Revision 848887 of "Մասնակից:Samo04/ավազարկղ3" on hywiki

==Պատմություն==
{{Հիմնական|Դանիայի պատմություն}}


===Նախապատմություն===
Առաջին հնագիտական բացահայտումները Դանիայում վերաբերվում են մ.թ.ա. 130,000–110,000 թվականներին:<ref>Michaelsen (2002), p. 19.</ref> Դանիան բնակեցվել է մոտավորապես մ.թ.ա. 12.500 թվականին, իսկ գյուղատնտեսությունը այստեղ զարգացել է մոտ մ.թ.ա 3900 թվականից:<ref name="foreign ministry">{{cite web|last=Nielsen|first=Poul Otto|month=May |year=2003|url=http://www.um.dk/Publikationer/UM/English/Denmark/kap6/6-1.asp|title=Denmark: History, Prehistory|publisher=Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs|accessdate=1 May 2006 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20051122020555/http://www.um.dk/Publikationer/UM/English/Denmark/kap6/6-1.asp |archivedate=22 November 2005}}</ref> Դանիայի տարածքում հայտնաբերվել են նաև [[Բրոնզե դար]]յա (1800–600 մ.թ.ա) դամբարաններ և գերեզմանատներ, որտեղ թաղված են եղել բրոնզե տարատեսակ իրեր և Արևային սայլեր:

[[Երկաթե դար]]ի ընթացքում տեղաբնակները սկսեցին գաղթել հարավ, Հռոմեական կայսրության ժամանակ հռոմեկան պրովինցիաները սկսեցին առևտրով զբաղվել տեղի ցեղերի հետ, այդ մասին են վկայում Դանիայի տարածքում գտվախ հռոմեական մետաղադրամները: Մեծ է եղել նաև Կելտական մշակույթի հետևանքները տարածաշրջանի վրա, այս մասին են վկայում երկրի տարածքում գտվնած կելտական սպասքը և տարատեսակ այլ իրեր:

[[Պատկեր:Trundholm.jpg|thumb|left|Արևային սայլակի ոսկեջրված մասը:]]
Պատմաբանները հավատում են որ դանիացիների նախնիները եկել են Դանիական կղզիների հարավից ([[Զիլանդ (Դանիա)|Զիլանդ]]) և խոսում էին վաղ գերմանական լեզուներով, իսկ [[Յուտլանդիա]]յի և մոտակա կղզիների մեծ մասը բնակեցվել են Յուտերի կողմից:  Հետագայում նրանք հրավիրվեցին Մեծ Բրիտանիա որպես վարձկաններ Բրիտանական թագավոր [[Վորտիգերն]]ի կողմից և բնակություն հաստատեցին [[Քենթ]]ի հարավ-արևելյան մասում, [[Ուեյտ կղզի]]ն նույնպես այն կղզիներից էր, որտեղ նրանք բնակություն հաստատեցին: Հետագայում նրանք ենթարկվեցի էթնիկ զտման անգլո-սաքսոնների կողմից: Մնացած բնակչությունը զտվեց Դան ժողովրդի հետ:

===Միջին դարեր===
{{Main|Viking Age|Kalmar Union}}
[[File:Ladbyskibet.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Ladby ship]], the largest ship burial found in Denmark]]
From the 8th to the 10th century, the [[Danish people|Danes]] were known as [[Vikings]]. Together with [[Norwegians]] and [[Swedes]], they colonised, raided and traded in all parts of [[Europe]]. Viking explorers first discovered [[Iceland]] by accident in the 9th century, on the way towards the [[Faroe Islands]] and eventually came across "[[Vinland]]" (Land of wine) also known today as [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]], in [[Canada]]. The Danish Vikings were most active in the [[British Isles]] and [[Western Europe]]. They temporarily conquered and settled parts of [[England]] (known as the [[Danelaw]]), [[Ireland]] and [[France]] where they founded [[Normandy]]. More [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] [[pence]] of this period have been found in Denmark than in England. As attested by the [[Jelling stones]], the Danes were united and [[Christianised]] about 965 by [[Harald Bluetooth]]. It is believed that Denmark became Christian for political reasons so as not to get invaded by the rising [[Holy Roman Empire|Christian power]] in [[Europe]], [[Germania]], which was an important trading area for the Danes. In that case Harald built six [[fortresses]] around Denmark called [[Viking ring fortress|Trelleborg]] and built a further [[Danevirke]]. In the early 11th century [[Canute the Great]] won and united Denmark, England and Norway for almost 30 years.<ref>* {{cite web| last =Lund| first =Niels| date =May 2003| url =http://www.um.dk/Publikationer/UM/English/Denmark/kap6/6-2.asp| archiveurl =http://web.archive.org/web/20060510174200/http://www.um.dk/Publikationer/UM/English/Denmark/kap6/6-2.asp| archivedate =10 May 2006| title =Denmark – History – The Viking Age| work =Denmark| publisher =Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs| accessdate =1 May 2006| accessdate =24 June 2012 }}
* [http://www.tacitus.nu/historical-atlas/scandinavia/denmark.htm Historical Atlas of Denmark]</ref>

Throughout the [[High Middle Ages|High]] and [[Late Middle Ages]], Denmark also included [[Skåneland]] ([[Skåne]], [[Halland]] and [[Blekinge]]) and Danish kings ruled [[Danish Estonia]], as well as the [[duchy|duchies]] of [[Schleswig]] and [[Holstein]]. Most of the latter two now form the state of [[Schleswig-Holstein]] in northern [[Germany]]. 

In 1397, Denmark entered into a [[personal union]] with [[Norway]] and [[Sweden-Finland|Sweden]], united under Queen [[Margaret I of Denmark|Margaret I]]. The three countries were to be treated as equals in the union. However, even from the start Margaret may not have been so idealistic—treating Denmark as the clear "senior" partner of the union.<ref name="Lauring">Palle Lauring, ''A History of the Kingdom of Denmark'' (Host & Son Co.: Copenhagen, 1960) p. 108.</ref> Thus, much of the next 125 years of [[History of Scandinavia|Scandinavian history]] revolves around this union, with Sweden breaking off and being re-conquered repeatedly. The issue was for practical purposes resolved on 17 June 1523, as [[List of Swedish monarchs|Swedish King]] [[Gustav I of Sweden|Gustav Vasa]] conquered the city of [[Stockholm]].

The [[Protestant Reformation]] came to Scandinavia in the 1530s, and following the [[Count's Feud]] civil war, Denmark converted to [[Lutheranism]] in 1536. Later that year, Denmark entered into a [[Denmark-Norway|union with Norway]].

=== Վաղ ժամանակակից պատմություն ===
{{main|Denmark–Norway}}
[[File:Slaget ved oland maleri av claus moinichen 1686.jpg|thumb|[[Battle of Öland]] between an allied [[Denmark–Norway|Dano-Norwegian]]-[[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] fleet and the Swedish navy, 1 June 1676.]]
After Sweden permanently broke away from the Kalmar Union in 1523, Denmark tried on two occasions to reassert control over Sweden. The first was in the [[Northern Seven Years War]] which lasted from 1563 until 1570. The second occasion was the [[Kalmar War]] when King [[Christian IV of Denmark|Christian IV]] attacked Sweden in 1611 but failed to accomplish his main objective of forcing Sweden to return to the union with Denmark. The war led to no territorial changes, but Sweden was forced to pay a [[war reparations|war indemnity]] of 1&nbsp;million silver [[Swedish riksdaler|riksdaler]] to Denmark, an amount known as the ''[[Treaty of Stettin (1570)|Älvsborg ransom]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smb.nu/svenskakrig/1611.asp|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071011111014/http://smb.nu/svenskakrig/1611.asp|archivedate=11 October 2007 |title=Kalmarkriget 1611–1613 |accessdate=4 May 2007 |publisher=Svenskt Militärhistoriskt Bibliotek}}</ref>

King Christian used this money to found several towns and fortresses, most notably [[Glückstadt]] (founded as a rival to [[Hamburg]]), [[Oslo|Christiania]] (following a fire destroying the original city of [[Oslo]]), [[Christianshavn]], [[Kristianstad|Christianstad]] and [[Kristiansand|Christiansand]]. Christian also constructed a number of buildings, most notably [[Børsen]], [[Rundetårn]], [[Nyboder]], [[Rosenborg Castle|Rosenborg]], a [[Kongsberg|silver mine]] and a [[Kupfermühle|copper mill]].<!--less important were Christianspris (near Kiel) and Christianopel (near Brømsebro in Blekinge) --> Inspired by the [[Dutch East India Company]], he founded a similar [[Danish East India Company|Danish company]] and planned to claim [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] as a colony, but the company only managed to acquire [[Tharangambadi|Tranquebar]] on [[India]]'s [[Coromandel Coast]]. Denmark's large [[Danish colonial empire|colonial aspirations]] were limited to a few key [[trading posts]] in Africa and India.

In the [[Thirty Years' War]], Christian tried to become the leader of the [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] [[States of Germany|states in Germany]] but suffered a crushing defeat at the [[Battle of Lutter]].<ref>Parker, pp. 69–70.</ref> The result was that the Catholic army under [[Albrecht von Wallenstein]] was able to invade, occupy and pillage Jutland,<ref>Parker, p. 70.</ref> forcing Denmark [[Treaty of Lübeck|to withdraw from the war]]. Denmark managed to avoid territorial concessions, but [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden|Gustavus Adolphus]]' intervention in Germany was seen as a sign that the military power of Sweden was on the rise while Denmark's influence in the region was declining. Swedish armies [[Torstenson War|invaded Jutland]] in 1643 and claimed Skåne in 1644. According to [[Geoffrey Parker (historian)|Geoffrey Parker]], "The Swedish occupation caused a drop in agricultural production and a shortage of capital; harvest failure and [[Black Death|plague]] ravaged the land between 1647 and 1651; Denmark's population fell by 20 per cent."<ref>Geoffrey Parker (2001). "''Europe in crisis, 1598–1648''". Wiley-Blackwell. p.205. ISBN 0-631-22028-3</ref>

In the 1645 [[Second Treaty of Brömsebro (1645)|Treaty of Brømsebro]], Denmark surrendered Halland, [[Gotland]], the last parts of Danish Estonia, and several provinces in Norway. In 1657, king [[Frederick III of Denmark|Frederick III]] declared war on Sweden and marched on [[Bremen-Verden]]. This led to a massive Danish defeat and the armies of King [[Charles X Gustav]] of Sweden conquered both [[Jutland]], [[Funen]] and much of [[Zealand]] before signing the [[Treaty of Roskilde|Peace of Roskilde]] in February 1658 which gave Sweden control of [[Skåne]], [[Blekinge]], [[Trøndelag]] and the island of [[Bornholm]]. Charles X Gustav quickly regretted not having destroyed Denmark completely and in August 1658 he began a two-year long siege of [[Copenhagen]] but failed to take the capital. In the following peace settlement, Denmark managed to maintain its independence and regain control of Trøndelag and Bornholm. 

Denmark tried to regain control of Skåne in the [[Scanian War]] (1675–79) but this attempt was a failure. Following the [[Great Northern War]] (1700–21), Denmark managed to restore control of the parts of [[Schleswig]] and [[Holstein]] ruled by the house of [[Holstein-Gottorp]] in 1721 and 1773, respectively. In the [[Napoleonic Wars]], Denmark originally tried to pursue a policy of neutrality and trade with both [[First French Empire|France]] and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] and joined the [[Second League of Armed Neutrality|League of Armed Neutrality]] with [[Russian Empire|Russia]], Sweden and [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]]. The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] considered this a hostile act and attacked Copenhagen in both [[Battle of Copenhagen (1801)|1801]] and [[Battle of Copenhagen (1807)|1807]], in one case carrying off the [[Royal Danish Navy|Danish fleet]], in the other, burning large parts of the Danish capital. This led to the so-called Danish-British [[Gunboat War]], but the British control of the waterways between Denmark and Norway proved disastrous to the union's economy and in 1813, Denmark-Norway went [[bankruptcy|bankrupt]]. The Danish-Norwegian union was dissolved by the [[Treaty of Kiel]] in 1814. Norway entered a new union with Sweden which lasted until 1905. Denmark kept the colonies of [[Iceland]], [[Faroe Islands]] and [[Greenland]]. Apart from the Nordic colonies, Denmark ruled over [[Danish India]] ([[Tranquebar]] in [[India]]) from 1620 to 1869, the [[Danish Gold Coast]] ([[Ghana]]) from 1658 to 1850, and the [[Danish West Indies]] (the [[United States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]) from 1671 to 1917.

===Սահմանադրական միապետություն===
[[File:Grundlovgivende rigsforsamling - Constantin Hansen.jpg|thumb|left|''Den Grundlovsgivende Rigsforsamling'' (The founding fathers of the [[Constitution of Denmark|Danish constitution]]), 1860–1864 painting by [[Constantin Hansen]].]]
The Danish liberal and national movement gained momentum in the 1830s, and after the European [[Revolutions of 1848]] Denmark peacefully became a [[constitutional monarchy]] on 5 June 1849. After the [[Second Schleswig War|Second War of Schleswig]] (Danish: ''Slesvig'') in 1864, Denmark was forced to cede [[Province of Schleswig-Holstein|Schleswig and Holstein]] to [[Prussia]], in a defeat that left deep marks on the Danish national identity.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} After these events, Denmark pursued a policy of neutrality in Europe.

After the defeat of Germany in World War I, the [[Treaty of Versailles|Versailles powers]] offered to return the then-German region of Schleswig-Holstein to Denmark. Fearing German [[irredentism]], Denmark refused to consider the return of the area and insisted on a [[plebiscite]] concerning the return of Schleswig. The two [[Schleswig Plebiscites]] took place on 10 February and 14 March, respectively. On 10 July 1920, after the plebiscite and the King's signature (9 July) on the reunion document, Northern Schleswig (Sønderjylland) was recovered by Denmark, thereby adding 163,600 inhabitants and 3,984&nbsp;km². The reunion day (Genforeningsdag) is celebrated every year 15 June on Valdemarsdag.
[[File:Tratado de Lisboa 13 12 2007 (081).jpg|thumb|Denmark became a member of the [[European Union]] in 1973 and signed the [[Lisbon Treaty]] in 2007.]]

[[Germany]]'s [[invasion]] of Denmark on 9 April 1940&nbsp; – code named [[Operation Weserübung]]&nbsp; – met only two hours of military resistance before the Danish government surrendered. Economic co-operation between Germany and Denmark continued until 1943, when the Danish government refused further co-operation and [[Royal Danish Navy|its navy]] sank most of its ships and sent as many of their officers as they could to Sweden. During the war, the government was helpful towards the Danish Jewish minority, and the Danish resistance performed a [[Rescue of the Danish Jews|rescue operation]] that managed to get most of them to Sweden and safety shortly before the Germans planned to round up the Danish Jews. Denmark led many "inside operations" or sabotage against the German facilities. [[Iceland]] severed ties to Denmark and became an independent republic, and in 1948, the [[Faroe Islands]] gained [[home rule]]. 

After the war, Denmark became one of the founding members of the [[United Nations]] and [[NATO]], and in 1973, along with Britain and Ireland, joined the [[European Economic Community]] (now the [[European Union]]) after a [[Danish European Communities membership referendum, 1972|public referendum]]. The [[Maastricht treaty]] was ratified after a further referendum in 1993 and the subsequent addition of concessions for Denmark under the [[Edinburgh Agreement]].
[[Greenland]] gained [[home rule]] in 1979 and was awarded [[self-determination]] in 2009. Neither Greenland nor the Faroe Islands are members of the European Union, the Faroese declining membership in EEC from 1973 and Greenland from 1986, in both cases because of fisheries policies.

Despite its modest size, Denmark has been participating in major UN sanctioned, and often NATO led, military and humanitarian operations notably including: [[Cyprus dispute|Cyprus]], [[Bosnian War|Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Korean War|Korea]], [[Suez Crisis|Egypt]], [[Croatian War of Independence|Croatia]], [[Kosovo War|Kosovo]], Ethiopia, [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|Afghanistan]], Iraq, [[Somali Civil War|Somalia]] and recently Libya. In 2009 [[Anders Fogh Rasmussen]] resigned as Prime Minister of Denmark to become the Secretary General of NATO.