Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 1.djvu/71|This page]] has one main and five sub titles. Otherwise, article titles consist of one main and, at most, three sub-titles. Since the styles differ, there is good visual contrast, even when the font-size difference is less than 10%. Titles can start anywhere on a page.

== Paragraphs ==

* Roman numeral numbered paragraphs are always 90% of the normal font size, using the {{tl|fs90}} template.
* Main article first paragraph ''leadin'' is a dropped initial.
* {{tl|nop}} terminate page at end of page if end of paragraph, to prevent transclusion from joining subsequent paragragh as one.

=== Paragraph titles ===

=== Paragraph spacing and separators ===

=== Poems ===

=== References, footnotes and endnotes ===

* Use the {{tl|smallrefs}} template which renders footnotes in small font. Footnote references are automatically numbered. 
* Footnotes which span over pages requires a named reference tag on the first page '''<nowiki><ref name=D723>reference text</ref></nowiki>''' and a "follow" reference tag on the subsequest page(s) as '''<nowiki><ref follow=D723>reference text</ref></nowiki>'''. An example of a footnote spanning two pages can be seen [[Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 1.djvu/723|on this page]], when viewed in edit mode. 
* In the main namespace footnotes are converted into numbered endnotes.

=== PSM specific style ===

* References to the PSM publication itself are mostly set in small caps, as in {{sc|The Popular Science Monthly}} or {{sc|The Monthly}}.

=== OCR shortcomings ===

* In several instances, the OCR process has difficulty in distinguishing certain characters and commonly misreads the following:
* Words beginning especially beginning with "W are preceded by a double quotation mark. Compare to the original.
* Short words beginning with 'w' are occasionally garbled as in 'w T e', which is supposed to be 'we'. Correct these by searching for ' w ' surrounded by spaces.
* Occasionally, the lowercase 'h' is rendered as 'b'.
* Words containing 'g' is problematic.
* Words containing 'p' are often rendered as 'jj'.
* Uppercase 'N' is often rendered incorrectly.
* The uppercase "R" is often rendered as 'K' 'E', or 'B'. Spell check finds the error, unless the change is a meaningful word.
* Ligatures.

== Tags ==

* When a page specific code is required the .djvu number of the page is used because it guarantees uniqueness. Printed page numbers are not unique or accurate. In addition, if the code contains no spaces, then enclosing the code with quotes can be omitted.

=== Section tags ===

* The codes are made up of the following segments:

* End of article begin and end section code segments:

  E = End of article
 27 = .djvu page number
 {{colors|blue||<nowiki><section begin=E27 /><section end=E27 /></nowiki>}}

* The article following on the same page uses the code segments, except prefixed by 'B' to indicate the beginning section of the article.

  B = Beginning of article
 27 = .djvu page number
 {{colors|blue||<nowiki><section begin=B27 /><section end=B27 /></nowiki>}}

* An example of the above coding scheme is visible on the edit view of .djvu page 27/17 [[Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 1.djvu/27|here]], with the final results are visible  [[Popular Science Monthly/Volume 1/May 1872/The Recent Eclipse of the Sun|on this page]].

=== Anchors and how they are numbered ===

* Consider all article titles, correspondence and editor's table topic titles, literary notices' reviewed publications, and popular miscellany paragraphs to be anchored for linking to the index at the back of the volume. [link to example] 
* The anchor is made up of the .djvu number of the page preceded by the uppercase "D" without space, always followed by a hyphen and an order of appearance position number. [link to example]
* Main article title anchors are always "1" as their order of appearance because two main article titles never appear on the same page.
* Recurring monthly section title order of appearance is "0", as in '''<nowiki>{{anchor|D437-0}}</nowiki>''' If there are two recurring sections on a page, (which can happen), the second is identified with two zeros, "00" as in '''<nowiki>{{anchor|D437-00}}</nowiki>'''. The reason for this is that recurring monthly section titles can fall between two anchored paragraphs of two different sections which always follow the order of appearance rule. [link to example]
* Recurring monthly sections can have several anchors on the same page and they are numbered in their order of appearance from top to bottom As in '''<nowiki>{{anchor|D437-1}}</nowiki>, <nowiki>{{anchor|D437-2}}</nowiki>, etc.''',regardless of which section they belong to [link to example]

=== Volume index anchors ===

* Volume index anchors are generated from the same database as the article titles. Since their order of appearance on the page is not known, they are always assigned "1". After the titles are anchored, 50% to 60% percent of the links are correct and the rest are edited while the index is in edit preview mode, which permits editing and testing the link simultaneously.

== Images ==

* With the implementation of [[User:George Orwell III|George Orwell III]]’s {{tl|FreedImg/span}} {{tl|FIS}}, the abbreviated form) makes Image display and the accompanying caption much simpler with the use of a single template.

=== {{tl|FIS}} Template for center, left or right offset inline images ===

<pre>
{{FIS
 | cstyle       = margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:8px <!-- no dhr needed -->
 | file         = 
 | width        = 430px|215px <!-- 430px is page width -->
 | float        = center|left|right <!-- One of the three -->
 | caption      = 
 | talign       = center|justify <!-- One of the two -->
 | tstyle       = font-variant:small-caps
 | margin-right = 8px <!-- if floating to the left -->
 | margin-left  = 8px <!-- if floating to the right -->
 | tmleft       = 11px <!-- For Caption Indent when justified -->
 | indent       = -11px <!-- For Caption outdent when justified -->
}}</pre>

=== Centered image examples ===

# [[Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 69.djvu/434|Stacked images with various primary and secondary captions & styles.]]
# [[Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 69.djvu/115|Full page width 430px image]]
# [[Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 71.djvu/292|Mixed text style in caption]]

=== Offset image examples ===

* Please note how the text abbuts to the open and close brackets of the template to provide seamless flow without a paragraph break.

* [[Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 17.djvu/215|Image offset to the right, width is less than than half the page width (215px.) and having mixed text style]].
*[[Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 65.djvu/390|Image offset to the left half page width and a short caption]].
* [[Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 65.djvu/430|Image offset to the left half page width and a long caption]].

=== Special templates ===

=== One image file and two cells for centered or justified hanging indent descriptions ===

* {{sc|Note:}} Combined image and caption width must equal to the overall table width.

{|align=center width="430" {{ts|sm85|bc|lh95}} border = 1
|-
|colspan=3 |[[File:PSM V54 D323 Two simple shapes creating optical illusions.png|frameless|center|430px|]]
|-
|width=210px {{ts|aj|it|vtt}}|{{sc|Fig. 11.}}—This represents an ordinary table-glass, the bottom of the glass and the entire rear side, except the upper portion, being seen through the transparent nearer side, and the rear apparently projecting above the front. But it fluctuates in appearance between this and a view of the glass in which the bottom is seen directly, partly from underneath, the ''whole'' of the rear side is seen through the transparent front, and the front projects above the back.
|width=10px| 
|width=210px {{ts|aj|it|vtt}}|{{sc|Fig. 12.}}—In this scroll the left half may at first seem concave and the right convex, it then seems to roll or advance like a wave, and the left seems convex and the right concave, as though the trough of the wave had become the crest, and ''vice versa.''
|-
|}

{{Dhr}}
{{rule|65%}}
{{Dhr}}

{|align=center width="405" {{ts|sm85|ac|bc|lh95}} border=1
|width=200px {{ts|ac|vmi}}|[[File:PSM V54 D322 Simple shape creating optical illusion 1.png|frameless|center|200px|]]
|width=5px|
|rowspan=3 width=200px {{ts|ac|vmi}}|[[File:PSM V54 D322 Simple shape creating optical illusion 3.png|frameless|center|100px|]]
|-
|{{ts|aj|it|vtt}}|Fig. 8.—This drawing may be viewed as the representation of a book standing on its half-opened covers as seen from the back of the book; or as the inside view of an open book showing the pages.
|
|-
|{{ts|ac|vmi}}|[[File:PSM V54 D322 Simple shape creating optical illusion 2.png|frameless|center|200px|]]
|
|-
|{{ts|aj|it|vtt}}|Fig. 10.—The smaller square may be regarded as either the nearer face of a projecting figure or as the more distant face of a hollow figure.
|
|{{ts|aj|it|vtt}}|Fig. 9.—When this figure is viewed as an arrow, the upper or feathered end seems flat; when the rest of the arrow is covered, the feathered end may be made to project or recede like the book cover in Fig. 8.
|-
|}

{{Dhr}}
{{rule|65%}}
{{Dhr}}

{|align=center width="430" {{ts|sm85|bc|lh95}} border=1
|[[File:PSM V54 D238 Flakes of volcanic ash.png|frameless|center|215px|]]
|width=10px| 
|rowspan=2 |[[File:PSM V54 D238 Swelled fused volcanic ash particles.png|frameless|center|215px|]]
|-
|rowspan=2 width=210px {{ts|aj|it|vtb}}|{{sc|Fig. 2.—Flakes of Volcanic Ash.}} Magnified about 100 diameters. A, flake with a branching rib; B, fragment of a broken hollow sphere of glass; C, fragment with drawn out tubular vesicles; D and E, plain fragments of broken pumice bubbles. (From American Geologist, April, 1893.)
|
|-
|
|width=210px {{ts|aj|it|vtb}}|{{sc|Fig. 3.—A Particle of Volcanic Ash swelled up by Fusion.}} Magnified 100 diameters.
|}

<pre>
{|align=center width="430" {{ts|sm85|bc|lh95}} border=1
|[[File:PSM V54 D238 Flakes of volcanic ash.png|frameless|center|215px|]]
|width=10px| 
|rowspan=2 |[[File:PSM V54 D238 Swelled fused volcanic ash particles.png|frameless|center|215px|]]
|-
|rowspan=2 width=210px {{ts|aj|it|vtb}}|{{sc|Fig. 2.—Flakes of Volcanic Ash.}} Magnified about 100 diameters. A, flake with a branching rib; B, fragment of a broken hollow sphere of glass; C, fragment with drawn out tubular vesicles; D and E, plain fragments of broken pumice bubbles. (From American Geologist, April, 1893.)
|
|-
|
|width=210px {{ts|aj|it|vtb}}|{{sc|Fig. 3.—A Particle of Volcanic Ash swelled up by Fusion.}} Magnified 100 diameters.
|}
</pre>

<pre>
{|align=center width="430" {{ts|sm85|bc|lh95}}
|colspan=3 |[[File:|frameless|center|430px|]]
|-

==== For centered captions ====

|width=210px {{ts|ac|pt1|vtt|sc}}|
|width=10px| 
|width=210px {{ts|ac|pt1|vtt|sc}}|
|}

==== For hanging indent justified text captions ====

|width=210px {{ts|aj|it|pt1|vtt}}|
|width=10px| 
|width=210px {{ts|aj|it|pt1|vtt}}|
|}
</pre>

{{Dhr}}

[[Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 52.djvu/649|Single image with two short captions]].

{{Dhr}}

=== Separate images with side by side cells for centered or justified hanging indent descriptions ===

<pre>
{|align=center width="430" {{ts|sm85|bc|lh95}}
|width=210px |[[File:|frameless|center|210px|]]
|width=10px|
|width=210px |[[File:|frameless|center|210px|]]
|-

==== Caption layout for centered captions ====

|{{ts|ac|pt1|vtt|sc}}|
|
|{{ts|ac|pt1|vtt|sc}}|
|}

==== Caption layout for hanging indent justified text captions ====

|{{ts|aj|it|pt1|vtt}}|
|
|{{ts|aj|it|pt1|vtt}}|
|}
</pre>

{{Dhr}}

[[Page:Popular_Science_Monthly_Volume_50.djvu/601|Three images side by side]]

{{Dhr}}

=== Style abbreviations ===

{|cellpadding=2 {{ts|sm90|al|bc|lh1}}
|-
|width=220|style
|width=15|=
|ts
|-
|align center
|=
|ac
|-
|align justified
|=
|aj
|-
|pad-top 1em
|=
|pt1
|-
|vertical align text-top
|=
|vtt
|-
|font variant smallcaps
|=
|sc
|-
|padding left 2.0em text indent -2.0em
|=
|it
|-
|font size 85%
|=
|fs85
|-
|margin right 5px
|=
|mr5
|-
|margin left 5px
|=
|ml5
|-
|line height 95%
|=
|lh95
|-
|border collapse
|=
|bc
|-
|float right
|=
|flr
|-
|float left
|=
|fll
|-
|}

== Tables ==

=== Layout templates of tables styles with borders used in {{TPSMProject}}. ===

* For complete reference [[Template:Table style|List of table style shorthand codes]]

=== Formatting codes declared in the table header (which affects the whole table) ===

* mc = centers the table on page the order of values are clockwise <b>Top, Right, Bottom and Left.</b> (margin:0 auto 0 auto;)
* ar|al|ac|aj = aligns the contents of all cells. Base this universal alignment by the content alignment of the majority of columns.
* bc = border collapse. If omitted, cell borders are double .
* bt|br|bb|bl = single line border around the table.
* |-ac|bb = when declared on a table row indicator, aligns content with a single line bottom border of a row of cells.
* border/border=1 = single line border of every cell.
* sm90|lh12 = font size of 90% and the matching line height of 120%.
* sm85|lh1 = font size of 85% and the matching line height of 100%.
* pt.5|pb.5 = cell padding of .5em top or bottom.
* pr1|pl1 = cell padded 1em on the right or left.
{{Dhr}}
* The template top row is the header for centered column titles with padding top and bottom of the cells.
* The template second row is the first row padded on the top.
* The template third row is no padding.
* The template fourth row is the last table row, padded on the bottom.
{{Dhr}}

=== Table layout for tables with single line borders for various font sizes, and matching line height. ===

<pre>

{|{{ts|mc|ar|bc|bt|br|bb|bl}} <!-- border = 1 --> (standard 100% font size and matching standard line height of 140%)
{|{{ts|sm90|lh12|mc|ar|bc|bt|br|bb|bl}} <!-- border = 1 --> (90% font size and matching line height)
{|{{ts|sm85|lh1|mc|ar|bc|bt|br|bb|bl}} <!-- border = 1 --> (85% font size and matching line height)
|-{{ts|ac|bb}}
|{{ts|br|pt.5|pb.5}}|
|{{ts|br|pt.5|pb.5|pr1}}|
|{{ts|pt.5|pb.5|pr1}}|
|-
|{{ts|al|br|pt.5}}|
|{{ts|br|pt.5|pr1}}|
|{{ts|pt.5|pr1}}|
|-
|{{ts|al|br|pb.5}}|
|{{ts|br|pb.5|pr1}}|
|{{ts|pb.5|pr1}}|
|-
|}

</pre>

{{Dhr}}

=== Sample layout of 90% font size and 120% line height single border table ===

{{Dhr}}

{|width=420 {{ts|sm90|lh12|mc|ar|bc|bt|br|bb|bl}} <!-- border --> (90% font size and matching line height)
|-{{ts|ac|bb}}
|width=140 {{ts|br|pt.5|pb.5}}| center table column title
|width=140 {{ts|br|pt.5|pb.5|pr1}}| center table column title
|width=140 {{ts|pt.5|pb.5|pr1}}| center table column title
|-
|{{ts|al|br|pt.5}}| left
|{{ts|br|pt.5|pr1}}| right
|{{ts|pt.5|pr1}}| right
|-
|{{ts|al|br}}| left
|{{ts|br|pr1}}| right
|{{ts|pr1}}| right
|-
|{{ts|al|br|pb.5}}| left
|{{ts|br|pb.5|pr1}}| right
|{{ts|pb.5|pr1}}| right
|-
|}

{{Dhr}}

=== Sample layout of 90% font size and 120% line height double border table common in the PSM project ===

{{Dhr}}

{|width=420 {{ts|sm90|lh12|mc|ar|bc|btd|bbd}} <!-- border --> (90% font size and matching line height)
|-{{ts|ac|bb}}
|width=140 {{ts|br|pt.5|pb.5}}| center table column title
|width=140 {{ts|br|pt.5|pb.5|pr1}}| center table column title
|width=140 {{ts|pt.5|pb.5|pr1}}| center table column title
|-
|{{ts|al|br|pt.5}}| left
|{{ts|br|pt.5|pr1}}| right
|{{ts|pt.5|pr1}}| right
|-
|{{ts|al|br}}| left
|{{ts|br|pr1}}| right
|{{ts|pr1}}| right
|-
|{{ts|al|br|pb.5}}| left
|{{ts|br|pb.5|pr1}}| right
|{{ts|pb.5|pr1}}| right
|-
|}
{{Dhr}}

== Dictionary and spell check ==

* Using the spell check of the browser is sufficient.
* Bad spelling in the original is indicated by {{SIC|}}. The {{tl|sic}} template is invisible in read mode, but in edit mode indicates that a previous editor was aware of the error.
* Outdated, but correct spelling, is left as is. 
* Spelling variations of English words are to be accepted as it is.
* An alphabetic list of archaically spelled words and proper names collected from the Volumes can be found [[Wikisource:WikiProject Popular Science Monthly/Archaic spellings|on this page]].
* An alphabetic list of archaic spellings and proper names collected from Volume 1, can be found [[Wikisource:WikiProject Popular Science Monthly/Archaic spellings|on this page]], although the list need to be cleaned up.
* Recommended word reference [[wiktionary:Wiktionary:Main_Page|Wiktionary]]

== Comments on the contents ==

For students of science, technology and social history, the publication provides a fascinating view through the window of the printed word, and what a view it is. To read the articles promulgated by the great minds of 19th century, the depth and diverse range of subjects covered is a mine, of pure gold. The language, the terminology, and the spelling of the day, coupled with an occasional tone of condescension employed in addressing the reading audience, enhances the experience.

The publication aimed to reach a wide audience by disseminating information, and publicizing issues of wide ranging interest for the emerging 19th century middle class thirsty for knowledge. The novel approach of fusing the perceived desire of the public, and serving as a platform for the dissemination of academic thought, was well received.

Of great interest is the level of scientific knowledge and the social issues of the day. It's somewhat eerie to read that the then prevailing views expressed on matters of public health, education, nutrition, employment, natural resources and pollution are still familiar in our time. The knowledge espoused range from the quaint to the surprisingly advanced, with many theories still in the process of being debated and formulated when this is written.

=== The typesetting ===

The display of increased confidence in the viability of the enterprise is palpable as indicated by proudly published reviews on [[Popular Science Monthly/Volume 1/June 1872/Press Reviews|on this page]] of the June 1872 issue. There was a positive reception by the press, the academic community, and the interested public. Subtle changes appear progressively after this issue. The typesetting style is progressively streamlined and displays increased professionalism.

The composition is progressively improved and the payoff for the Wikisource proofreader is the reduced frequency of typographical embellishments. The number of quotes, italics and em dashes used on the pages are no more than a couple per page, and that's good news. Of course there are some extreme exceptions, like idiosyncratic writing where the word "practical", enclosed in quotes, appears nine times on a single page.

After spending time at a daily paper, observing [[wikipedia:Linotype_machine|Linotype machines]] in operation, surrounded by typesetters and proofreaders at work, a sense of amazement is felt when one considers that these pages were manually set character by character, space by space, block by block, to a justified paragraph format, laid inversely and with very few errors.

=== Subject and style ===

While random sampling of articles by topic, an interesting relationship can be discerned between the article's subject, the typographical style, and even the word count per page. Articles on morality, religion, and religious thought, contain an increased number of typographical embellishments to emphasize their absolute, exhorting, admonishing and cautionary messages. This is indicated by an increased number of em—dashes, double quotes, single quotes, italics, and capitalized text. There is a lot of rolling of the holy.

== Reference ==

=== PSM article title templates ===

* [[:Category:The Popular Science Monthly Project templates|Project templates category page]]

* This is the list of title templates designed specifically for the project. All template names begin with the letter "P". The multiple templates of similar names reflect changes in the original style. Many changes are minor, but separate templates also allow the use of different font styles and sizes when a greater range of web fonts is available, to match the original as closely as possible. 

<center>
{|class="wikitable sortable" align=center width= cellpadding=2px {{ts|sm90}}
|-{{ts|ac}}
!Description
!Recurring<br />title
!Note
!Template 
!Shortcut
!Name<br />space
|-
|Article title||{{ts|ac}}|No||Article titles of all Volumes||[[:Template:PSMTitle|PSMTitle]]||[[:Template:Pt|Pt]]||Page
|-
|Correspondence section title 1||{{ts|ac}}|Yes||From Volume 3 to Volume 47||[[:Template:PSMCorrespondence|PSMCorrespondence]]||[[:Template:Pcor|Pcor]]||Page
|-
|Correspondence section title 2||{{ts|ac}}|Yes||From Volume 48 to Volume 56||[[:Template:PSMCorrespondence2|PSMCorrespondence2]]||[[:Template:PCor2|PCor2]]||Page
|-
|Correspondence section title 3||{{ts|ac}}|Yes||Volume 57 only||[[:Template:PSMCorrespondence3|PSMCorrespondence3]]||[[:Template:PCor3|PCor3]]||Page
|-
|Discussion and Correspondence||{{ts|ac}}|Yes||From Volume 57 to Volume 69||[[:Template:PSMDiscuss&Correspond|PSMDiscuss&Correspond]]||[[:Template:PD&C|PD&C]]||Page
|-
|Editor's Table 1||{{ts|ac}}|Yes||From Volume 1 to Volume 47 no dot||[[:Template:PSMEditorsTable|PSMEditorsTable]]||[[:Template:Pedit|Pedit]]||Page
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|Editor's Table 2||{{ts|ac}}|Yes||From Volume 48 to Volume 57 with dot||[[:Template:PSMEditorsTable2|PSMEditorsTable2]]||[[:Template:Pedit2|Pedit2]]||Page
|-
|End of article graphic rule||{{ts|ac}}|No||Terminates articles when ending in mid page||[[:Template:PSM rule|PSM rule]]||||Page
|-
|Entertaining Varieties||{{ts|ac}}|Yes||From Volume 20 to Volume 22||[[:Template:PSMEntVar|PSMEntVar]]||||Page
|-
|Monthly first article title 1||{{ts|ac}}|No||From Volume 1 to Volume 48 December||[[:Template:PSMPage1Title|PSMPage1Title]]||||Page
|-
|Monthly first article title 2||{{ts|ac}}|No||From Volume 48 January to Volume 57 June||[[:Template:PSMPage1Title2|PSMPage1Title2]]||||Page
|-
|Monthly first article title 3||{{ts|ac}}|No||From Volume 57 July to the end of Volume 87||[[:Template:PSMPage1Title3|PSMPage1Title3]]||||Page
|-
|Monthly first article title 4||{{ts|ac}}|No||Begins from Volume 88||[[:Template:PSMPage1Title4|PSMPage1Title4]]||||Page
|-
|Fragments of Science||{{ts|ac}}|Yes||From Volume 48 November to Volume 57 May||[[:Template:PSMFragmentsOfScience|PSMFragmentsOfScience]]||[[:Template:Pfos|Pfos]]||Page
|-
|General Notices||{{ts|ac}}|Yes||From Volume 48 November to Volume 56 December||[[:Template:PSMGeneralNotices|PSMGeneralNotices]]||[[:Template:Pgn|Pgn]]||Page
|-
|Index header with underline||{{ts|ac}}|Yes||From Volume 1 to Volume 56||[[:Template:PSMIndex|PSMIndex]]||||Page
|-
|Index header without underline||{{ts|ac}}|Yes||From Volume 57 to Volume 87||[[:Template:PSMIndex2|PSMIndex2]]||||Page
|-
|Link to PSM article||{{ts|ac}}|No||Link to a main namespace article||[[:Template:PSM link|PSM link]]||||Main
|-
|Literary Notes||{{ts|ac}}|Yes||From Volume 1 to Volume 47 October||[[:Template:PSMLitNotes|PSMLitNotes]]||[[:Template:Plit|Plit]]||Page
|-
|Literary review paragraph template||{{ts|ac}}|No||Incorporates Hanging indent and pagraph padding||[[:Template:PSMLitReview|PSMLitReview]]||[[:Template:Plr|Plr]]||Page
|-
|Minor Paragraphs||{{ts|ac}}|Yes||From Volume 48 November to Volume 57 May||[[:Template:PSMMinorParagraphs|PSMMinorParagraphs]]||[[:Template:Pmp|Pmp]]||Page
|-
|Miscellany||{{ts|ac}}|Yes||From Volume 1 to Volume 10 December||[[:Template:PSMMisc|PSMMisc]]||[[:Template:Pmm|Pmm]]||Page
|-
|Navigator to index scans and images||{{ts|ac}}|No||Links to project Index scans and commons images||[[:Template:Psm|Psm]]||||Wikiproject
|-
|Notes title 1||{{ts|ac}}|Yes||From Volume 1 to Volume 47 October||[[:Template:PSMNotes|PSMNotes]]||[[:Template:Pn|Pn]]||Page
|-
|Notes title 2||{{ts|ac}}|Yes||From Volume 48 November to Volume 57 May||[[:Template:PSMNotes2|PSMNotes2]]||[[:Template:Pn2|Pn2]]||Page
|-
|Obituary Note (single)||{{ts|ac}}|Yes||Volume 2 April||[[:Template:PSMObitNote|PSMObitNote]]||[[:Template:POn2|POn2]]||Page
|-
|Obituary Notes (plural)||{{ts|ac}}|Yes||From Volume 35 May to Volume 47 October||[[:Template:PSMObitNotes|PSMObitNotes]]||[[:Template:POn|POn]]||Page
|-
|Obituary||{{ts|ac}}|Yes||From Volume 35 May to Volume 47 October||[[:Template:PSMObitTitle|PSMObitTitle]]||[[:Template:POb|POb]]||Page
|-
|Page display frame bottom||{{ts|ac}}|No||Main namespace article frame bottom||[[:Template:PSMLayoutBottom|PSMLayoutBottom]]||||Main
|-
|Page display frame top||{{ts|ac}}|No||Main namespace article frame top||[[:Template:PSMLayoutTop|PSMLayoutTop]]||||Main
|-
|Popular Miscellany||{{ts|ac}}|Yes||From Volume 10 January to Volume 47 October||[[:Template:PSMPopMisc|PSMPopMisc]]||[[:Template:Pm|Pm]]||Page
|-
|Project home page link||{{ts|ac}}|No||Project link of convenience||[[:Template:PSMProjectHome|PSMProjectHome]]||||Wikiproject
|-
|Project pages title||{{ts|ac}}|No||Template of convenience||[[:Template:TPSMProject|TPSMProject]]||||Wikiproject
|-
|Publications received 1||{{ts|ac}}|Yes||From Volume 2 May to Volume 57 May||[[:Template:PSMPubRec|PSMPubRec]]||[[:Template:Ppr|Ppr]]||Page
|-
|Publications received 2||{{ts|ac}}|Yes||From Volume 48 to Volume 50||[[:Template:PSMPubRec2|PSMPubRec2]]||[[:Template:Ppr2|Ppr2]]||Page
|-
|Scientific Literature 1||{{ts|ac}}|Yes||From Volume 48 November to Volume 57 May||[[:Template:PSMScientificLiterature|PSMScientificLiterature]]||[[:Template:Psl|Psl]]||Page
|-
|Scientific Literature 2||{{ts|ac}}|Yes||From Volume 57 June to Volume 63 September||[[:Template:PSMScientificLiterature2|PSMScientificLiterature2]]||[[:Template:Psl2|Psl2]]||Page
|-
|Shorter Articles||{{ts|ac}}|Yes||From Volume 63 September to Volume 68||[[:Template:PSMShorterArticles|PSMShorterArticles]]||[[:Template:Psa|Psa]]||Page
|-
|Shorter Articles2||{{ts|ac}}|Yes||From Volume 69 to Volume 70 No dot||[[:Template:PSMShorterArticles2|PSMShorterArticles2]]||[[:Template:Psa2|Psa2]]||Page
|-
|Shorter Articles And Correspondence||{{ts|ac}}|Yes||Used when both articles are on the same page||[[:Template:PSMShorterArticlesAndCorrespondence|PSMShorterArticlesAndCorrespondence]]||[[:Template:Psac|Psac]]||Page
|-
|Shorter Articles And Discussion||{{ts|ac}}|Yes||Used when both articles are on the same page||[[:Template:PSMShorterArticlesAndDiscussion|PSMShorterArticlesAndDiscussion]]||[[:Template:Psad|Psad]]||Page
|-
|Table of Contents||{{ts|ac}}|No||Table of contents title||[[:Template:PSMToC|PSMToC]]||||Main
|-
|Table required template||{{ts|ac}}|No||Maintenance template||[[:Template:PSMTable|PSMTable]]||||Page
|-
|The Progress of Science||{{ts|ac}}|Yes||From Volume 57 to Volume 68 with dot||[[:Template:PSMProgressOfScience|PSMProgressOfScience]]||[[:Template:Pps|Pps]]||Page
|-
|The Progress of Science||{{ts|ac}}|Yes||From Volume 68 to Volume 87 no doth||[[:Template:PSMProgressOfScience2|PSMProgressOfScience2]]||[[:Template:Pps2|Pps2]]||Page
|-
|Volume title page 1||{{ts|ac}}|No||From Volume 1 to Volume 47||[[:Template:TPSM|TPSM]]||||Page
|-
|Volume title page 2||{{ts|ac}}|No||From Volume 48 to Volume 56||[[:Template:TPSM2|TPSM2]]||||Page
|-
|Volume title page 3||{{ts|ac}}|No||From Volume 57 to Volume 87||[[:Template:TPSM3|TPSM3]]||||Page
|-
|}
</center>

=== General templates ===

* Attempt was made to use [[:Category:Formatting templates|Templates]] almost exclusively. HTML tags are limited to the minimum where a template wasn't available or possible.