Revision 215628 of "લેરી સેંગર" on guwiki

{{delete|લાંબા સમયથી ભાષાંતર થયા વિનાનો લેખ, ભાંગફોડીયા પ્રવૃત્તિ}}

{{ભાષાંતર}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Infobox person
| name= Larry Sanger
| image = L Sanger.jpg
| image_size = 175px
| caption =
| birth_name = Lawrence Mark Sanger
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1968|7|16}}
| birth_place = [[Bellevue, Washington]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| alma_mater = [[Reed College]]<br>[[The Ohio State University]]
| occupation = Editor-in-Chief of [[Citizendium]], Executive Director of WatchKnow
| website = [http://larrysanger.org/ LarrySanger.org]
}}

'''લૉરેન્સ માર્ક''' "''લેરી'''" '''સૅન્ગર''' (born July 16, 1968<ref name="Enlightenment" />) is an [[American philosophy|American philosopher]], co-founder of [[Wikipedia]], and the founder of [[Citizendium]].<ref name="Chillingworth" /><ref name="Anderson" >
{{cite news
| first = Nate
| last = Anderson
| title = Larry Sanger says "tipping point" approaching for expert-guided Citizendium wiki
| url = http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20071121-larry-sanger-says-tipping-point-approaching-for-expert-guided-citizendium-wiki.html?rel
| publisher = [[Ars Technica]]
| date = November 21, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-11-21
}}</ref><ref name="Paul Jay">
{{cite news
| first = Paul
| last = Jay
| title = I, editor — The Wikipedia experiment
| url = http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/tech/wikipedia.html
| work =
| publisher = [[CBC News]]
| date = April 19, 2007
| accessdate = 2008-02-05
}}</ref>
He grew up in [[Anchorage, Alaska]].<ref name="Chillingworth" /> From an early age he has been interested in philosophy.<ref name="Wade_Roush" /> Sanger received a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in philosophy from [[Reed College]] in 1991 and a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in philosophy from [[The Ohio State University]] in 2000.<ref name="Education" /> Most of his philosophical work has focused on [[epistemology]], the theory of knowledge.<ref name="Wade_Roush" />

He has been involved with various [[Internet encyclopedia project|online encyclopedia projects]].<ref name="Sidener" /> He is the former editor-in-chief of [[Nupedia]],<ref name="Mitch Nauffts">
{{cite news
| first = Mitch
| last = Nauffts
| title = 5 Questions For...: Larry Sanger, Founder, Citizendium
| url = http://foundationcenter.org/pnd/fivequestions/5q_item.jhtml?id=173900004
| work = Philanthropy News Digest
| publisher = Foundation Center
| date = March 27, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-03-27
}}</ref>
chief organizer (2001–2002) of its successor, Wikipedia,<ref name="Glyn Moody" /> and [[editing#Executive editor|editor-in-chief]] of Citizendium.<ref name="Jennifer LeClaire" /> From his position at Nupedia, he assembled the process for article development.<ref name="Gouthro" /> Sanger proposed implementing a [[wiki]],<ref name="lets_make_a_wiki" /> which led directly to the creation of Wikipedia.<ref name="MarshallPoe" /> Initially Wikipedia was a complementary project for Nupedia.<ref name="MarshallPoe" /> He was Wikipedia's early community leader<ref name="Bergstein" /> and established many of its original policies.<ref name="Stacy Schiff" /> He spearheaded an alternative wiki-based project, Citizendium.<ref name="Rhys Blakely">
{{cite news
| first = Rhys
| last = Blakely
| title = Wikipedia amateurs face backlash from the experts
| url = http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/media/article2407123.ece
| work = [[The Times]]
| date = September 7, 2007
| accessdate = 2008-02-05
| location=London
}}</ref>

Sanger left Wikipedia in 2002, and has since been [[criticism of Wikipedia|critical of the project]].<ref name="Australian IT" /> He articulated that despite its merits, Wikipedia lacks [[credibility]] due to, among other things, a lack of respect for [[expertise]].<ref name="Jettison" /> After leaving the project, Sanger taught philosophy at The Ohio State University<ref name="Wade_Roush" /> and was an early strategist for the expert-authored [[Encyclopedia of Earth]].<ref name="Terdiman" /> On September 15, 2006 he publicly announced Citizendium, first envisioned as a [[fork (software development)|fork]] of Wikipedia.<ref name="LaunchingPlan" /> It was launched on March 25, 2007.<ref name="Brian Bergstein" /> Citizendium represents an effort to create a credible and free-access encyclopedia.<ref name="Christopher Dawson" /> Sanger aims to bring more accountability to the internet encyclopedia model.<ref name="Jennifer LeClaire" />

He presently spends most of his time at WatchKnow project, in part to earn a living,<ref name="Absence" /> and works [[part-time]] as a writer, speaker, and consultant on the topic of collaborative [[Virtual community|online communities]].<ref name="Internet Consulting">
{{cite news
| first = Larry
| last = Sanger
| title = Consulting
| url = http://larrysanger.org/consulting.html
| publisher = larrysanger.org
| accessdate = 2008-08-10
}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

Sanger was born in [[Bellevue, Washington]]. When he was seven years old, the family moved to [[Anchorage, Alaska]],<ref name="Chillingworth">
{{cite news
| first = Mark
| last = Chillingworth
| title = Expert edition
| url = http://www.iwr.co.uk/information-world-review/features/2171366/expert-edition
| publisher = [[Information World Review]]
| date = November 27, 2006
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
| quote = <small>Wikipedia co-founder Larry Sanger explains what his Citizendium project will bring to the wiki reference world.</small>
}}</ref>
where Sanger spent his formative years and excelled in the classroom.<ref name="Marshall Poe" /> At an early age, he was interested in philosophical topics.<ref name="Wade_Roush" /> Alan Boraas from ''[[Anchorage Daily News]]'' writes "I can visualize the scene in his high school counselor's office when he announced his intended major. 'Kid,' I can hear the counselor say, 'What are you ever going to do with philosophy?' 'Well, change the way the world thinks, for one thing.'"<ref name="Alan_Boraas">
{{cite news
| first = Alan
| last = Boraas
| title = Hometown kid an Internet revolutionary
| url = http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AS&p_theme=as&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_text_search-0=Larry%20AND%20Sanger&s_dispstring=Larry%20Sanger%20AND%20section(all)%20AND%20date(9/2/2006%20to%209/2/2006)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=9/2/2006%20to%209/2/2006)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=_rank_:D&xcal_ranksort=4&xcal_useweights=yes
| work = [[Anchorage Daily News]]
| date = September 2, 2006
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
He graduated from high school in 1986 and went off to [[Reed College]], [[academic major|majoring]] in philosophy.<ref name="Alan_Boraas" /> As a college student, he explored the understanding and sources of knowledge. He also became interested in the Internet and its publishing abilities. These interests helped him to realize the benefits of using a wiki for an online encyclopedia.<ref name="Wade_Roush">
{{cite news
| first = Wade
| last = Roush
| title = Larry Sanger's Knowledge Free-for-All
| url = http://www.technologyreview.com/Biztech/14071/?a=f
| work = [[Technology Review]]
| date = January 2005
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
He set up an early attempt with a listserver as a medium for students and tutors to meet up for "expert tutoring" and "to act as a forum for discussion of tutorials, tutorial methods, and the possibility and merits of a voluntary, free network of individual tutors and students finding each other via the Internet for education outside the traditional university setting."<ref name="Tutor-L">
{{cite news
| first = Larry
| last = Sanger
| title = Tutor-L: Higher education outside the universities
| url = http://scout.wisc.edu/Projects/PastProjects/NH/95-09/95-09-01/0018.html
| publisher = scout.wisc.edu
| date = August 30, 1995
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
He started and moderated a philosophy discussion list. The ''Association for Systematic Philosophy'', managed by Sanger, published a journal.<ref name="Association for Systematic Philosophy">
{{cite news
| first = Larry
| last = Sanger
| title = Association for Systematic Philosophy
| url = http://www.gmu.edu/departments/economics/bcaplan/systemcharter
| publisher = George Mason University
| date = March 22, 1994
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
Dated March 22, 1994, Sanger wrote in his opening [[manifesto]]:
<blockquote>
"The history of philosophy is full of disagreement and confusion. One reaction by philosophers to this state of things is to doubt whether the truth about philosophy can ever be known, or whether there is any such thing as the truth about philosophy. But there is another reaction: one may set out to think more carefully and methodically than one's intellectual forebears."<ref name="Marshall Poe">
{{cite news
| first = Marshall
| last = Poe
| title = The Hive
| url = http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia/2
| work = [[The Atlantic Monthly]]
| date = September 2006
| page = 2
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
</blockquote>
He received a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in [[philosophy]] from [[Reed College]] in 1991, an [[Master of Arts (postgraduate)|M.A.]] from [[The Ohio State University]] in 1995, and a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] from [[The Ohio State University]] in 2000.<ref name="Education">
{{cite news
| first = Larry
| last = Sanger
| title = Larry Sanger — Education
| url = http://larrysanger.org/#Education
| publisher = larraysanger.org
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
His bachelor thesis is titled ''Descartes' methods and their theoretical background''<ref name="Sanger Works">
{{cite news
| title = Larry Sanger — Works
| url = http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Larry_Sanger/Works
| publisher = Citizendium
| date = February 5, 2008
| accessdate = 2009-03-03
}}</ref>
and his doctoral thesis concerned ''Epistemic Circularity: An Essay on the Problem of Meta-Justification''.<ref name="Enlightenment">
{{cite news
| first = Larry
| last = Sanger
| title = Epistemic Circularity: An Essay on the Problem of Meta-Justification
| url = http://enlightenment.supersaturated.com/essays/text/larrysanger/diss/preamble.html
| publisher = Enlightenment: Objectivist Scholarship
| year=2000
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
From 1998 to 2000 he ran a website called "Sanger's Review of Y2K News Reports" (formerly at sangersreview.com), a resource for [[Year 2000 problem|Y2K]] watchers.<ref name="Y2K">
{{cite news
| first = Larry
| last = Sanger
| title = Sanger's Review of Y2K News Reports
| url = http://www.sangersreview.com/
| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20001025181634/http%3A//www.sangersreview.com/
| publisher = sangersreview.com
| archivedate=2001-01-02
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>

== Nupedia and Wikipedia ==
{{See|History of Wikipedia}}

[[Nupedia]] was a [[World Wide Web|Web-based]] [[encyclopedia]] whose articles were written by experts and licensed as free content.<ref name="Gouthro">
{{cite news
| first = Liane
| last = Gouthro
| title = Building the world's biggest encyclopedia
| url = http://www.pcworld.com/article/15676/building_the_worlds_biggest_encyclopedia.html
| archiveurl=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/03/14/nupedia.idg/
| work = [[PC World (magazine)|PCWorld]]
| archivedate=2000-03-14
| date = March 10, 2000
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
It was co-founded by [[Jimmy Wales]] and underwritten by [[Bomis]], with Sanger hired as editor-in-chief.<ref name="Sam Williams">
{{cite news
| first = Sam
| last = Williams
| title = Everyone is an editor
| url = http://archive.salon.com/tech/feature/2004/04/27/wikipedia/index1.html
| publisher = [[Salon.com|Salon Media Group]]
| date = April 27, 2004
| page = 2
| accessdate = 2009-04-15
}}</ref><ref name="Jonathan Sidener">
{{cite news
| first = Jonathan
| last = Sidener
| title = Everyone's Encyclopedia
| url = http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html
| work = [[The San Diego Union-Tribune]]
| date = December 6, 2004
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
He developed a review process for articles and recruited editors.<ref name="Gouthro" /> Articles were reviewed before being posted on the site.<ref name="Nate Lanxon">
{{cite news
| first = Nate
| last = Lanxon
| title = The greatest defunct Web sites and dotcom disasters
| url = http://crave.cnet.co.uk/0,39029477,49296926-5,00.htm
| publisher = [[CNET]]
| date = June 5, 2008
| page = 5
| accessdate = 2009-02-27
|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080822182406/http://crave.cnet.co.uk/0,39029477,49296926-5,00.htm |archivedate = August 22, 2008}}</ref>
Frustrated at the slow progress of Nupedia,<ref name="Buckeye">
{{cite news
| first = Lindsay
| last = Betz
| title = Wikipedia formed by former Buckeye
| url = http://media.www.thelantern.com/media/storage/paper333/news/2007/06/01/Campus/Wikipedia.Formed.By.Former.Buckeye-2911006.shtml
| work = The Lantern
| publisher = [[Ohio State University|The Ohio State University]]
| date = June 1, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-06-01
}}</ref>
in January 2001, Sanger proposed a [[wiki]] be created to spur article development,<ref name="lets_make_a_wiki" /><ref name="wikipedia-l-000671">
{{cite news
| first = Jimmy
| last = Wales
| url = http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-October/000671.html
| title = LinkBacks?
| format=Email
| work = wikipedia-l archives
| publisher = [[Bomis]]
| date = October 30, 2001
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
and the result of this proposal was [[Wikipedia]],<ref name="MarshallPoe">
{{cite news
| first = Marshall
| last = Poe
| title = The Hive
| url = http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia/
| publisher = [[The Atlantic Monthly]]
| date = September 2006
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
| quote = <small>Wales and Sanger created the first Nupedia wiki on January 10, 2001. The initial purpose was to get the public to add entries that would then be "fed into the Nupedia process" of authorization. Most of Nupedia's expert volunteers, however, wanted nothing to do with this, so Sanger decided to launch a separate site called "Wikipedia." Neither Sanger nor Wales looked on Wikipedia as anything more than a lark. This is evident in Sanger's flip announcement of Wikipedia to the Nupedia discussion list. "Humor me," he wrote. "Go there and add a little article. It will take all of five or ten minutes." And, to Sanger's surprise, go they did. Within a few days, Wikipedia outstripped Nupedia in terms of quantity, if not quality, and a small community developed. In late January, Sanger created a Wikipedia discussion list (Wikipedia-L) to facilitate discussion of the project.</small>
}}</ref>
officially launched on January 15, 2001.<ref name="Noam Cohen">
{{cite news
| first = Noam
| last = Cohen
| title = Wikipedia
| url = http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/companies/wikipedia/index.html?inline=nyt-org
| work = [[The New York Times]]
| date = October 18, 2007
| accessdate = 2008-02-05
}}</ref><ref name="Leslie Walker">

{{cite news
| first = Leslie
| last = Walker
| title = Spreading knowledge, the Wiki way
| url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A5430-2004Sep8.html/?nav=yb-te1
| work = [[Washington Post]]
| date = September 9, 2004
| accessdate = 2008-02-05
}}</ref><ref name="Tony Long">
{{cite news
| first = Tony
| last = Long
| title = Jan. 15, 2001: Enter Wikipedia, for Better ''and'' Worse
| url = http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/01/dayintech_0115
| work = [[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]
| publisher = [[Wired News]]
| date = January 15, 2008
| accessdate = 2008-02-05
}}</ref>
It was initially intended as a collaborative wiki for the public to write entries that would then be fed into the Nupedia review process of expertise.<ref name="MarshallPoe" /> The majority of Nupedia's experts wanted little to do with this project, so Sanger initiated a separate site named Wikipedia.<ref name="MarshallPoe" />

To the surprise of Sanger and Wales, within a few days of launching, Wikipedia had outgrown Nupedia, and a small community of editors gathered.<ref name="MarshallPoe" /> By virtue of his position with Nupedia, Sanger spearheaded and named the project, and formulated much of the original policy, including "[[Ignore all rules]],"<ref name="Ignore_all_rules">
{{cite news
| title = Rules To Consider
| url = http://www.wikipedia.com/wiki/RulesToConsider
| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20010416035716/www.wikipedia.com/wiki/RulesToConsider
| work = Ignore all rules
| publisher = wikipedia.com
| archivedate=2001-04-16
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
"Neutral point of view",<ref name="History of NPOV">
{{cite news
| title = History of NPOV
| url = http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#History_of_NPOV
| work = Neutral point of view
| publisher = [[Wikipedia]]
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
and "Verifiability".<ref name="Stacy Schiff" /> Wikipedia quickly took off, but just months after it was launched, things started to go off the rails and by the summer of 2001, Sanger says, the new online community was being overrun by what he described as "trolls" and "anarchist-types", who were "opposed to the idea that anyone should have any kind of authority that others do not".<ref name="Richard Waters" /> Sanger responded by proposing a stronger emphasis for expert editors, individuals with the authority to resolve disputes and enforce the rules.<ref name="Richard Waters" />

Tired of endless content battles and feeling he had a lack of support from Wales, Sanger eventually left the project.<ref name="Richard Waters">
{{cite news
| first = Richard
| last = Waters
| title = Wikipedia stand-off in search for online truth
| url = http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/3300554a-6d6a-11db-8725-0000779e2340.html
| work = [[Financial Times]]
| date = November 10, 2006
| accessdate = 2009-10-15
}}</ref>
Sanger was the only paid editor of Wikipedia, a status he held from January 15, 2001, until March 1, 2002. Sanger worked on and promoted both the Nupedia and Wikipedia projects until Bomis discontinued funding for his position in February 2002 after the collapse in Internet advertising spending;<ref name="Stacy Schiff">
{{cite news
| first = Stacy
| last = Schiff
| title = Know It All
| url = http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/060731fa_fact
| work = [[The New Yorker]]
| date = July 31, 2006
| accessdate = 2009-04-25
}}</ref><ref name="Nicole Ferraro" />
Sanger resigned as editor-in-chief of Nupedia and as chief organizer of Wikipedia on March 1.<ref name="my resignation">
{{cite news
| first = Larry
| last = Sanger
| title = My resignation—Larry Sanger
| url = http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/My_resignation--Larry_Sanger
| publisher = [[Wikimedia Foundation|Meta-Wiki]]
| date = March 1, 2002
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
Sanger's stated reason for ending his participation in Wikipedia and Nupedia as a volunteer was that he could not do justice to the task as a part-time volunteer.<ref name="my resignation" /> Nupedia shut down in 2003,<ref name="Susan Youngwood">
{{cite news
| first = Susan
| last = Youngwood
| title = Wikipedia: What do they know; when do they know it, and when can we trust it?
| url = http://vermonttoday.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070401/FEATURES/70330002
| work = Vermont Sunday Magazine
| publisher = [[Rutland Herald]]
| date = April 1, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-04-01
}}</ref>
shortly after Wikipedia's second anniversary.<ref name="Nate Lanxon" />

=== Origins of Wikipedia ===

Wales started to play down Sanger's role in the founding of the project in 2005, a few years after Sanger left Wikipedia.<ref name="Dan_Mitchell">
{{cite news
| first = Dan
| last = Mitchell
| title = Insider Editing at Wikipedia
| url = http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/24/technology/24online.ready.html?ex=1293080400&en=431aff478b00239e&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss
| work = [[The New York Times]]
| date = December 24, 2005
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref><ref name="Evan Hansen">
{{cite news
| last = Hansen
| first = Evan
| title = Wikipedia Founder Edits Own Bio
| url = http://www.wired.com/news/culture/0,1284,69880,00.html
| work = [[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]
| publisher = [[Wired News]]
| date = December 19, 2005
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}<small>"I must say I am amused," Sanger wrote in a posting on Wikipedia on Monday. "Having seen edits like this, it does seem that Jimmy is attempting to rewrite history. But this is a futile process because in our brave new world of transparent activity and maximum communication, the truth will out."</small></ref><ref name="Seth Finkelstein">
{{cite news
| first = Seth
| last = Finkelstein
| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/feb/12/wiki-answers-wikia
| title = What's in a name? Everything, when you're talking wiki value
| work = [[The Guardian]]
| date = February 12, 2009
| accessdate = 2009-02-12
| location=London
}}</ref>
In light of Wales' view, Sanger posted on his personal webpage several links which supported his role as a co-founder.<ref name="Bergstein">
{{cite news
| first = Brian
| last = Bergstein
| authorlink = Brian Bergstein
| title = Sanger says he co-started Wikipedia
| url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17798723/
| work = [[MSNBC]]
| publisher = [[Associated Press]]
| date = March 25, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
| quote = <small>The nascent Web encyclopedia Citizendium springs from Larry Sanger, a philosophy Ph.D. who counts himself as a co-founder of Wikipedia, the site he now hopes to usurp. The claim doesn't seem particularly controversial – Sanger has long been cited as a co-founder. Yet the other founder, Jimmy Wales, isn't happy about it.</small>}}</ref><ref name="SangerLinks">
{{cite news
| first = Larry
| last = Sanger
| url = http://www.larrysanger.org/roleinwp.html
| title = My role in Wikipedia (links)
| publisher = larrysanger.org
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
The citations include earlier versions of selected Wikipedia pages,<ref name="Early Wikipedia Pages">
{{cite news
| title = History Version of the 'Wikipedia' Article
| url = http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&dir=prev&offset=20040119212409&limit=500&action=history
| publisher = [[Wikipedia]]
| date = June 2004
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}<br />&nbsp;•
{{cite news
| title = History Version of the 'History of Wikipedia' Article
| url = http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Wikipedia&dir=prev&limit=500&action=history
| publisher = [[Wikipedia]]
| date = August 2006
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}<br />&nbsp;•
{{cite news
| title = History Version of the 'Larry Sanger' Article
| url = http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Larry_Sanger&dir=prev&limit=500&action=history
| publisher = [[Wikipedia]]
| date = August 2006
| accessdate = 2007-03-25}}<br />&nbsp;•
{{cite news
| title = History Version of the 'Jimmy Wales' Article
| url = http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jimmy_Wales&offset=20040909053247&limit=500&action=history
| publisher = [[Wikipedia]]
| date = September 2004
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
press releases from Wikipedia in the years of 2002–2004,<ref name="Early Wikipedia Press Releases">
{{cite news
| title = Free Encyclopedia Project, Wikipedia, Creates 20,000 Articles in a Year (Wikipedia 2002 Press release)
| url = http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Press_releases/January_2002
| work = describing Sanger and Wales as "co-founders"
| publisher = [[Wikipedia]]
| date = January 15, 2002
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}<br />&nbsp;•
{{cite news
| title = Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, reaches its 100,000th article (Wikipedia 2003 Press release)
| url = http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Press_releases/January_2003
| work = stating Sanger and Wales founded the site
| publisher = [[Wikipedia]]
| date = January 21, 2003
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}<br />&nbsp;•
{{cite news
| title = Wikipedia publishes 500,000 articles in 50 languages (Wikipedia 2004 Press release)
| url = http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Press_releases/February_2004
| work = describes Sanger as a founder
| publisher = [[Wikipedia]]
| date = February 25, 2004
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
and early media coverage stories<ref name="Peter Meyers">
{{cite news
| first = Peter
| last = Meyers
| title = Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You
| url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9800E5D6123BF933A1575AC0A9679C8B63&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fSubjects%2fC%2fComputer%20Software
| publisher = [[The New York Times]]
| date = September 20, 2001
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}<small>"I can start an article that will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come along and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph," said Larry Sanger of Las Vegas, who founded Wikipedia with Mr. Wales.</small></ref><ref name="Judy Heim">
{{cite news
| first = Judy
| last = Heim
| url = http://www.technologyreview.com/Infotech/12586/?a=f
| title = Free the Encyclopedias!
| publisher = [[Technology Review]]
| date = September 4, 2001
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}<br />&nbsp;•
{{cite news
| first = Kendra
| last = Mayfield
| title = Not Your Father's Encyclopedia
| url = http://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2003/01/57364
| work = [[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]
| publisher = [[Wired News]]
| date = January 28, 2003
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
describing Wikipedia as founded by Wales and Sanger.<ref name="Bergstein" /><ref name="SangerLinks" /> Sanger was identified as a co-founder of Wikipedia at least as early as September 2001.<ref name="Peter Meyers" /> Jimmy Wales identified himself in August 2002 as "co-founder" of Wikipedia.<ref name="Yahoo!">
{{cite news
| first = Jimmy
| last = Wales
| url = http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/xodp/message/1720
| title = 3apes open content web directory
| work = [[Yahoo!|Yahoo! Tech Groups forum post]]
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5fhXjrexf
| date = August 6, 2002
| archivedate=2009-03-31
| accessdate = 2009-04-01
| quote = <small>I'm Jimmy Wales, co-founder of Nupedia and Wikipedia, the open content encyclopedias.</small>
}}</ref><ref name="Hot Press">
{{cite news
| url = http://www.hotpress.com/news/5396275.html
| title = Wikipedia boss challenged over claims made in Hot Press
| work = [[Hot Press]]
| date = April 24, 2009
| accessdate = 2009-05-25
}}</ref>
During the time of Sanger's involvement in the project, he was routinely known as a co-founder.<ref name="Bergstein" /><ref name="SangerLinks" /><ref name="Peter Meyers" /> The [[Wikimedia Foundation]]'s first press release in 2004 described Sanger as co-founder.<ref name="Wikimedia Foundation 2004 Press Release">
{{cite news
| url = http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_press_releases/500,000_Wikipedia_articles&oldid=473206
| title = Wikimedia press releases/500,000 Wikipedia articles
| publisher = [[Wikimedia Foundation]]
| year=2004
| accessdate = 2009-04-23
| quote = <small>The Wikipedia project was founded in January 2001 by Internet entrepreneur Jimmy Wales and philosopher Larry Sanger.</small>
}}</ref>
Sanger is widely cited in the media as a [[History of Wikipedia#Early roles of Wales and Sanger|co-founder]].<ref name="Wikipedia co-foundership references">
{{cite news
| first = Ben
| last = Hammersley
| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2003/jan/30/onlinesupplement1
| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20030618043804/www.guardian.co.uk/online/story/0,3605,884666,00.html
| title = Common knowledge
| work = [[The Guardian]]
| date = January 30, 2003
| archivedate=2003-06-18
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
| location=London
}}<br />&nbsp;•
{{cite news
| first = Stefanie
| last = Olsen
| url = http://news.com.com/Wikipedia+co-founder+plans+expert+rival/2100-1038_3-6126469.html
| title = Wikipedia co-founder plans 'expert' rival
| date = October 16, 2006
| publisher = [[CNET]]
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}<br />&nbsp;•
{{cite news
| first = Natali T
| last = Del Conte
| url = http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,222922,00.html
| title = Wikipedia Co-Founder Starting Rival Online 'Encyclopedia Project'
| date = October 20, 2006
| publisher = [[Fox News Channel|Fox News]]
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}<br />&nbsp;•
{{cite news
| first = Andy
| last = Carvin
| title = Wikipedia’s New Competition: Citizendium
| url = http://www.pbs.org/teachers/learning.now/2007/04/wikipedias_new_competition_cit_1.html
| publisher = [[Public Broadcasting Service]]
| date = April 10, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-10-04
}}</ref><ref name="Marie Boran">
{{cite news
| first = Marie
| last = Boran
| url = http://www.siliconrepublic.com/news/news.nv?storyid=single8794
| title = Wikipedia disrespects experts says co-founder
| publisher = Silicon Republic
| date = July 16, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-07-16
| quote = <small>Apart from advertising, Sanger and co-founder Wales also disagree about who actually founded Wikipedia in the first place. Wales has previously claimed to be the sole founder of the online collaborative encyclopedia. Maybe he should check his facts on Wikipedia which says that both men were identified as co-founders in 2001.</small> |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070928041903/http://www.siliconrepublic.com/news/news.nv?storyid=single8794 |archivedate = September 28, 2007}}</ref><ref name="Jason O'Toole">
{{cite news
| first = Jason
| last = O'Toole
| url = http://www.hotpress.com/politics/frontlines/5415642.html
| title = Citizen Sanger
| work = [[Hot Press]]
| date = May 7, 2009
| accessdate = 2009-05-25
| quote = <small>Larry Sanger is widely credited as "co-founder" of Wikipedia – something Wales disputes." In a 2009 Hot Press interview Sanger said in part: "I essentially guided what was a blank, infinitely expandable community bulletin board into a rapidly growing encyclopedia. I formulated or articulated many of the most basic policies of the website and, more importantly, actually enforced these policies. Had I not enforced the policies in those early months, the project simply would have become another wiki – which is to say, nothing in particular, or whatever users happen to want to make it. What really made Wikipedia catch on was the notion, which I was very keen to promote, that we were merely using a wiki for the special purpose of creating an encyclopedia, not a collection of opinions, not a dictionary, not many other things that you can use a wiki to create. Jimmy was understood to be a very hands-off owner or distant overseer, and so his involvement in that seminal first year was far less than mine. This makes sense, of course, because while he was busy being CEO of Bomis, my job was to start Wikipedia – which I did.</small>
}}</ref>
While Sanger organized the project Wales concentrated on Bomis.<ref name="Bergstein" /><ref name="Stacy Schiff" /><ref name="Wired News" />

It was only in 2005, after Wales first began his efforts to identify himself as the sole founder of Wikipedia by downplaying Sanger's early role, that Wales first claimed that he had actually initially heard of the wiki concept in 2001 not from Sanger, but instead from Jeremy Rosenfeld.<ref name="Wired News">
{{cite news
| author=NewsAssignment.net
| title = Assignment Zero First Take: Wiki Innovators Rethink Openness
| url = http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2007/05/assignment_zero_citizendium
| work = [[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]
| date = May 3, 2007
| accessdate = 2009-04-25
}}</ref>
Wales had also been quoted in the press as far back as October 2001, stating that it was "Larry (who) had the idea to use Wiki software."<ref name="wikipedia-l-000671" />

According to all known documents actually dating from before 2005, the critical concept of marrying two of the three fundamental elements of Wikipedia, namely an encyclopedia and a wiki, first took form when Sanger met up with an old friend, [[History of Wikipedia#Formulation of the concept|Ben Kovitz]].<ref name="Sidener" /><ref name="Glyn Moody" /> This meeting occurred at a dinner on January 2, 2001, and it was here that Sanger was first introduced to the functionality of wiki software. Kovitz was a computer programmer and a regular on [[Ward Cunningham]]'s [[WikiWikiWeb|wiki]].<ref name="Sidener">
{{cite news
| first = Jonathan
| last = Sidener
| title = Wikipedia co-founder looks to add accountability, end anarchy
| url = http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20060923/news_lz1n23wiki.html
| publisher = [[The San Diego Union-Tribune]]
| date = September 23, 2006
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
| quote = <small>The origins of Wikipedia date to 2000, when Sanger was finishing his doctoral thesis in philosophy and had an idea for a Web site.</small>
}}</ref><ref name="Glyn Moody">
{{cite news
| first = Glyn
| last = Moody
| url = http://technology.guardian.co.uk/weekly/story/0,,1818630,00.html
| title = This time, it'll be a Wikipedia written by experts
| publisher = [[The Guardian]]
| date = July 13, 2006
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
| quote = <small>Larry Sanger seems to have a thing about free online encyclopedias. Although his main claim to fame is as the co-founder, along with Jimmy Wales, of Wikipedia, that is just one of several projects to produce large-scale, systematic stores of human knowledge he has been involved in. [Jimmy Wales] saw that I was essentially looking for employment online and he was looking for someone to lead Nupedia... Career: 1992–1996, 1997–1998 Graduate teaching associate, OSU; 2000–2002 Editor-in-chief, Nupedia; Co-founder and "chief organiser," Wikipedia.</small>
| location=London
}}</ref>
Sanger thought a wiki would be a good platform to use and decided to present the idea to Jimmy Wales, at that time the head of Bomis.<ref name="Ben_Kovitz">
{{cite news
| date = January 19, 2008
| title = Ben Kovitz
| url = http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?BenKovitz
| publisher = [[WikiWikiWeb]]
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref><ref name="Marshall-Poe" />
Sanger initially proposed the wiki concept to Wales and suggested it be applied to Nupedia and, after some initial skepticism, Wales agreed to try it.<ref name="lets make a wiki">
{{cite news
| first = Larry
| last = Sanger
| url = http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html
| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20030414014355/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html
| format=Email
| work = Nupedia-l mailing list
| publisher = [[Nupedia]]
| title = Let's make a wiki
| date = January 10, 2001
| archivedate=2003-04-14
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
Sanger formally proposed a "feeder" project for Nupedia titled "Let's make a wiki"<ref name="lets make a wiki" /> and created a new page on Ward's wiki named "WikiPedia."<ref name="Marshall-Poe">
{{cite news
| first = Marshall
| last = Poe
| title = The Hive
| url = http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia/3
| publisher = [[The Atlantic Monthly]]
| date = September 2006
| page = 3
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}<small>Over tacos that night, Sanger explained his concerns about Nupedia's lack of progress, the root cause of which was its serial editorial system. As Nupedia was then structured, no stage of the editorial process could proceed before the previous stage was completed. Kovitz brought up the wiki and sketched out "wiki magic," the mysterious process by which communities with common interests work to improve wiki pages by incremental contributions. If it worked for the rambunctious hacker culture of programming, Kovitz said, it could work for any online collaborative project. The wiki could break the Nupedia bottleneck by permitting volunteers to work simultaneously all over the project. With Kovitz in tow, Sanger rushed back to his apartment and called Wales to share the idea. Over the next few days he wrote a formal proposal for Wales and started a page on Cunningham's wiki called "WikiPedia."</small></ref><ref name="WikiPedia">
{{cite news
| title = WikiPedia
| url = http://www.c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiPedia
| publisher = [[WikiWikiWeb]]
| date = January 19, 2008
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>

It was Jimmy Wales who added the third critical ingredient to the mix. He directed Sanger to give essentially unrestricted editorial access to this new wiki to the "non expert" public.<ref name="memoirofwiki" /> Sanger came up with the name 'Wikipedia', which at the time, Sanger wrote that he believed would merely be, "a silly name for what was at first a very silly project."<ref name="memoirofwiki" /><ref name="J Sidener">
{{cite news
| first = Jonathan
| last = Sidener
| title = Wikipedia family feud rooted in San Diego
| url = http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/tech/personaltech/20061009-9999-mz1b9wikiped.html
| publisher = [[The San Diego Union-Tribune]]
| date = October 9, 2006
| accessdate = 2009-05-05
}}</ref>
Sanger first conceived of the wiki-based encyclopedia project only as a means to hopefully accelerate Nupedia's slow growth. During Wikipedia's critical first year of growth, Sanger spearheaded and guided the following that gathered around this nucleus. Through this early period, he served as Wikipedia's editor-in-chief, a position which has not been filled since his departure from Wikipedia.<ref name="Bergstein" /><ref name="memoirofwiki">
{{cite news
| first = Larry
| last = Sanger
| title = The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir
| url = http://features.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05/04/18/164213&tid=95&tid=149&tid=9
| work = [[SourceForge]]
| publisher = [[Slashdot]]
| date = April 18, 2005
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
| quote = <small>The actual development of this encyclopedia was the task he gave me to work on. So I arrived in San Diego in early February, 2000, to get to work. One of the first things I asked Jimmy is how free a rein I had in designing the project. What were my constraints, and in what areas was I free to exercise my own creativity? He replied, as I clearly recall, that most of the decisions should be mine; and in most respects, as a manager, Jimmy was indeed very hands-off. Nevertheless, I always did consult with him about important decisions, and moreover, I wanted his advice. Now, Jimmy was quite clear that he wanted the project to be in principle open to everyone to develop, just as open source software is (to an extent). Beyond this, however, I believe I was given a pretty free rein. So I spent the first month or so thinking very broadly about different possibilities.</small>
}}<small>—Larry Sanger.</small><br />&nbsp;•
{{cite news
| first = Larry
| last = Sanger
| title = The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia, Part II
| url = http://features.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05/04/19/1746205&tid=95
| work = [[SourceForge]]
| publisher = [[Slashdot]]
| date = April 19, 2005
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref><ref name="Michael Singer">
{{cite news
| first = Michael
| last = Singer
| url = http://siliconvalley.internet.com/news/article.php/3531_956641
| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20030316082912/siliconvalley.internet.com/news/article.php/3531_956641
| title = Free Encyclopedia Project Celebrates Year One
| work = [[Jupitermedia]]
| date = January 16, 2002
| archivedate=2003-03-16
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
| quote = <small>Wales has supplied the financial backing and other support for the project, and Sanger, who earned a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Ohio State in 2000, has led the project.</small>
}}</ref>
Sanger is also credited with creating and enforcing the policies and strategy that made Wikipedia possible during its first formative year.<ref name="Stacy Schiff" /><ref name="Steve Tally">
{{cite news
| first = Steve
| last = Tally
| url = http://www.purdue.edu/UNS/html3month/2006/060320.Matei.Sanger.html
| publisher = [[Purdue University|Purdue University News Service]]
| date = March 20, 2006
| title = Wikipedia co-founder to speak on campus
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071017040913/http://purdue.edu/UNS/html3month/2006/060320.Matei.Sanger.html |archivedate = October 17, 2007}}</ref>
Thus it was that Wikipedia was in fact an accidental spin-off of Nupedia.<ref name="Joe Blundo">
{{cite news
| first = Joe
| last = Blundo
| title = Web encyclopedia won't include 'giving up'
| url = http://www.columbusdispatch.com/dispatch/content/life/stories/2007/04/26/1A_BLUN26.ART_ART_04-26-07_F1_IN6FBH8.html
| work = [[The Columbus Dispatch]]
| date = April 26, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-04-26
}}</ref>
Originally it was only intended to act as a 'feeder site' to generate rough articles for Nupedia, where the articles would then theoretically be 'polished up' by the 'more qualified' volunteer editors that were expected to be found there.<ref name="MarshallPoe" />

== Post-Wikipedia ==

Since Sanger parted ways with Wikipedia in 2002 he has been [[Criticism of Wikipedia|critical of its accuracy]], among other things.<ref name="Australian IT">
{{cite news
| title = Wikipedia founder sets up rival
| url = http://www.australianit.news.com.au/story/0,24897,20605798-15336,00.html
| publisher = Australian IT
| date = October 19, 2006
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
In December 2004, Sanger wrote a critical article for the website [[Kuro5hin]], in which he admitted that there had existed "a certain poisonous social or political atmosphere in the project" that had also accounted for his departure.<ref name="Jettison">
{{cite news
| first = Larry
| last = Sanger
| title = Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism
| url = http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25
| publisher = [[Kuro5hin]]
| date = December 31, 2004
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
While stating "to appreciate the merits of Wikipedia fully" and to know and support "the mission and broad policy outlines of Wikipedia very well," Sanger maintained that there are serious problems with the project. There was, he wrote, a lack of public perception of credibility, and the project put "difficult people, [[Troll (Internet)|trolls]], and their enablers" into too much prominence; these problems, he maintained, were a feature of the project's "[[anti-elitism]], or lack of respect for expertise."<ref name="Jettison" /> The article was the subject of much controversy in the [[blogosphere]], and led to some reaction in the news media as well.<ref name="Daniel H Pink">
{{cite news
| first = Daniel H
| last = Pink
| title = The Book Stops Here
| url = http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.03/wiki.html
| work = [[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]
| date = March 2005
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref><ref name="Daniel Terdiman">
{{cite news
| first = Daniel
| last = Terdiman
| title = Wikipedia's co-founder eyes a Digital Universe
| url = http://news.com.com/Wikipedias+co-founder+eyes+a+Digital+Universe/2008-1082_3-6011487.html
| publisher = [[CNET]]
| date = January 6, 2006
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
In September 2009, Sanger mentioned one reason for distancing himself from Wikipedia: "I thought that the project would never have the amount of credibility it could have if it were not somehow more open and welcoming to experts." He pointed out "The other problem was the community had essentially been taken over by trolls to a great extent. That was a real problem, and Jimmy Wales absolutely refused to do anything about it."<ref name="Nicole Ferraro">
{{cite news
| first = Nicole
| last = Ferraro
| title = Wikipedia Co-Founder Speaks Out Against Jimmy Wales
| url = http://www.internetevolution.com/author.asp?section_id=466&doc_id=182853&f_src=internetevolution_sitedefault
| work = Internet Evolution
| date = October 9, 2009
| accessdate = 2009-10-15
}}</ref>

Sanger, a philosophy instructor,<ref name="Rachel Aviv">
{{cite news
| first = Rachel
| last = Aviv
| title = Mondo Wikipedia
| url = http://www.villagevoice.com/arts/0602,aviv,71632,12.html
| work = [[The Village Voice]]
| date = January 10, 2006
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
began work as a lecturer at [[The Ohio State University]], where he taught [[philosophy]] until June 2005.<ref name="Wade_Roush" /> His professional interests are [[epistemology]] (in particular), [[17th century philosophy|early modern philosophy]], and [[ethics]].<ref name="Wade_Roush" /><ref name="Alan_Boraas" /> In his spare time, he plays and teaches [[music of Ireland|Irish traditional music]] on the [[Musical styles (violin)#Fiddle|fiddle]] in [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]] and [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]], [[Ohio]], and also manages a site about the [[Donegal fiddle tradition]].<ref name="Donegal fiddle music">
{{cite news
| title = An Appreciation of the Donegal Fiddle
| url = http://web.archive.org/web/20091026153528/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/6464/hmpg.html
| publisher = [[GeoCities]]
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>

In December 2005, [[Digital Universe|Digital Universe Foundation]] announced that Sanger had been hired as Director of Distributed Content Programs.<ref name="DigitalUniverse">
{{cite news
| url = http://www.dufoundation.org/foundation-bios.php#sanger
| title = Lawrence Sanger, Ph. D., Director of Distributed Content Programs
| publisher = [[Digital Universe]]
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
He would be a key organizer of the Digital Universe Encyclopedia web projects which was launched in early 2006.<ref name="Digital_Universe">
{{cite news
| url = http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/01-17-2006/0004262149&EDATE=
| title = Digital Universe Seeks to Become Free 'PBS of the Web'
| work = [[PR Newswire]]
| publisher = [[Digital Universe]]
| date = January 17, 2006
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref><ref name="Contributor: Sanger">
{{cite news
| url = http://www.eoearth.org/contributor/Lsanger
| title = Contributor: Lawrence Sanger
| work = [[Encyclopedia of Earth]]
| publisher = [[Digital Universe]]
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
The Digital Universe encyclopedia plans to recruit recognized experts to write articles, and to check user-submitted articles for accuracy. The first step in this effort is the expert-authored and edited [[Encyclopedia of Earth]],<ref name="Terdiman">
{{cite news
| first = Daniel
| last = Terdiman
| url = http://news.com.com/Wikipedia+alternative+aims+to+be+PBS+of+the+Web/2100-1038_3-5999200.html
| title = Wikipedia alternative aims to be 'PBS of the Web'
| publisher = [[CNET]]
| date = December 19, 2005
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
an electronic reference about the [[Earth]].<ref name="Encyclopedia of Earth">
{{cite news
| url = http://www.eoearth.org/eoe/about
| title = About the EoE
| work = [[Encyclopedia of Earth]]
| publisher = [[Digital Universe]]
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>

In April 2006, Sanger published "Text and Collaboration: A personal manifesto for the Text Outline Project" arguing for the importance of what he called "strong collaboration" (that is, collaboration in which people work on the parts they're interested and nobody gets to claim control), the possibility that strong collaboration could be more effective with a less anarchistic set of ground rules than Wikipedia, and the creation of a new Text Outline Project to create The Book of the World, featuring summaries of the arguments of the great philosophers, organized by topic and time, along with summaries of their debates.<ref name="Text and Collaboration">
{{cite news
| first = Larry
| last = Sanger
| url = http://textop.org/TextAndCollaboration.html
| title = Text and Collaboration: A personal manifesto for the Text Outline Project
| publisher = The Text Outline Project
| date = April 2006
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>

The question of accuracy over Wikipedia article content spurred Sanger to unveil plans for a new encyclopedia called [[Citizendium]], the citizen's compendium.<ref name="James Niccolai">
{{cite news
| first = James
| last = Niccolai
| title = Wikipedia to fight vandals in Germany
| url = http://www.infoworld.com/d/developer-world/wikipedia-fight-vandals-in-germany-022
| work = [[InfoWorld]]
| date = September 26, 2006
| accessdate = 2009-10-15
}}</ref>
At the [[Wizards of OS]] conference in September 2006, Sanger announced Citizendium as a [[fork (software development)|fork]] of Wikipedia. The objectives of the fork were to address various perceived flaws in the Wikipedia system. The main differences would be no anonymous editing: every author/editor would have to be identified by his/her real name, no "top-down" hierarchy of editors: it would aspire to be a "real encyclopedia."<ref name="Dossier Open Source">
{{cite news
| title = Next Wikipedia, take a right
| url = http://www.bpb.de/themen/KD5Y51,0,0,Next_Wikipedia_take_a_right.html
| work = Wikipedia, Citizendium, and the politics of knowledge: An interview with Larry Sanger
| publisher = Dossier Open Source
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
More differences are discussed at the Citizendium website in the [[FAQ]].<ref name="FAQ">
{{cite news
| title = ''Citizendium'' FAQ
| url = http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/CZ:FAQ
| publisher = [[Citizendium]]
| date = March 25, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
The initial fork was of the English language Wikipedia.<ref name="Ken Fisher">
{{cite news
| first = Ken
| last = Fisher
| title = New Citizendium to correct Wikipedia's wrongs?
| url = http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20060919-7775.html
| publisher = [[Ars Technica]]
| date = September 19, 2006
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
Prior to its March 2007 public launch, Citizendium favored an emphasis on its own original articles.<ref name="Citizendium">
{{cite news
| title = Citizendium
| url = http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Citizendium
| publisher = [[Citizendium]]
| date = March 25, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
On September 27, 2006 Sanger announced that he would take a leave of absence from Digital Universe "in order to set up a fully independent Citizendium Foundation."<ref name="LaunchingPlan">
{{cite news
| first = Larry
| last = Sanger
| title = Citizendium launch plan as of September 26
| url = https://lists.purdue.edu/pipermail/citizendium-l/2006-September/000476.html
| publisher = Citizendium-l mail list
| date = September 27, 2006
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
In 2007 Sanger examined the possibilities for [[electronic learning|education online]]. He explained, "Imagine that education were not delivered but organized and managed in a way that were fully digitized, decentralized, self-directed, asynchronous, and at-a-distance." He further stated, "There would be no bureaucracy to enforce anything beyond some very basic rules, and decision-making would be placed almost entirely in the hands of teachers and students."<ref name="Education 2.0">
{{cite news
| first = Larry
| last = Sanger
| title = Education 2.0
| url = http://www.ezifocus.com/content/thefocus/issue/article.php/article/54300644
| work = [[Egon Zehnder International]]
| publisher = The Focus Online
| date = June 2007
| accessdate = 2007-06-01
| quote = <small>The future of education could lie in a digital degree-granting institution that lives on the Internet.</small>
}}</ref>
In 2008, Sanger was at [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] to debate the proposition that "the internet is the future of knowledge." Sanger agreed that today's wikis and blogs are fundamentally changing the way knowledge is created and distributed.<ref name="Andrew Keen">
{{cite news
| first = Andrew
| last = Keen
| title = Andrew Keen on New Media
| url = http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/andrew-keen-on-new-media-837997.html
| work = [[The Independent]]
| date = June 2, 2008
| accessdate = 2008-06-08
| location=London
}}</ref>

== Citizendium ==
{{Main|Citizendium}}

On March 25, 2007, Citizendium ended its pilot phase, entering a live and publicly readable beta phase.<ref name="We have launched">
{{cite news
| first = Larry
| last = Sanger
| title = We have launched
| url = http://blog.citizendium.org/2007/03/25/we-have-launched/
| publisher = [[Citizendium|Citizendium Blog]]
| date = March 25, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
The launch coincided with a [[feature story|feature-length]] [[Associated Press]] article that ran widely, with a title in ''[[USA Today]]'' of "Citizendium aims to be better Wikipedia."<ref name="Brian Bergstein">
{{cite news
| first = Brian
| last = Bergstein
| authorlink = Brian Bergstein
| title = Citizendium aims to be better Wikipedia
| url = http://www.usatoday.com/tech/webguide/2007-03-25-wikipedia-alternative_N.htm
| work = [[USA Today]]
| publisher = [[Associated Press]]
| date = March 25, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
| quote = <small>This week, Sanger takes the wraps off a Wikipedia alternative, Citizendium. His goal is to capture Wikipedia's bustle but this time, avoid the vandalism and inconsistency that are its pitfalls.</small/>
}}</ref>
Unlike Wales, who has compared his role in Wikipedia with that of a [[British monarchy|British monarch]],<ref name="Tom McNichol">
{{cite news
| first = Tom
| last = McNichol
| title = Building a Wiki World
| url = http://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2007/03/01/8401010/index.htm?postversion=2007022710
| work = [[Business 2.0]]
| publisher = [[CNN]]
| date = March 1, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}<small>"I'm sort of like a British monarch," Wales said, while smiling.</small>
</ref>
Sanger said he would not head Citizendium indefinitely, and in 2007 announced his intention to step off the leadership team in two or three years.<ref name="Nate Anderson">
{{cite news
| first = Nate
| last = Anderson
| title = Citizendium: building a better Wikipedia
| url = http://arstechnica.com/articles/culture/citizendium.ars
| publisher = [[Ars Technica]]
| date = February 25, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
| quote = <small>Citizendium currently has over 500 participants, most of whom have been individually screened. Growth has been sometimes erratic; Sanger says that the site gained 50–75 contributors on a single day after being featured on Slashdot. Edits have now topped 500 per day, which Sanger says compares favorably with the earliest days of Wikipedia.</small>
}}</ref>

Two weeks after the launch of Citizendium, Sanger criticized Wikipedia, stating the latter was "broken beyond repair," and had a range of problems "from serious management problems, to an often dysfunctional community, to frequently unreliable content, and to a whole series of scandals."<ref name="Iain Thomson">
{{cite news
| first = Iain
| last = Thomson
| title = Wikipedia 'broken beyond repair' says co-founder
| url = http://www.iwr.co.uk/information-world-review/news/2187709/wikipedia-broken-beyond-repair
| publisher = [[Information World Review]]
| date = April 13, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-04-15
}}</ref>
Sanger stated in part:
<blockquote>
"The work of the Wikipedians has astounded the world, but the amateur nature of Wikipedia's contributions, whose authors remain anonymous, is not for everyone. Some experts are hostile toward the idea of Wikipedia and many avoid Wikipedia altogether. We may take Wikipedia as an early prototype of the application of open source hacker principles to content rather than code. I want to argue that it is just that, an early prototype, rather than a mature model of how such principles should be applied to reference, scholarly and educational content. Where Wikipedia shares the culture of anonymity found in the broader Internet, the Citizendium will have a culture of real-world, personal responsibility."<ref name="JayLyman">
{{cite news
| first = Jay
| last = Lyman
| url = http://www.crmbuyer.com/story/53137.html?wlc=1235722017&wlc=1243220132
| title = Wikipedia Co-Founder Planning New Expert-Authored Site
| publisher = ECT News Network
| date = September 20, 2006
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
</blockquote>
Citizendium has a form of [[peer review|peer-review]], in which the site's content is subject to "gentle expert oversight."<ref name="Brian Heater">
{{cite news
| first = Brian
| last = Heater
| title = Q&A With Citizendium Creator Dr. Larry Sanger
| url = http://www.appscout.com/2007/01/qa_with_citizendium_creator_dr_1.php
| publisher = AppScout.com
| date = January 26, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref><ref name="AP CNN">
{{cite news
| author=[[Associated Press]]
| title = Use with caution: The perils of Wikipedia
| url = http://www.cnn.com/2007/TECH/11/02/perils.wikipedia/
| publisher = [[CNN]]
| date = November 4, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-11-04
}}</ref><ref name="Caroline McCarthy" />
In reference to creating a new encyclopedia project Sanger stated: "I think there is a need for a more reliable and free [online] encyclopedia. If we can create a more reliable and free encyclopedia, particularly if we adopt a different system than Wikipedia's, then we should."<ref name="Christopher Dawson">
{{cite news
| first = Christopher
| last = Dawson
| url = http://education.zdnet.com/?p=870
| title = Citizendium seeks to be the Wikipedia you can cite
| publisher = [[ZDNet]]
| date = February 23, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
}}</ref>
As Citizendium's editor-in-chief, Sanger commented in late October 2007 about its first anniversary, from its initial private launch date of October 30, 2006.<ref name="Richard Waters">
{{cite news
| first = Richard
| last = Waters
| title = Citizendium vs Wikipedia
| url = http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ae382288-8b41-11dc-95f7-0000779fd2ac.html?nclick_check=1
| work = [[Financial Times]]
| date = November 5, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-11-05
}}</ref><ref name="Citizendium After One Year">
{{cite news
| title = Citizendium After One Year
| url = http://slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=07/10/30/2151242&from=rss
| publisher = [[Slashdot]]
| date = October 30, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-10-30
}}</ref>
Citizendium's readers, he said, have only just begun to see the power of the project's model:<ref name="CZPR-October2007" />
<blockquote>
"Simply put, we've pioneered a new and better way to use wikis, and an interesting, dynamic way to build an online knowledge base. Increasingly, the Citizendium is looking like the next step in the evolution of the collaborative Internet.<ref name="CZPR-October2007">
{{cite news
| title = ''Citizendium'' Wiki Celebrates One Year Online New Knowledge Society Takes Root, Flourishes
| url = http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/CZ:Citizendium_Press_Releases/Oct302007
| work = Citizendium Press Release — October 30, 2007
| publisher = [[Citizendium]]
| date = October 30, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-10-30
| quote =
}}<small>It has been one year since the private launch of the ''Citizendium'' (<span class="plainlinks">http://www.citizendium.org/</span>) wiki, an online reference source aiming to create "the world's most trusted knowledge base." The innovative non-profit project combines free-wheeling, open wiki collaboration with real names and guidance by expert editors.</small>
</ref>
The project's fundamentals are solid and growing stronger through motivated, diligent effort. Given enough time and enough people, the results would surely be amazing. If this possibility is amazing, it is even more amazing that it's within our grasp. What I do know is that if we do have a good chance to create something so stupefyingly useful for humanity, we must try."<ref name="oneyearandthriving">
{{cite news
| first = Larry
| last = Sanger
| title = The ''Citizendium'' one year on: a strong start and an amazing future
| url = http://www.citizendium.org/oneyearandthriving.html
| publisher = [[Citizendium]]
| date = October 30, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-10-30
}}</ref><ref name="oneyearandthriving-explosion">
{{cite news
| first = Larry
| last = Sanger
| title = The coming explosion of growth
| url = http://www.citizendium.org/oneyearandthriving.html#explosion
| publisher = [[Citizendium]]
| date = October 30, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-10-30
}}</ref>
</blockquote>
When asked in an interview with ''[[Minnesota Daily|The Minnesota Daily]]'': Do you see a role for Citizendium anywhere in academia? He responded: "Of course. The idea is it will be good enough for professors to be able to send their students and students to get reliable information from. I know a lot of students use Wikipedia as a place to start to learn about a subject. For that purpose it's fine. I actually think, as a place to start to get some information, it's a fine resource. Approved articles on Citizendium hopefully will be more reliable than articles on Wikipedia."<ref name="Leider">
{{cite news
| first = JP
| last = Leider
| title = Wiki and the U student
| url = http://www.mndaily.com/articles/2006/10/17/69425
| work = [[Minnesota Daily|The Minnesota Daily]]
| date = October 17, 2006
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070310003953/http://www.mndaily.com/articles/2006/10/17/69425 |archivedate = March 10, 2007}}</ref>

=== Contrast to Wikipedia ===

Building on Sanger's experience from other [[collaboration|collaborative]] [[internet encyclopedia project|encyclopedias]],<ref name="Sidener" /> Citizendium represents an effort to establish a scholarly and credible online encyclopedia.<ref name="Christopher Dawson" /><ref name="Nate Anderson" /> Sanger aims to improve upon the wiki-based encyclopedia model by bringing more accountability and academic quality to articles.<ref name="Jennifer LeClaire">
{{cite news
| first = Jennifer
| last = LeClaire
| title = Wikipedia Cofounder Launches Citizendium
| url = http://www.newsfactor.com/story.xhtml?story_id=13100C1ES8F1&full_skip=1
| publisher = NewsFactor Network
| date = March 27, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-03-27
}}</ref>
In an interview with ''[[CNET|CNET News]]'' in 2007 Sanger explained the reasons for starting a Wikipedia alternative:

<blockquote>
"I think we absolutely need another wiki—first of all, simply because Wikipedia lacks credibility, unfortunately. It's a good starting place, as people say—on some subjects anyway—but it isn't really what we want out of a reliable reference resource. And frankly, I don't think that the Wikipedia community is prepared to make the changes that I think need to be made in order to transform Wikipedia into something that's really reliable."<ref name="Neha Tiwari">
{{cite news
| first = Neha
| last = Tiwari
| title = Wikipedia today, Citizendium tomorrow
| url = http://news.com.com/Wikipedia+today%2C+Citizendium+tomorrow/2008-1082_3-6173499.html
| publisher = [[CNET]]
| date = April 5, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-04-05
| quote = <small>Sanger now believes that the world deserves something better than his former start-up when it comes to online research.</small>
}}</ref>
</blockquote>

While Citizendium is wiki-based, several aspects set it apart from Wikipedia.<ref name="Holden Frith">
{{cite news
| first = Holden
| last = Frith
| url = http://technology.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/tech_and_web/the_web/article1571519.ece
| title = Wikipedia founder launches rival online encyclopaedia
| publisher = [[The Times]]
| date = March 26, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-03-27
| quote =
| location= London
}}</ref><ref name="Justin Appel">
{{cite news
| first = Justin
| last = Appel
| title = More 'reliable' Wikipedia soon to launch
| url = http://www.eschoolnews.com/news/top-news/index.cfm?i=45496&CFID=6060388&CFTOKEN=40911340
| work = eSchool News
| date = February 23, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-04-05
}}</ref><ref name="Jason Z Cohen">
{{cite news
| first = Jason Z
| last = Cohen
| title = Citizendium's Larry Sanger: Experts Make It Better
| url = http://www.linuxinsider.com/rsstory/61983.html?welcome=1205003304&welcome=1205003861&wlc=1234584689&wlc=1235641480
| work = LinuxInsider
| publisher = ECT News Network
| date = March 3, 2008
| accessdate = 2008-03-08
}}</ref>
Prospective contributors on Citizendium are required to sign in using real names.<ref name="Candace Lombardi">
{{cite news
| first = Candace
| last = Lombardi
| title = Wikipedia rival makes its debut
| url = http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9588_22-6170405.html
| publisher = [[ZDNet]]
| date = March 26, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-10-04
|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070712182028/http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9588_22-6170405.html |archivedate = July 12, 2007}}</ref><ref name="Brock Read">
{{cite news
| first = Brock
| last = Read
| title = Citizendium's Creator in His Own Words
| url = http://chronicle.com/wiredcampus/article/1980/citizendiums-creator-in-his-own-words
| work = [[The Chronicle of Higher Education]]
| date = April 5, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-04-05
}}</ref>
In contrast, users of Wikipedia may contribute anonymously, or create a username. This username does not necessarily have a connection with their real name.<ref name="Bill Thompson">
{{cite news
| first = Bill
| last = Thompson
| title = What is it with Wikipedia?
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4534712.stm
| publisher = [[BBC News Online]]
| date = December 16, 2005
| accessdate = 2007-10-04
}}</ref><ref name="Chris Maxcer">
{{cite news
| first = Chris
| last = Maxcer
| title = Wikipedia Ain't Broke, but Needs Fixing
| url = http://www.technewsworld.com/rsstory/56193.html?wlc=1234586871
| work = LinuxInsider
| publisher = ECT News Network
| date = March 9, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-10-04
}}</ref>
Experts in their field of expertise have a role in the Citizendium community to approve articles on the basis of accuracy,<ref name="Nate Anderson" /> as opposed to the Good Article and the Featured Article systems on Wikipedia that employs a review by editors.<ref name="Diane Murley">
{{cite news
| first = Diane
| last = Murley
| title = In Defense of Wikipedia
| url = http://www.aallnet.org/products/pub_llj_v100n03/2008-29.pdf
| publisher = [[American Association of Law Libraries|Law Library Journal]]
| year=2008
| accessdate = 2009-04-28
}}</ref>
While Wikipedia is perceived to promote consensus and not truth,<ref name="Oliver Kamm">
{{cite news
| first = Oliver
| last = Kamm
| title = Wisdom? More like dumbness of the crowds
| url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article2267665.ece
| publisher = [[The Times]]
| date = August 16, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-08-16
| quote = <small>Wikipedia seeks not truth but consensus, and like an interminable political meeting the end result will be dominated by the loudest and most persistent voices</small>
| location=London
}}</ref>
and verifiability is the inclusion criteria – reporting on what other sources have to say,<ref name="Andrew Hendry">
{{cite news
| first = Andrew
| last = Hendry
| title = Who's behind Wikipedia?
| url = http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/205180/who_behind_wikipedia?pp=1
| work = [[Computer World]]
| date = June 6, 2007
| accessdate = 2009-02-13
}}</ref>
Citizendium experts have the final say for article content<ref name="Ken Fisher" /><ref name="Orlowski">
{{cite news
| first = Andrew
| last = Orlowski
| url = http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/09/18/sanger_forks_wikipedia/
| title = Wikipedia founder forks Wikipedia
| work = More experts, less fiddling?
| publisher = [[The Register]]
| date = September 18, 2006
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
| quote = <small>Larry Sanger describes the Citizendium project as a "progressive or gradual fork," with the major difference that experts have the final say over edits.</small>
}}</ref>
and it is not necessary to cite a source for a content decision on Citizendium.<ref name="CZ:We are not Wikipedia">
{{cite news
| first = Larry
| last = Sanger
| title = CZ:We aren't Wikipedia
| url = http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/CZ:We_aren%27t_Wikipedia
| publisher = [[Citizendium]]
| accessdate = 2007-10-04
}}</ref>
Finally, while vandalization of articles takes up time and effort on the part of Wikipedia's editors to uncover and revert,<ref name="Jenny Kleeman">
{{cite news
| first = Jenny
| last = Kleeman
| title = Wiki wars
| url = http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,2042231,00.html
| work = [[The Observer]]
| date = March 25, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-10-04
| location=London
}}</ref><ref name="Jim Davis">
{{cite news
| first = Jim
| last = Davis
| title = Left in Control of Wikipedia
| url = http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2007/5/13/212015.shtml?s=lh
| publisher = [[NewsMax Media|NewsMax]]
| date = May 14, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-10-04
}}</ref>
Citizendium aims to prevent vandalism before it occurs.<ref name="Caroline McCarthy">
{{cite news
| first = Caroline
| last = McCarthy
| title = Citizendium: Wikipedia co-founder Sanger's Wikipedia rival
| url = http://news.cnet.com/8301-17939_109-9680301-2.html
| publisher = [[CNET News]]
| date = January 23, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-04-05
| quote = <small>There will also be "gentle expert oversight" to provide some guidance, and presumably to prevent future wiki-vandalism in the manner of Stephen Colbert.</small>
}}</ref>

== Post-Citizendium ==

In early 2009, Sanger effectively ceased to edit Citizendium, although an announcement confirming this was not made until July 30, 2009 on the Citizendium-l mailinglist.<ref name="Absence">
{{cite news
| first = Larry
| last = Sanger
| title = [Citizendium-l&#93; My recent absence
| url = https://lists.purdue.edu/pipermail/citizendium-l/2009-July/001418.html
| work = Citizendium
| date = July 30, 2009
| accessdate = 2009-07-30
}}</ref>
He focuses most of his work at WatchKnow project,<ref name="Absence" /> a non-profit online community devoted to rate and organize into a large directory hundreds of thousands of short videos and other media, making it simple to find every subject taught to school kids watchable on one website.<ref name="About WatchKnow" /> Business Edge Services and Technologies, Inc. recently completed the project under the direction of Larry Sanger.<ref name="prweb">
{{cite news
| first =
| last =
| title = Business Edge Works with Wikipedia Co-Founder to Launch WatchKnow.org
| url = http://www.prweb.com/releases/2009/11/prweb3262134.htm
| work = Vocus, Inc.
| date = November 27, 2009
| accessdate = 2009-12-29
}}</ref>
Sanger is executive director of the new system.<ref name="About WatchKnow">
{{cite news
| first =
| last =
| title = About WatchKnow
| url = http://www.watchknow.org/About.aspx
| work = WatchKnow.org
| date =
| accessdate = 2009-12-29
}}</ref>

In April 2010 Sanger sent a letter to the [[FBI]] detailing his concern that [[WikiCommons]] was hosting [[child pornography]] in its [[pedophilia]] and [[lolicon]] categories later clarified as "obscene visual representations of the abuse of children".<ref name="BBC News">{{cite news
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/10104946.stm
| title = Wikimedia pornography row deepens as Wales cedes rights
| work = BBC News
| date = May 10, 2010
| accessdate = 2010-05-19
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Metz|first=Cade|title=Jimbo Wales exiles 'porn' from Wikiland|url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/05/09/wikimedia_pron_purge/|accessdate=9 October 2010|newspaper=The Register|date=May 9, 2010}}</ref> Sanger said that he felt obligated to report it because he realized the statutes required that one do so or risk prosecution.<ref>{{cite news|last=Farrell|first=Nick|title=Wikipedia denies child abuse allegations:  Co-founder grassed the outfit to the FBI |url=http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1603521/wikipedia-denies-child-abuse-allegations|accessdate=9 October 2010|newspaper=The Inquirer|date=April 29, 2010}}</ref> The Register wrote that the law says "it is not a required element of any offense under this section that the minor depicted actually exist."<ref name="The Register">
{{cite news
| author =
| title = Wikifounder reports Wikiparent to FBI over 'child porn'
| url = http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/04/09/sanger_reports_wikimedia_to_the_fbi/
| work = [[The Register]]
| date = April 9, 2010
| accessdate = 2010-05-18
}}</ref>

== Selected writings ==

A partial list of academic work, essays, and presentations Sanger has written:<ref name="Larry_Sanger">
{{cite news
| first = Larry
| last = Sanger
| title = Larry Sanger
| url = http://larrysanger.org/
| publisher = larrysanger.org
| accessdate = 2007-10-04
}}</ref>

; Academic work
* Epistemic Circularity: An Essay on the Problem of Meta-Justification – doctoral thesis.<ref name="Enlightenment" />
* Descartes' methods and their theoretical background – bachelor thesis.<ref name="Sanger Works" />

; Essays
* [http://www.eupjournals.com/doi/pdf/10.3366/E1742360008000543 The Fate of Expertise after Wikipedia] (160k PDF). ''Episteme – Edinburgh University Press'', February 2009.
* Education 2.0. ''The Focus Online'', June 2007.
* [http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/sanger07/sanger07_index.html Who Says We Know: On The New Politics of Knowledge]. ''Edge Foundation'' – Edge Reality Club, April 2007.
* [http://www.citizendium.org/whyczwillsucceed.html Why the ''Citizendium'' Will (Probably) Succeed]. ''Citizendium'', March 2007.
* [http://edge.org/q2007/q07_14.html#sanger Humanity's Coming Enlightenment]. ''Edge Foundation'' – World Question Center, 2007.
* [http://www.citizendium.org/essay.html Toward a New Compendium of Knowledge]. ''Citizendium'', September 2006.
* The Future of Free Information. ''The Digital Universe Journal'', 2006.

; Presentations
* [http://larrysanger.org/scholar_pub.html What Strong Collaboration Means for Scholarly Publishing]. Keynote at the Annual Meeting of ''Society for Scholarly Publishing'', San Francisco, CA, June 7, 2007.
* [http://www.citizendium.org/collab_prof.html How to Think about Strong Collaboration among Professionals]. Keynote at the ''Handelsblatt IT Congress'', Bonn, Germany, January 30, 2007.
* [http://www.citizendium.org/roomforexperts.html Why Make Room for Experts in Web 2.0?]. Opening keynote at the SDForum, ''The Business of New Media'', Santa Clara, CA, October 25, 2006.

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Larry Sanger}}
{{wikinews|Larry Sanger announces Wikipedia fork}}
* [http://larrysanger.org/ Larry Sanger] – Sanger's personal website.
* {{srlink|User:Larry Sanger|User:Larry Sanger}} – Sanger's account on the English Wikipedia.
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Larry_Sanger/Origins_of_Wikipedia&oldid=39843351 User:Larry Sanger/Origins of Wikipedia] – An essay discussing the origins of Wikipedia.
* [http://enlightenment.supersaturated.com/essays/text/larrysanger/diss/index.html Epistemic Circularity: An Essay on the Problem of Meta-Justification] – index.
* [http://www.elektrischer-reporter.de/index.php/site/film/11/ Video interview: Larry Sanger talks about Wikipedia and his plans with Citizendium] – Mostly in English, with a German introduction and subtitles.

{{Wikipediahistory}}

{{good article}}

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| DATE OF DEATH     =
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[[Category:History of Wikipedia]]
[[Category:Ohio State University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Anchorage, Alaska]]
[[Category:People from Bellevue, Washington]]
[[Category:Reed College alumni]]

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