Difference between revisions 1796955 and 1875976 on enwikiversity

[[Image:Detectors summary 3.png|thumb|right|250px|This tree diagram shows the relationship between types and classification of most common particle detectors. Credit: [[commons:User:Wdcf|Wdcf]].]]
'''Radiation detectors''' provide a signal that is converted to an electric current. The device is designed so that the current provided is proportional to the characteristics of the incident radiation.

There are detectors that provide a change in substance as the signal and these may be automated to provide an electric current or quantified proportional to the amount of new substance.
{{clear}}

==Astronomy==
{{main|Draft:Astronomy}}
A detector in [[radiation astronomy]] may need to be able to separate a collection of incoming radiation to obtain a clear set of signals for the radiation of interest. For example, a detector designed for [[red astronomy]] may need to be on the rocky-object surface of the [[Earth]] to separate X-rays and gamma-rays from red rays.

==Radiation==
{{main|Draft:Radiation}}
'''Def.''' an action or process of throwing or sending out a traveling ray in a line, beam, or stream of small cross section is called '''radiation'''.

Radiation may affect materials and devices in deleterious ways:
* By causing the materials to become radioactive (mainly by neutron activation, or in presence of high-energy gamma radiation by photodisintegration).
(contracted; show full){{main|Radiation astronomy/Yellows|Yellows}}
The #8 yellow filter is used to show [[w:Classical albedo features on Mars|Mars's maria]] and [[w:Atmosphere of Jupiter#Zones, belts and jets|Jupiter's belts]].<ref name="lumicon">{{cite book
|title=filters - popular and hot telescope filters
|publisher=Lumicon international
|date=
|accessdate=2010-11-22
|url= http://web.archive.org/web/20101125034023/http://lumicon.com/astronomy-accessories.php?cid=1&cn=Filters

| accessdate= 25 November 2010
| deadurl= no}}</ref>

Initially the Hubble Space Telescope had the Wide Field/Planetary Camera (WF/PC-1) aboard where the F555W, F569W, F588N, and F606W cover the entire yellow portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.

The Hubble's Faint Object Camera (FOC) uses F550M and F600M which cover from either side.

The Wide Field and Planetary Camera (WFPC2) replaced PC-1 and used F555W, F569W, F588N and F606W filters.

(contracted; show full)

==Stars==
{{main|Stars}}
A ''star tracker'' is an optical device that measures the position(s) of [[w:star|star]](s) using [[w:photocell|photocell]](s) or a camera.<ref>{{cite book|title=Star Camera|url=http://
web.archive.org/web/20110721054014/http://nmp.nasa.gov/st6/TECHNOLOGY/star_camera.html|publisher=NASA|accessdate=25 May 2012|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110721054014/http://nmp.nasa.gov/st6/TECHNOLOGY/star_camera.html|archivedate=July 21, 2011|date=05/04}}</ref>

Star trackers, which require high sensitivity, may become confused by sunlight reflected from the spacecraft, or by exhaust gas plumes from the spacecraft thrusters (either sunlight reflection or contamination of the star tracker window). Star trackers are also susceptible to a variety of errors (low spatial frequency, high spatial frequency, temporal, ...) in addition to a variety of optical sources of error ([[w:spherical aberration|spherical aberration]], [[w:chromatic aberratio(contracted; show full)uch scintillators enable pulse shape discrimination, i.e., particle identification based on the decay characteristics of the PMT electric pulse. For instance, when [[w:barium fluoride|BaF<sub>2</sub>]] is used, γ rays typically excite the fast component, while [[w:alpha particle|α particles]] excite the slow component: it is thus possible to identify them based on the decay time of the PMT signal.

Scintillation neutron detectors include liquid organic scintillators,<ref>{{Cite journal | 
lastauthor = Yousuke
 | first = I. | authorlink = | coauthors = I., Daiki, S.; Hirohiko, K.; Nobuhiro, S.; Kenji, I.  ⏎
⏎
| title = Deterioration of pulse-shape discrimination in liquid organic scintillator at high energies | journal = Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, Volume: 1 | volume = 1| issue = | pages = 6/219–6/221 vol.1 | publisher = IEEE | location = | year = 2000 | url = | doi = 10.1109/NSSMIC.2000.949173 | id = | isbn = 0-7803-6503-8 }}</ref> crystals,<ref>{{Cite journal
 | lastauthor = Kawaguchi | first = N. | authorlink = | coauthors =N., Yanagida, T.; Yokota, Y.; Watanabe, K.; Kamada, K.; Fukuda, K.; Suyama, T.; Yoshikawa, A. | title = Study of crystal growth and scintillation properties as a neutron detector of 2-inch diameter eu doped LiCaAlF6 single crystal | journal = Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record (NSS/MIC) | volume = | issue = | pages = 1493–1495 | publisher = IEEE | location = | year = 2009 | url = | doi = 10.1109/NSSMIC.2009.5402299 | id =
 | isbn = 978-1-4244-3961-4 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.quantumdetectors.com/products/isis-neutron-beam-monitor Example crystal scintillator based neutron monitor.]</ref> plastics, glass<ref>{{Cite journal | lastauthor = Bollinger | first = L.M. | authorlink = | coauthors =L.M., Thomas, G.E.; Ginther, R.J. | title = Neutron Detection With Glass Scintillators | journal = Nuclear Instruments and Methods | volume = 17 | pages = 97–116 | publisher = | location = | year = 1962 }}</ref> and scintillation fibers.<ref>{{Cite journal | lastauthor = Miyanaga | first = N. | authorlink = | coauthors =N., Ohba, N.; Fujimoto, K. | title = Fiber scintillator/streak camera detector for burn history measurement in inertial confinement fusion experiment | journal = Review of Scientific Instruments | volume = 68 | issue = 1 | pages = 621–623 | publisher = | location = | year = 1997 | url = | doi = 10.1063/1.1147667 | id = |bibcode = 1997RScI...68..621M }}</ref>

==Semiconductor detectors==
{{main|Radiation astronomy/Detectors/Semiconductors|Semiconductor detectors}}
(contracted; show full)
|author=G. F. Knoll
|title=Radiation Detection and Measurement, 3rd edition
|publisher=Wiley
|year=1999
|isbn=978-0471073383 }}</ref>

Semiconductors have been used for neutron detection.<ref name="Miroshghi">{{cite journal
 | 
lastauthor = Mireshghi⏎
 | first = A.
 | authorlink =
 | coauthors = A., Cho, G.; Drewery, J.S.; Hong, W.S.; Jing, T.; Lee, H.; Kaplan, S.N.; Perez-Mendez, V.
 | title = High efficiency neutron sensitive amorphous silicon pixel detectors
 | journal = Nuclear Science
 | volume = 41
 | issue = 4 , Part: 1–2
 | pages = 915–921
 | publisher = IEEE
 | location =
(contracted; show full){{tlx|Astronomy resources}}{{tlx|Principles of radiation astronomy}}{{Sisterlinks|Radiation detectors}}

<!-- categories -->
[[Category:Materials sciences/Lectures]]
[[Category:Physics/Lectures]]
[[Category:Radiation astronomy/Lectures]]
[[Category:Resources last modified in January 2018]]
[[Category:Technology/Lectures]]