Difference between revisions 1568429 and 1608527 on enwikiversity

< previous diff
next diff >
Lofting technology
[[Image:Skylab-73-HC-440HR.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Saturn V SA-513 lifts off to boost the Skylab Orbital Workshop into Earth orbit on March 14, 1973. Credit: NASA.]]
[[Astronomy]] is performed by location and is subject to local conditions. The shapes and sizes of observatories have changed over time, as have their altitude. The motivations for putting an observatory manned or unmanned at different altitudes has led to a great variety in '''lofting technology'''.
{{clear}}

==[[Technology]]==
{{main|Technology}}
'''Def.''' an "organization of knowledge for practical purposes"<ref name=TechnologyWikt>{{ cite web
|title=technology, In: ''Wiktionary''
|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc
|location=San Francisco, California
|month=5 December
|year=2014
|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/technology
|accessdate=2015-01-01 }}</ref> is called a '''technology'''.

"Usage notes

* Adjectives often applied to "technology": assistive, automotive, biological, chemical, domestic, educational, environmental, geospatial, industrial, instructional, medical, microbial, military, nuclear, visual, advanced, sophisticated, high, modern, outdated, obsolete, simple, complex, medieval, ancient, safe, secure, effective, efficient, mechanical, electrical, electronic, emerging, alternative, appropriate, clean, disruptive."<ref name=TechnologyWikt/>

==Lofting==

'''Def.''' propelling "high into the air"<ref name=LoftWikt>{{ cite web
|title=loft, In: ''Wiktionary''
|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc
|location=San Francisco, California
|month=16 December
|year=2014
|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/loft
|accessdate=2015-01-01 }}</ref> is called '''lofting'''.

==Lofting technology theory==

==[[Here's a [[Definitions/Theory#Theoretical definition|theoretical definition]]:

'''Def.''' an organization of knowledge for the practical purpose of propelling high into the air or above the air is called '''lofting technology'''.

==Observatories==
{{main|Astronomy/Observatories|Observatories]]==⏎
}}
'''Def.''' "[a] place where stars, planets and other [[wikt:celestial body|celestial bodies]] are observed"<ref name=Observatory>{{ cite web
|title=observatory, In: ''Wiktionary''
|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc
|location=San Francisco, California
|month=October 16,
|year=2012
|url=http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/observatory
|accessdate=2012-12-05 }}</ref> is called an '''observatory'''.

==Horizontal coordinate system==
{{main|Coordinates/Horizontals|Horizontal coordinate systems}}⏎
[[Image:Horizontal coordinate system 2.svg|thumb|right|200px|This diagram describes altitude and azimuth. Credit: Francisco Javier Blanco González.]]
The altitude of an entity in the sky is given by the angle of the arc from the local horizon to the entity.

“The horizontal coordinate system is a [[w:celestial coordinate system|celestial coordinate system]] that uses the observer's local [[w:horizon|horizon]] as the [[w:Fundamental plane (spherical coordinates)|fundamental plane]]. This coordinate system divides the sky into the upper [[w:sphere|hemisphere]] where objects are visible, and the lower hemisphere where objects cannot be seen since the earth is in the way. The [[w:Great circle|great circle]] separating hemispheres [is] called [the] celestial horizon or rational horizon. The pole of the upper hemisphere is called the [[w:Zenith|zenith]]. The pole of the lower hemisphere is called the [[w:Nadir|nadir]]. <ref name=Schombert>{{ cite web
|url=http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast121/lectures/lec03.html
|title=Earth Coordinate System
|author=James Schombert
|publisher=University of Oregon Department of Physics
|accessdate=19 March 2011 }}</ref>”<ref name=Horizontal>{{ cite journal
|title=Horizontal coordinate system
|journal=Wikipedia
|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc
|location=San Francisco, California
|month=April 20,
|year=2012
|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_coordinate_system
|pdf=⏎
|accessdate=2012-05-14 }}</ref>

“The horizontal coordinates are:
* '''Altitude (Alt)''', sometimes referred to as [[w:elevation (disambiguation) | elevation]],  is the angle between the object and the observer's local horizon. It is expressed as an angle between 0 degrees to 90 degrees.
* '''[[w:Azimuth|Azimuth]] (Az)''', that is the angle of the object around the horizon, usually measured from the north increasing towards the east. 
* '''Zenith distance''', the distance from directly overhead (i.e. the zenith) is sometimes used instead of altitude in some calculations using these coordinates.  The zenith distance is the [[w:complementary angles|complement]] of altitude (i.e. 90°-altitude).”<ref name=Horizontal/>
{{clear}}

==[[Altitudes==
{{main|Distances/Altitudes|Altitudes]]==}}
[[Image:Vertical distances.svg|thumb|right|200px|This diagram shows the different types of vertical flight distances an aircraft may have. Credit: Dr. Wessmann and  [[w:User:AronRubin|AronRubin]].]]
(contracted; show full)
*'''[[w:Height|Height]]''' -- altitude in terms of the distance above a certain point
*'''[[w:Pressure altitude|Pressure altitude]]''' -- altitude in terms of the [[w:air pressure|air pressure]]
*'''[[w:Density altitude|Density altitude]]''' -- altitude in terms of the density of the air”<ref name=Altitude/>.
{{clear}}

==Altitude regions==

{{main|Locations/Earth/Altitudes|Altitudes}}
The [[w:Earth's atmosphere|Earth's atmosphere]] is divided into altitude regions:<ref name=NWS>{{ cite web
| title=Layers of the Atmosphere
|work=JetStream, the National Weather Service Online Weather School
| publisher=National Weather Service
| url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/srh/jetstream/atmos/layers.htm
| accessdate=22 December 2005 }}</ref>
* [[w:Troposphere|Troposphere]] &mdash; surface to 8,000 m at the poles &ndash; 18,000 m at the [[w:equator|equator]], ending at the Tropopause.
* [[w:Stratosphere|Stratosphere]] &mdash; Troposphere to 50 km
* [[w:Mesosphere|Mesosphere]] &mdash; Stratosphere to 85 km
* [[w:Thermosphere|Thermosphere]] &mdash; Mesosphere to 675 km
* [[w:Exosphere|Exosphere]] &mdash; Thermosphere to 10,000 km.<ref name=Altitude/>

==[[Earth radius==
{{main|Distances/Radius/Earth|Earth radius]]==}}
[[Image:Lowresgh.jpg|thumb|right|400px|The diagram shows variation from the ellipsoid and sea level. Credit: .]]
“Because the Earth is not perfectly spherical, no single value serves as its natural radius. Distances from points on the surface to the center range from 6,353 km to 6,384 km ... ''Earth radius'' is also used as a unit of distance, especially in [[astronomy]] and [[geology]]. It is usually denoted by <math>R_\oplus</math>. ... Earth's rotation, internal dens(contracted; show full)|year=2012
|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_radius
|accessdate=2012-12-05 }}</ref>

The delta of the [[w:Mississippi river|Mississippi river]] is further from the center of the Earth than the river’s origin in the state of Minnesota. As the river flows uphill, how is this possible?
{{clear}}

==
[[Sea levels==
{{main|Distances/Sea levels|Sea levels]]==

“}}
"'''Mean sea level''' (MSL) is a measure of the average height of the ocean's surface (such as the halfway point between the mean high tide and the mean low tide); used as a standard in reckoning land elevation.<ref name=Proudman>{{ cite web
|url=http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/148/what-is-sea-level#1
|title=''What is "Mean Sea Level"?''
|publisher=Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory }}</ref> MSL also plays an extremely important role in [[w:aviation|aviation]], where standard sea level pressure is used as the measurement datum of altitude at [[w:flight level|flight level]]s.”"<ref name=SeaLevel>{{ cite web
|title=Sea level, In: ''Wikipedia''
|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc
|location=San Francisco, California
|month=September 1,
|year=2012
|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level
|accessdate=2012-09-09 }}</ref>

==[[Atmospheres==
{{main|Astronomy/Atmospheres|Atmospheres]]==ic astronomy}}
[[Image:Atmospheric window EN.svg|thumb|450px|right|Absorption spectrum during atmospheric transition of electromagnetic radiation. An atmospheric transmission 'window' can be seen between 8-14 µm. Credit: .]]
'''Def.''' "a layer of [[w:Gas|gases]] that may surround a material body of sufficient [[w:Mass|mass]],<ref name=Ontario>{{ cite web
|url=http://www.ontariosciencecentre.ca/school/clc/visits/glossary.asp
(contracted; show full)

Absorption spectrum during atmospheric transition of electromagnetic radiation. An atmospheric transmission 'window' can be seen between 8-14 µm.
{{clear}}

==
[[Natural electric fields of the Earth==
{{main|Charges/Interactions/Electromagnetics/Electric fields/Earth|Natural electric field]]==⏎
 of the Earth}}
The '''natural electric field of the Earth''' refers to the planet Earth having a natural [[w:direct current|direct current]] (DC) [[w:Electric field|electric field]] or potential gradient from the ground upwards to the [[w:Ionosphere|ionosphere]]. The static fair-weather electric field in the atmosphere is ~150 volts per meter (V/m) near the Earth's surface, but it drops exponentially with height to under 1 V/m at 30 km altitude, as the conductivity of the atmosphere inc(contracted; show full)|bibcode=
|doi=
|pmid=
|isbn=
|accessdate=2012-02-07 }}</ref>
{{clear}}

==
The Giza Pyramids==
[[Image:All Gizah Pyramids.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The pyramids of [[Giza]]. Credit: [http://liberato.org Ricardo Liberato].]]
“The Great Pyramid stands on the northern edge of the Giza Plateau, [60.4 m] 198 feet above sea level”.<ref name=Nikolic>{{ cite book
|author=Petko Vidusa Nikolic, Petko Nikolic Vidusa
|title=The Great Pyramid and the Bible : Earth's Measurements
|publisher=Mystik Book
|location=Kitchener, Canada
|month=
|year=2005
(contracted; show full)|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc
|location=San Francisco, California
|month=December 3,
|year=2012
|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldershot
|accessdate=2012-12-05 }}</ref>


“"The location of the observatory can hardly be considered ideal for astronomical observations, even at the time of its construction. It is at a low elevation in an essentially urban setting of an army town with many nearby buildings that date from the time of its construction.[2] It is very near a road that is lit by streetlights, although this was somewhat ameliorated by a clockwork switch inside the observatory that would turn off the nearest streetlights for about 20 minutes. This clockwork system was upgraded in 1987. As the electricity supply has been removed in 2006, this facility is no longer available. ... In its current location, the observatory will be an island in a sea of houses and some people fear that it will be targeted by vandals or, perhaps, will have to be protected with high, unsightly fences.”"<ref name=AldershotObservatory>{{ cite web
|title=Aldershot Observatory, In: ''Wikipedia''
|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc
|location=San Francisco, California
|month=December 26,
|year=2011
|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldershot_Observatory
|accessdate=2012-12-05 }}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Tuorla Observatory==
[[Image:Tuorla observatory tower.jpg|thumb|left|100px|This image shows the tower lofting technology of the Tuorla observatory. Credit: Xepheid.]]
Tuorla “"is located about 12 kilometres from Turku in the direction of Helsinki.”"<ref name=TuorlaObservatory>{{ cite web
|title=Tuorla Observatory, In: ''Wikipedia''
|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc
|location=San Francisco, California
|month=July 5.
|year=2012
|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuorla_Observatory
|accessdate=2012-12-05 }}</ref> The observatory is at an altitude of 60.6 m above sea level (asl).
(contracted; show full)|location=
|month=
|year=
|url=http://www.astro.noa.gr/
|accessdate=2012-12-05 }}</ref>
{{clear}}

==
[[Geography/Earth/LocationHigh altitude deserts==
{{main|Locations/Earth/Altitudes/Deserts/High altitude deserts|High altitude deserts]]==}}
[[Image:Atacama Submillimeter Telescope Experiment 01.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This image shows the Atacama submillimeter telescope experiment. Credit: [[commons:User:Denys|Denys]].]]
(contracted; show full)|pmid=
|isbn=
|accessdate=2014-03-12 }}</ref> ASTE has a main reflector surface accuracy of 19 µm (RMS) and a pointing accuracy of 1.2" (RMS) [for both azimuth and elevation]."<ref name=Kohno/>

ASTE is located at Pampa la Bola (4860 masl) "in the Atacama desert of Northern Chile."<ref name=Kohno/>
{{clear}}

==
[[Geography/Earth/Mountain tops==
{{main|Locations/Earth/Mountain tops|Mountain tops]]==}}
[[Image:Grantelescopio.jpg|left|thumb|200px|The dome of the Grand Telescope is shown at sunset. Credit: [[commons:User:Pachango|Pachango]].]]
[[Image:Kitt Peak McMath-Pierce Solar Telescope.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This view is of the McMath-Pierce Solar Telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory, near Tucson, Arizona. Credit: [http://www.flickr.com/photos/oceanyamaha/ ocean yamaha].]]
(contracted; show full)|location=San Francisco, California
|month=October 6,
|year=2012
|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada-France-Hawaii_Telescope
|accessdate=2012-12-09 }}</ref>
{{clear}}

==
[[Balloons==
{{main|Astronomy/Balloons|Balloons]]==}}
[[Image:Wallops Balloon With BESS Payload DSC00088.JPG|thumb|left|200px|A research balloon is readied for launch. Credit: NASA.]]
[[Image:Maxislaunch.jpg|thumb|right|150px|The MeV Auroral X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy experiment (MAXIS) is carried aloft by a balloon. Credit: Michael McCarthy and NASA.]]
(contracted; show full)|location=McMurdo Station
|month=December 26,
|year=2012
|url=http://news.yahoo.com/nasa-launches-telescope-toting-balloon-antarctica-christmas-164200686.html
|accessdate=2012-12-26 }}</ref>
{{clear}}

==
[[Aircraft==
{{main|Astronomy/Airborne|Aircraft]]==}}
[[Image:NASA C-141A KAO.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The telescope is within the rectangular black hole on the side of the C-141A KAO aircraft. Credit: NASA.]]
[[Image:446826main ED10-0080-03c 946-710.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The SOFIA observatory is flying with 100% open telescope door. Credit: NASA.]]
(contracted; show full)|location=San Francisco, California
|month=November 23,
|year=2012
|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratospheric_Observatory_for_Infrared_Astronomy
|accessdate=2012-12-09 }}</ref>
{{clear}}

==
[[Space cannons==
{{main|Astronomy/Space cannons|Space cannons]]==}}
[[Image:Project Harp.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This image shows the High Altitude Research Project (HARP) 16 inch (406 mm) gun. Credit: [[w:User:Noahcs|Noahcs]].]]
(contracted; show full)|location=San Francisco, California
|month=December 9,
|year=2011
|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_gun
|accessdate=2011-12-9 }}</ref>
{{clear}}

==
[[Astronomy/RocketrSounding rockets==
{{main|Astronomy/Sounding rockets|Sounding rockets]]==}}
[[Image:Nike-Black Brant VC XQC launch.gif|thumb|left|150px|Carried aloft on a Nike-Black Brant VC sounding rocket, the microcalorimeter arrays observed the diffuse soft X-ray emission from a large solid angle at high galactic latitude. Credit: NASA/Wallops.]]
(contracted; show full)|arxiv=
|bibcode=1974STIN...7513787H
|doi=
|pmid=
|accessdate=2012-12-09 }}</ref> Vertikal 1 and 2 studied solar radiation in the wavelength range 0.1 nm to 150.0 nm with regard to X-ray emission of the quiet Sun and solar X-ray bursts.
{{clear}}

==
[[Aircraft assisted launches==
{{main|Astronomy/Airborne/Launches|Aircraft assisted launches]]==}}
[[Image:Lockheed_TriStar_launches_Pegasus_with_Space_Technology_5.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Orbital Sciences' L-1011 jet aircraft releases the Pegasus rocket carrying the Space Technology 5 spacecraft with its trio of micro-satellites. Credit: NASA.]]
[[Image:Pegasus Carried by B-52 - GPN-2003-00044.jpg|thumb|left|200px|This image shows a Pegasus being carried to altitude by B-52. Credit: NASA.]]
(contracted; show full)|location=San Francisco, California
|month=December 18,
|year=2011
|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Array_of_Low_Energy_X-ray_Imaging_Sensors
|accessdate=2012-12-09 }}</ref>
{{clear}}

==
[[Orbital rocketry==
{{main|Astronomy/Rocketry/Orbitals|Orbital rocketry]]==}}
[[Image:TRACE in cleanroom during assembly.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The TRACE spacecraft is imaged in its cleanroom during assembly. Credit: NASA.]]
[[Image:Atlas IIAS launch with SOHO.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The Solar Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) is launched atop an ATLAS-IIAS expendable launch vehicle. Credit: NASA.]]
[[Image:Thor Able Star with Transit 4A, Solrad 3 and Injun 1 (Jun. 29, 1961).jpg|thumb|right|80px|Lift-off of the Thor Able Star launch vehicle. Credit: US Air Force/Navy.]]
(contracted; show full)|location=San Francisco, California
|month=February 3,
|year=2012
|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explorer_11
|accessdate=2012-12-05 }}</ref>
{{clear}}

==
[[Sun-synchronous orbital rocketry==
{{main|Astronomy/Rocketry/Sun-synchronous|Sun-synchronous orbital rocketry]]==}}
[[Image:Heliosynchronous Orbit.png|thumb|right|200px|Diagram shows the orientation of a Sun-synchronous orbit (green) in four points of the year. A non-sun-synchronous orbit (magenta) is also shown for reference. Credit: [[commons:User:Brandir|Brandir]].]]
[[Image:ERS 2.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The photograph shows a full-size model of ERS-2. Credit:Poppy.]]
(contracted; show full)
* GOME (Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment) is a nadir scanning ultraviolet and visible spectrometer.
* ATSR-2 included 3 visible spectrum bands specialized for [[w:Chlorophyll|Chlorophyll]] and [[w:Vegetation|Vegetation]]"<ref name=EuropeanRemoteSensingSatellite/>

==
[[Shuttle payloads==
{{main|Astronomy/Rocketry/Orbitals/Shuttles|Shuttle payloads]]==}}
[[Image:Onboard_Photo_-_Astro-1_Ultraviolet_Telescope_in_Cargo_Bay.jpg|thumb|right|150px|The ASTRO-1 observatory's suite of four telescopes points skyward from the payload bay of Columbia, STS-35. Credit: NASA.]]
[[Image:STS-45 payload.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The image provides a view of Atlantis's payload bay for the Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS-1). Credit: NASA.]]
(contracted; show full)platform were sensitive to the energy range 1-12 keV. The instrument scanned its target with narrowly collimated (5' x 3°) GSPCs. There were 2 identical sets of counters, each having ~ 660 cm<sup>2</sup> effective area. Counts were accumulated for 0.812 s into 128 energy channels. The energy resolution was 16% at 6 keV. During its 2 days of flight, Spartan-1 observed the Perseus cluster of galaxies and our galactic center region."<ref name=HistoryofX-rayAstronomy/>
{{clear}}

==
[[Orbital platforms==
{{main|Astronomy/Rocketry/Orbitals/Platforms|Orbital platforms]]==}}
[[Image:Salyut7 with docked spacecraft.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This view of the Soviet orbital station Salyut 7 follows the docking of a spacecraft to the space station. Credit: NASA.]]
[[Image:Skylab and Earth Limb - GPN-2000-001055.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Skylab is an example of a manned observatory in orbit. Credit: NASA.]]
[[Image:STS-134 International Space Station after undocking.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The [[w:International Space Station|International Space Station]] is featured in this image photographed by an STS-134 crew member on the space shuttle Endeavour after the station and shuttle began their post-undocking relative separation. Credit: .]]
“Skylab included an Apollo Telescope Mount, which was a multi-spectral solar observatory, ... Numerous scientific experiments were conducted aboard Skylab during its operational life, and crews were able to confirm the existence of coronal holes in the Sun. The Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP), was used to view the Earth with sensors that recorded data in the visible, infrared, and microwave spectral regions.”<ref name=Skylab>{{ cite web
|title=Skylab, In: ''Wikipedia''
|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc
|location=San Francisco, California
|month=19 September
|year=2014
|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab
|accessdate=2014-10-19 }}</ref>
{{clear}}

==[[Astronomy/Heliocentric rocketry==
{{main|Rocketry/Heliocentrics|Heliocentric rocketry]]==}}
[[Image:Spitzer- Telescopio.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The image shows the Spitzer Space Telescope prior to launch. Credit: NASA/JPL/Caltech.]]
[[Image:300th Delta launches with Spitzer.jpg|thumb|left|200px|NASA's Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF, now Spitzer) lifts off from Launch Pad 17-B, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, aboard a Delta rocket, on August 25, 2003 at 1:35:39 a.m. EDT. Credit: NASA.]]
(contracted; show full)|author=Wyatt R. Johnson
|title=SIM Trajectory Design
|publisher=NASA
|location=Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, USA
|month=
|year=
|url=http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/38850/1/04-2535.pdf

|pdf=⏎
|accessdate=2012-12-09 }}</ref>

The figure at right shows the Earth-trailing solar orbit (ETSO) for Spitzer with the Earth at the origin and the Sun at left in the rotating coordinate frame "for an 8/25/03 launch projected onto the Ecliptic plane during the 62-month mission lifetime".<ref name=Menon>{{ cite web
|author=Premkumar R. Menon
|title=Spitzer Orbit Determination during In-Orbit Checkout Phase
|publisher=NASA
|location=Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, USA
(contracted; show full)|location=San Francisco, California
|month=November 11,
|year=2012
|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helios_(spacecraft)
|accessdate=2012-12-10 }}</ref>
{{clear}}

==
[[Exploratory rocketry==
{{main|Astronomy/Rocketry/Exploratorys|Exploratory rocketry]]==}}
[[Image:72410main ACD97-0036-2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This diagram shows each of Pioneer 10's systems. Credit: NASA.]]
[[Image:Launch of Pioneer 10-2.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The launch of Pioneer 10 aboard an [[w:Atlas-Centaur|Atlas/Centaur]] vehicle. Credit: NASA Ames Resarch Center (NASA-ARC).]]
[[Image:Pioneer 10 mission jupiter.png|thumb|right|200px|This diagram shows the interplanetary trajectory for Pioneer 10. Credit: NASA.]]
(contracted; show full)
# ground based solar studies with the Stanford ground-based solar telescope, and the comparison of these measurements with measurements of the interplanetary magnetic field and solar wind made by other experiments on this spacecraft,
# X- and gamma-ray bursts, 5-228 keV, and
# Gamma-ray bursts, 0.05-6.5 MeV direction, profile, spectrum.<ref name=Bell>{{ cite web
|author=E. Bell II
|title=ISEE 3
|publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration
|location=
|month=
08 December 08,
|year=2012
|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1978-079A
|pdf=⏎
|accessdate=2012-12-08 }}</ref>

"The ''Voyager 1'' probe was launched on September 5, 1977, from [[w:Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 41|Space Launch Complex 41]] at [[w:Cape Canaveral Air Force Station|Cape Canaveral, Florida]], aboard a [[w:Titan IIIE|Titan IIIE]]-[[w:Centaur (rocket stage)|Centaur]] [[w:carrier rocket|launch vehicle]]."<ref name=Voyager1>{{ cite web
|title=Voyager 1, In: ''Wikipedia''
|publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc
|location=San Francisco, California
|month=December 4,
|year=2012
|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
|accessdate=2012-12-05 }}</ref>

"On November 17, 1998, ''Voyager 1'' overtook ''Pioneer 10'' as the most distant man-made object from Earth, at a distance of {{convert|69.419|AU|km|abbr=on}}. It is currently the most distant functioning space probe to receive commands and transmit information to Earth."<ref name=Voyager1/>
{{clear}}

==[[Rocky-object rocketry==
{{main|Astronomy/Rocketry/Rocky objects|Rocky-object rocketry]]==}}
[[Image:Ksc-69pc-442.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|right|200px|A [[w:Saturn V|Saturn V]] [[w:Saturn (rocket family)|rocket]] launches Apollo 11 in 1969. Credit: NASA.]]
[[Image:Missao Apollo.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This diagram shows each of the rocketry steps needed for lunar orbit and landing. Credit: NASA.]]
(contracted; show full)* [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/advanced/search Wiley Online Library Advanced Search]
* [http://search.yahoo.com/web/advanced Yahoo Advanced Web Search]

<!-- footer templates -->
{{Astronomy resources}}{{History of science resources}}{{Principles of radiation astronomy}}{{Repellor vehicle}}{{Technology resources}}{{Sisterlinks|Lofting technology}}

<!-- categories -->
[[Category:Astronomy
]]
[[Category:Astronomy learning project learning projects/Lectures]]
[[Category:Astronomy/Lectures]]
[[Category:Astrophysics/Lectures]]
[[Category:History of Science/Lectures]]
[[Category:Physics and AstronomyRadiation astronomy/Lectures]]
[[Category:Resources last modified in AprilOctober 2016]]
[[Category:Scientific terminology]]
[[Category:Technology]]
[[Category:Vehicles]]
{{article}}{{lecture}}{{astronomy}}{{chemistry}}{{technology}}

<!-- interlanguage links -->Technology/Lectures]]
[[Category:Vehicles/Lectures]]
{{article}}