Difference between revisions 29133570 and 29133592 on enwiktionary

Below are '''cognate sets for various [[Austronesian]] languages'''.

==Numerals==

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
|-
! rowspan="2"| Proto- Austronesian
! Malayo-Sumbawan
! [[Northwest Sumatran languages|Northwest Sumatran]]
! rowspan="2"| Modern [[Javanese language|Javanese]]
! colspan="3"| [[Malayo-Sumbawan languages|Malayo-Sumbawan]]
!
!
! Malayo-Sumbawan
! [[Timor-Babar languages|Timor-Babar]]
! colspan="5"| [[Philippine languages|Philippine]]
! rowspan="2"| [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]]
! rowspan="2"| [[Chamorro language|Chamorro]]
! colspan="5"| [[Oceanic languages|Oceanic]]
! rowspan="2"| English meaning
|-
! [[Malay language|Malay]]
! [[Batak Toba language|Batak (Toba)]]

! [[Balinese language|Balinese]]
! [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]]
! [[Madurese language|Madurese]]
! Sawu
! [[Toraja]]
! [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]]
! [[Tetum]]
! [[Ilokano language|Ilokano]]
! [[Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]]
! [[Tagalog]]
! [[Hiligaynon]]
! [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]]
! [[Fijian language|Fijian]]
! [[Proto-Polynesian language|Proto-Polynesian]]
! [[Māori language|Māori]]
! [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]
! [[Rapa Nui language|Rapanui]]
|-
| *(e)sa/isa

| satu
| sada
| siji, Setunggal
| besik, Asiki
| hiji, eka
| settong, tonggal
| ahi
| misa
| sa
| ida
| maysa
| isa, sakey
| isá
| isa
| metung
| isa, iray
| håcha, maisa
| dua
| *taha
| tahi
| kahi
| tahi
| '''one'''
|-
| *duSa
| dua
| dua
| loro, Kalih
| dua, Kalih
| duwe
| dua
| due
| dua
| duwa
| rua
| dua
| dua, duara
| dalawá
| duha
| adua, adwa
| roa
| hugua
| rua
| *rua
| rua
| lua
| rua
| '''two'''
|-
| *telu
| tiga
| tolu
| telu, Tiga
| telu, Tiga
| tilu
| tello
| tallu
| tallu
| lhèe
| tolu
| tallo
| talo, talora
| tatló
| tatlo
| atlu
| telo
| tulu
| tolu
| *tolu
| toru
| kolu
| toru
| '''three'''
|-
| *S(e)pat
| empat
| opat
| papat, Sekawan
| papat, Catur
| opat
| empa
| apa
| a'pa'
| peuet
| haat
| uppat
| apat, apatira
| apat
| apat
| apat
| efatra
| fatfat
| va
| *faa
| whā
| ha
| ha
| '''four'''
|-
| *lima
| lima
| lima
| lima, Gangsal
| lima, Panca
| lima
| lema'
| lami
| lima
| limong
| lima
| lima
| lima, limara
| limá
| lima
| lima
| dimy
| lima
| lima
| *lima
| rima
| lima
| rima
| '''five'''
|-
| *(e)nem
| enam
| onom
| nem
| nem, nemnem, sad
| genep
| enem
| anna
| annan
| nam
| neen
| innem
| anem, anemera
| anim
| anum
| anam
| enina
| gunum
| ono
| *ono
| ono
| ono
| ono
| '''six'''
|-
| *pitu
| tujuh
| pitu
| pitu
| pepitu, sapta
| tujuh
| petto'
| pitu
| pitu
| tujôh
| hitu
| pito
| pito, pitora
| pitó
| pito
| pitu
| fito
| fiti
| vitu
| *fitu
| whitu
| hiku
| hitu
| '''seven'''
|-
| *walu
| lapan
| uwalu
| wolu
| aktus, Astha
| dalapan
| bellu'
| aru
| karua
| lapan
| ualu
| walo
| walo, walora
| waló
| walo
| walu
| valo
| gualu
| walu
| *walu
| waru
| walu
| va'u
| '''eight'''
|-
| *Siwa
| sembilan
| sia
| sanga
| sia, asia, Sanga
| salapan
| sanga'
| heo
| kasera
| sikureueng
| sia
| siam
| siam, siamira
| siyám
| siyam
| siyam
| sivy
| sigua
| ciwa
| *hiwa
| iwa
| iwa
| iva
| '''nine'''
|-
| *(sa)-puluq
| sepuluh
| sampulu
| sepuluh, Sedasa
| dasa, adasa
| sapuluh
| sapolo
| henguru
| sang pulo
| siplôh
| sanulu
| sangapulo
| samplo, samplora
| sampû
| pulo
| apulu
| folo
| manot, fulu
| tini
| *ngafulu, *hangafulu
| tekau (archaic: ngahuru, hangahuru)
| 'umi
| angahuru
| '''ten'''
|-
| *(sa)RaCus
| seratus
| saratus
| satus,
| satus
| saratus
| saratos
| hengahu
| saratu'
| sireutôh
| atus ida
| sangagasut
| sanlasos (isan lasos)
| isáng daán
| gatus (isa ka gatus)
| metung a dalan
| zato
| gatus
| dua na drau
| *rau
| rau
| hanele
| hanere
| '''a hundred'''
|-
| *(sa)Ribu
| seribu
| saribu
| sewu
| siu
| sarebu
| saebu
| hetapa
| sang sa'bu
| siribèe
| rihun ida
| sangaribu
| sanlibo (isan libo)
| isáng libo
| libo (isa ka libo)
| metung a libu
| arivo
|
| dua nou dolu
| *mano, *afe
| mano
| kaukani
| piere
| '''a thousand'''
|}

==Pronouns==
Examples from various languages are given below:
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
|-
! Proto- Austronesian
! Ilokano
! Pangasinan
! Malay
! Batak (Toba)
! Javanese
! Balinese
! Sundanese
! Madurese
! Sawu
! Toraja
! Acehnese
! Tetun
! Tagalog
! Hiligaynon
! Kapampangan
! Malagasy
! Chamorro
! Fijian
! Māori
! Hawaiian
! Rapanui:
! English meaning
|-
| *aku
| ak, siak
| siak
| aku, saya
| ahu
| nyong, aku, Kula, DALEM
| icang, Titiang
| urang, kuring, Abdi
| sengkok, Kaule, ABDINA
| ya
| aku
| kèe, ulôn, ulôntuwan
| ha'u
| ako
| ako
| i aku, y acu, yacu, yaku
| izaho/ahy
| guåhu
| au, yau
| au, ahau
| a'u
| au/kooku
| '''I''', '''me'''
|-
| *(e)kau
| sika
| sika
| kamu, engkau, Anda
| ho
| kowe, sampeyan, Panjenengan,
| cai, nyai, Ida, Dane, Iratu
| maneh, Anjeuna (Anjeun)
| be'na, Sampiyan, Panjenengan (?)
| mu
| iko, kamu
| kah, gata, droeneuh
| o, ITA
| ikaw
| ikaw
| ika, ica
| ianao/anao
| hågu
| o, iko
| koe
| 'oe
| koe/toau
| '''you''', singular
|}

==Nouns==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
|-
! Proto- Austronesian
! Ilokano
! Pangasinan
! Malay
! Batak (Toba)
! Javanese
! Balinese
! Sundanese
! Madurese
! Sawu
! Toraja
! Acehnese
! Tetun
! Tagalog
! Hiligaynon
! Kapampangan
! Malagasy
! Chamorro⏎
! Fijian
! Māori
! Hawaiian
! Rapanui
! English meaning
|-
| *pulau
| poro
| pulo
| pulau
| pulo
| pulo
| nusa, pulau
| pulau, nusa
| polo, daret
| rai
| 
| pulo
| nusa, illa
| pulo~, isla
| polo, isla
| pulu
| nosy
| isla⏎
| yanuyanu
| motu
| moku
| motu
| '''island'''
|-
| *tenem
| laut
| dayat
| laut, lautan, samudra
| laut
| segara
| pasih, Segara
| laut, sagara
| tasek, sagare
| lau
| tasik
| laôt
| tasi
| dagat, laot "sea far from land"
| dagat
| dayat
| ranomasina (lit. "salty water"?)
| tåsi⏎
| wai tui (lit. "king water")
| tai, moana
| kai, moana
| vai kava (lit. "salty water")
| '''sea'''
|-
| *daNum
| danum
| danom
| air
| aek
| banyu, Toya
| yeh, Tirta, Toya
| cai
| aing
| ai (the same word is used for 'fire' and 'water')
| uai
| ie
| bee
| tubig
| tubig
| danum
| rano
| hånom⏎
| wai
| wai
| wai
| vai
| '''water'''
|-
| *Sikan
| ikan, sida
| ikan, sira
| ikan
| dengke
| iwak
| be, Mina, Ulam
| lauk, ikan
| juko'
| nadu'u
| bale
| eungkôt
| ikan
| isda
| isda
| asan
| tsondro
| guihan⏎
| ika
| ika
| i'a
| ika
| '''fish'''
|-
| *Sular
| uleg
| oleg
| ular
| ular
| ula
| lelipi, Ula
| oray
| olar
| doboho
| ula'
| uleue
| samea
| ahas
| man-ug, bitin
| ulad (caterpillar), ubingan (snake)
| bibilava, menarana
| kolepbla⏎
| gata
| ngata (snail)
| 
| 
| '''snake'''
|-
| *qayam
| billit, manok( chicken)
| manok
| burung, ayam (chicken)
| pidong
| manuk, Peksi
| kedis, Peksi
| manuk
| mano
| dowila
| dassi
| cicèm
| manu, fuik
| ibon, manok (chicken)
| pispis, manok (chicken)
| manuk
| vorona
| paluma, månnok (chicken)⏎
| manumanu vuka
| manu
| manu
| manu
| '''bird'''
|-
| *asu
| aso
| aso
| anjing
| biang
| asu, Segawon
| icing, Asu
| anjing
| pate'
| ngaka
| asu
| 
| asu
| aso
| ido
| asu
| alika
| ga'lågu⏎
| koli
| kurī
| 'ilio
| 'uri
| '''dog'''
|-
| *bunga
| sabong
| bulaklak
| bunga
| bunga
| kembang, Sekar
| bunga, Sekar
| kembang, kusuma
| kembang, Sekar
| bunga
| bunga
| bungong
| ai-funan
| bulaklak
| bulak
| sampaga
| vonikazo
| flores, na'chalek⏎
| senikau
| pua
| pua
| tiare
| '''flower'''
|-
| *buaq
| bunga, prutas (Spanish)
| bunga
| buah
| 
| woh
| buah, Woh
| buah
| buwe
| wue
| 
| boh
| ai-fuan
| prutas [Spanish], bungang-kahoy
| prutas, bunga
| bunga
| voankazo
| inasahan
| vuanikau ("kau"= "tree")
| hua
| hua
| 
| '''fruit'''
|-
| *nyiuR
| niug
| niog
| kelapa
| harambiri
| krambil, klapa
| nyuh, Kelapa
| kalapa
| nyior
| nyiu
| kaluku
| u
| nuu
| niyog, buko
| niyog, lubi, buko, makapuno
| ngungut
| coco
| niyok⏎
| niu
| niu (pole)
| niu
| 
| '''coconut'''
|-
| *puti
| saba
| ponti
| pisang
| pisang
| gedhang, Pisang
| biu, Pisang
| cau
| geddhang
| womu'u
| punti
| pisang
| hudi
| saging
| saging
| sagin
| akondro
| aga' (ripe)⏎
| jaina
| 
| mai'a
| maika
| '''banana'''
|-
| *apuy
| apuy
| apoy
| api
| api
| geni, Latu
| api, Geni
| seuneu
| apoy
| ai 
| api
| apuy
| ahi
| apoy
| kalayo
| api
| afo
| guafi⏎
| buka
| ahi
| ahi
| ahi
| '''fire'''
|-
| *(maCa) adraw
| init (init also = heat; aldaw = day)
| agew
| matahari / mentari (from mata = eye, hari = day)
| mata ni ari
| srengenge, Surya
| matanai, Surya
| panonpoe, srangenge
| are
| mada loto
| allo
| mata uroe
| loro
| araw
| adlaw
| aldo
| masoandro (maso = eye, andro = day)
| atdao⏎
| siga (matanisiga, matanivanua)
| rā
| la
| ra'a
| '''sun'''
|-
| *bulaN
| bulan
| bulan
| bulan
| bulan
| rembulan, Wulan
| bulan, Sasih
| bulan, Sasih
| bulen
| waru
| bulan
| buleuen
| fulan
| buwan
| bulan
| bulan
| volana
| pulan⏎
| vula
| marama
| mahina
| mahina
| '''moon''', also '''month'''
|-
| *bituqen
| bituen
| bitoen
| bintang
| bintang
| lintang
| bintang
| bentang
| bintang
| moto
| bintoen
| bintang
| fitun
| bituin,tala
| bitu-on
| batuin
| kintana
| puti'on⏎
| kalokalo
| whetū
| hoku
| hetu'u
| '''star'''
|-
| *Cau
| tao
| too
| orang
| jolma, halak
| wong, Tiyang
| jlema, jatma, Anak
| jalma, jelema
| oreng
| dau
| tau
| ureueng
| ema
| tao
| tawo
| tau
| olona
| taotao⏎
| tamata
| tangata
| kanaka
| tangata
| '''person'''
|}

==Cognate sets for Philippine languages==
{|class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" | [[English]]
! style="background:#efefef;" | [[one]]
! style="background:#efefef;" | [[two]]
! style="background:#efefef;" | [[three]]
! style="background:#efefef;" | [[four]]
! style="background:#efefef;" | [[person]]
! style="background:#efefef;" | [[house]]
! style="background:#efefef;" | [[dog]]
! style="background:#efefef;" | [[coconut]]
! style="background:#efefef;" | [[day]]
! style="background:#efefef;" | [[new]]
! style="background:#efefef;" | [[we]]
! style="background:#efefef;" | [[what]]
! style="background:#efefef;" | [[fire]]
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[w:Tagalog language|Tagalog]]'''
|isa
|dalawa
|tatlo
|apat
|tao
|bahay
|aso
|niyog
|araw
|bago
|tayo
|ano
|apoy
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[w:Bikol language|Bikol]]'''
|saro
|duwa
|tulo
|apat
|tawo
|harong
|ayam
|niyog
|aldaw
|ba-go
|kita
|ano
|kalayo
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[w:Cebuano language|Cebuano]]'''
|usa
|duha
|tulo
|upat
|tawo
|balay
|iro
|lubi
|adlaw
|bag-o
|kita
|unsa
|kalayo
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[w:Waray-Waray language|Waray]]'''
|usa
|duha
|tulo
|upat
|tawo
|balay
|ayam
|lubi
|adlaw
|bag-o
|kita
|ano
|kalayo
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[w:Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]]'''
|isa
|duwa
|tatlo
|apat
|tawo
|balay
|ido
|lubi
|adlaw
|bag-o
|kita
|ano
|kalayo
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[w:Kinaray-a language|Kinaray-a]]'''
|sara
|darwa
|tatlo
|apat
|taho
|balay
|ayam
|niyog
|adlaw
|bag-o
|kita, taten
|ano
|kalayo
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[w:Aklanon language|Aklanon]]'''
|isa
|daywa
|tatlo
|apat
|tawo
|baeay
|ayam
|niyog
|adlaw
|bag-o
|kita
|ano
|kaeayo
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[w:Tausug language|Tausug]]'''
|hambuuk
|duwa
|tu
|upat
|tau
|bay
|iru'
|niyug
|adlaw
|ba-gu
|kitaniyu
|unu
|kayu
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[w:Maranao language|Maranao]]'''
|isa
|dowa
|t'lo
|phat
|taw
|walay
|aso
|neyog
|gawi'e
|bago
|tano
|tonaa
|apoy
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[w:Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]]'''
|metung
|adwa
|atlu
|apat
|tau
|bale
|asu
|ngungut
|aldo
|bayu
|ikatamu
|nanu
|api
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[w:Ilokano language|Ilokano]]'''
|maysa
|dua
|tallo
|uppat
|tao
|balay
|aso
|niog
|aldaw
|baro
|datayo
|ania
|apoy
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[w:Ibanag language|Ibanag]]'''
|tadday
|dua
|tallu
|appa'
|tolay
|balay
|kitu
|niuk
|aggaw
|bagu
|sittam
|anni
|afi
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[w:Gaddang language|Gaddang]]'''
|antet
|addwa
|tallo
|appat
|tolay
|balay
|atu
|ayog
|aw
|bawu
|ikkanetam
|sanenay
|afuy
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[w:Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]]'''
|isa, sakey
|dua, duara
|talo, talora
|apat, apatira
|too
|abong
|aso
|niyog
|agew
|balo
|sikatayo
|anto
|apoy, pool
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[w:Ivatan language|Ivatan]]'''
|asa
|dadowa
|tatdo
|apat
|tao
|vahay
|chito
|niyoy
|araw
|va-yo
|yaten
|ango
|apoy
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[w:Tao language|Tao]]'''
|ása
|dóa (raroa)
|tílo (tatlo)
|apat (ápat)
|tao
|vahay
|chito
|niyoy
|araw
|vayo
|yaten
|ango
|apoy
|-

! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[w:Tboli language|Tboli]]'''
|sotu
|lewu
|tlu
|fat
|tau
|gunu
|ohu
|lefo
|kdaw
|lomi
|tekuy
|tedu
|ofih
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[w:Gorontalo language|Gorontalo]]'''
|tuwewu
|duluwo
|totolu
|wopato
|tawu
|bele
|ʔapula
|sekat
|dulahu
|bohu
|ʔito
|wolo
|tulu
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''[[w:Bolaang Mongondow language|Bolaang Mongondow]]'''
|inta'
|dua 
|tolu
|opat
|intau
|baloi
|ungku'	
|cekut
|siŋgai
|mo-bagu
|kita
|onda
|tuluʔ
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Appendix:Swadesh lists for Austronesian languages]]

[[Category:Austronesian languages]]
[[Category:Cognate sets|Austronesian]]