Revision 5897804 of "Bahasa Malayan" on idwiki

{{Infobox language
|image=Asiangarian Language in Austronesian Scripts.png
|imagesize=350x192px
|name=Greater Malayan
|nativename=''Bahasa Malaya''
|states= [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapura]], [[Brunei]], [[Filipina]], [[Thailand]] <br />
|familycolor=Austronesian
|fam2=[[Rumpun bahasa Melayu-Polinesia|Melayu-Polinesia]]
|fam3=[[Rumpun bahasa Melayu-Polinesia Inti|Melayu-Polinesia Inti]]
|fam4=[[Bahasa Sunda-Sulawesi|Sunda–Sulawesi]]
|fam5=[[Bahasa-bahasa Malayik|Melayuni]]
|fam6=[[Malaya|Malaya]]
|script=[[Kawi]], [[Aksara Jawa|Javo]]-[[Aksara Bali|Bali]], Baybayin
|iso1=wia|iso2=wia|iso3=wia
}}

'''Bahasa Malaya Sedaerah''' (atau '''Bahasa Malaya''' saja) adalah bahasa pendahulu dialek [[bahasa Melayu|Melayu]] berdasarkan Melayu [[Maluku]] ("[[Johor]]"). Namun, [[tatabahasa]] dan [[kosakata]]nya terutama didasarkan pada bentuk yang lebih tua dari Melayu Masakini: yakni, [[Melayu Kuna]]. Bahasa ini saat ini digunakan untuk [[lingua franca|basantara]] negara-negara yang berbahasa Indonesia atau Malaysia seperti Indonesia, Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia, Singapura, Thailand Selatan, Filipina dan Madagaskar. Keberkaitpautan bahasa ini adalah keutamaan tinggi dalam perkembangan Melayu yang pernah digunakan sebagai basantara [[Asia Tenggara]], meliputi Thailand, [[Vietnam]], [[India]], [[Kamboja]], [[Myanmar]], [[Cina]] Selatan dan [[Laos]]. Bahasa ini kini digunakan sebagai bahasa perantara untuk [[perdagangan]], [[perniagaan]], [[politik]], [[diplomasi]], keresmian, antargaul, antar[[budaya]], [[perguruan tinggi]], [[hukum]], [[kedokteran|perobatan]] dan kesatuan [[kawasan]]. Penurunan penggunaan bahasa ini datang pada [[Abad Pertengahan]] ketika [[Kerajaan]] Melayu (seperti [[Kesultanan Malaka]], Kerajaan [[Majapahit]] dan [[Sriwijaya]]) runtuh dan digantikan oleh Penaklukan [[Islam]] dan [[Penjajahan]] Eropa.

'''Berikut ialah daftar nama bahasa yang digunakan oleh bahasa lainnya di Asia Tenggara pada Abad Pertengahan:'''
* [[Bahasa Indonesia|Indonesia]]/[[Bahasa Malaysia|Malaysia]]: '''''Bahasa Malaya Sedaerah'''''
* [[Jawi]]: <big><big>بهاس السكة،وسن آسيافيخير</big></big>
* [[Bahasa Filipina|Filipina]]: '''''Wikang Loob-rehiyon Malaya'''''
* [[Bahasa Thai|Thai]]: <big><big>เป็นชิ้นภาษากรัมภายในภูมิภาค</big></big>
* [[Mandarin]]: <big>法昂雅利安區域語</big>
* [[Tamil]]: <big>ஆசியாஏரியா பிராந்திய மொழி</big>
* [[Bahasa Vietnam|Vietnam]]: '''''Đông Nam Á Nội Vùng ngôn ngữ '''''
* [[Hindi]]: <big>अस्यिएन्गारिअन क्षेत्रीय भाषा</big>

== Perbedaan antara Melayu Masakini ==
Bahasa Malaya adalah [[bahasa sintetis|bahasa bebuatan]]-lekatubah (''synthetic agglutinative language'') yang dikarenakan oleh banyaknya jumlah pelekatubah (''inflection'') dan [[imbuhan]] digunakan secara bersamaan tidak seperti Melayu Masakini yang merupakan [[bahasa aglutinatif|bahasa lekatubah]] saja. Perbedaan utama dalam hal bahasa adalah adanya [[kata sandang]] (''grammatical articles''), bentuk [[jamak]] (''plurals''), bentuk aspek (''grammatical aspect''), bentuk [[kata kerja]] (''verb tenses'') dan bentuk suasana batin (''grammatical mood''), bentuk pengandaian (''grammatical modality'') dan bentuk kadan (''grammatical case'') sebagai bagian dari ciri khususnya. Bahasa rendah hati (''humble language'') dan bahasa [[kehormatan]] (''honorific language'') adalah keistimewaan bahasa Malaya.
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=== Asbadasa Principle ===
The Asbadasa Principle was the first of the three main principles of Greater Malayan. This principle states that [[grammatical article]]s, gerunds and plurals are essential in Greater Malayan as these details assist in the specificity of meaning of a [[clause]]. The word "asbadasa" refers to affixes that are appended to words forming plurals, gerunds and articles.

'''Examples of asbadasa by using ''buah'' (fruit):'''
* ''buah'' + ''as'' = "fruits"
* ''ba'' + ''buah'' : ''babuah'' = "the fruit"
* ''sa'' + ''buah'' : ''sabuah'' = "a fruit"

=== Purtaniat Principle ===
The Purtaniat Principle was the second of the three main principles of Greater Malayan. This principle states that [[grammatical aspect|aspect]] and tenses are essential in Greater Malayan as these details assist in the specificity of meaning of a [[clause]]. The word "purtaniat" refers to affixes that are appended to words forming tenses and aspects.

'''Examples of purtaniat by using ''makan'' (to eat) to indicate aspects of the present tense:'''
* ''makan'' : "eat" (''present simple'')
* ''da'' + ''makan'' = ''damakan'' : "eating" (''present progressive'')
* ''pur'ba'' + ''makan'' = ''pur'bamakan'' : "have eaten" (''present perfect'')
* ''pur'da'' + ''makan'' = ''pur'damakan'' : "have been eating" (''present perfect progressive'')
* ''makan'' + ''nida'' = ''makan'nida'' : "about to eat" (''present malcomplete'')
* ''makan'' + ''niba'' = ''makan'niba'' : "almost (completely) eat" (''present malperfect'')

'''Aspects of the past tense:'''
* ''makan'' + ''at'' = ''makan'at'' : "ate" (''past simple'')
* ''da'' + ''makan'' + ''at'' = ''damakan'at'' : "was eating" (''past progressive'')
* ''pur'ba'' + ''makan'' + ''at'' = ''pur'bamakan'at'' : "had eaten" (''past perfect'')
* ''pur'da'' + ''makan'' + ''at'' = ''pur'damakan'at'' : "had been eating" (''past perfect progressive'')
* ''makan'' + ''niya'' = ''makan'niya'' : "almost ate" (''past malcomplete'')
* ''makan'' + ''niwa'' = ''makan'niwa'' : "had almost eaten" (''past malperfect'')

=== Zarjah Principle ===
The Zarjah Principle was the third of the three main principles of Greater Malayan. This principle states that [[grammatical modality|modality]] and [[grammatical mood|mood]]s are essential in Greater Malayan as these details assist in the specificity of meaning of a [[clause]]. The word "zarjah" refers to affixes that are appended to words forming moods and modality.

'''Examples of grammatical mood:'''
* -''iza'' > ''John makan'''iz''' jikalau ia lapar.'' : "John would eat if he '''were''' hungry." (''subjunctive mood'')
* -''ija''/''iya'' > ''John makan''''ya''' jikalau ia lapar.'' : "John '''would eat''' if he were hungry." (''conditional mood'')
* -''yi'' > ''Pergi''''i'''!'' : "Go'''!'''" (''imperative mood'')
* -''iqa''/''iuk'' > ''Pergi''''uk'''!'' : "'''Let's''' go!" (''volitional mood'')

'''Examples of grammatical modality:'''
* -''ima'' > ''John da'apat''''im''' uang banyak.'' : "John '''must be''' earning a lot of money." (''presumptive modality'')
* -''ipa'' > ''John buk''''ip''' ba'selubung-yani 'purwa.'' : "John '''can open''' the computer('s) case." (''abilitative modality'')
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=== Asas Karaka ===
Asas Karaka adalah asas tan-wajib yang berasal dari [[bahasa Sansekerta]] merupakan penambahan kadan tatabahasa dan secara tan-wajib digunakan (biasanya dalam [[ragam bahasa]] tinggi (''high register'')) dalam bahasa Malaya. Para ahli tatabahasa, Panini, mencirikan delapan peran artian atau karaka, yang terkait dengan delapan kasus tatabahasa bahasa Malaya ([[kasus nominatif|nominatif]], akusatif, instrumental/sosial, datif, ablatif, genitif, lokatif, dan vokatif),<ref>Amba Kulkarni and Peter Scharf (eds), ''[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=t2f1hneiV08C&pg=PA68 Perhitungan Ilmu Bahasa Sansekerta: Sarasehan Antarbangsa Rocquencourt Pertama dan Kedua, Perancis, Oktober 29-31, 2007 dan Providence, RI, Amerika Serikat, 15 Mei -17, 2008, Makalah Terpilih Revisi]'', Volume 5402 Catatan Per[[kuliah]]an dalam [[Kecerdasan Buatan]], Springer, 2009, ISBN 3-642-00154-8, pp. 64–68.</ref> tetapi tidak setara satu-demi-satu.

'''Kedelapan Karaka adalah:<ref>''' Pieter Cornelis Verhagen,'' [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=5vmaX_JQzc4C&pg=PA281 Buku Panduan: Pengkajian Timur-Asia: India. Sejarah sastra tata bahasa Sansekerta di Tibet, Volume 2]'', BRILL, 2001, ISBN 90-04-11882-9, hal. 281 </ref>.
* Pelaku (''-pati'', terkait dengan nominatif)
* Pekorban (''-tama'', terkait dengan akusatif)
* Sarana (''-vana'', terkait dengan instrumental/sosial)
* Penerima (''-sada'', terkait dengan datif)
* Sumber (''-dana'', terkait dengan ablatif)
* Milik (''-yani'', terkait dengan genitif) 
* Tempat (''-kani'', terkait dengan lokatif)
* Sapa (''-anda'', terkait dengan vokatif)

'''Perhatikan kalimat berikut:'''
{| style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;"
| ''poho''''dana''''' || ''daun''''ati''''' || ''jatuh'' || ''tana''''kani''''' || 
|-
| '''dari''' pohon || selembar daun || jatuh ||'''ke''' tanah
|-
| colspan="4" | "selembar daun jatuh dari pohon"
|}

Di sini ''daun'' adalah "agen", ''pohon'' adalah "sumber", dan ''tanah'' is the "lokus", yang mengungkapkan akhiran ''-'dana'', ''-'pati'' and ''-'kani'' secara berurutan.
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=== Honorific and humble language ===
'''Greater Malayan had five standard [[register (sociolinguistics)|register]]s:'''
* ''Karib'' : "Intimate" (''best friends, [[soulmate]]'')
* ''Gaul'' : "Familiar" (''[[friend]]s and [[family]]'')
* ''Malaresmi'' : "Informal" (''daily usage'')
* ''Santun'' : "Polite" (''standard'')
* ''Resmi'' : "Formal" (''[[formal education]], [[science|scientific]]/[[academic]] disciplines, [[welfare]]'')

'''In addition, two high prestige registers:'''
* ''Hamba'' : "Humble"
* ''Mahadi'' : "Honorific"

Only the the five standard registers was commonly used in Greater Malayan whereas the later high prestige registers was only be used by people working in politics, law, monarchy, and government bodies.

'''Examples of register usage by using ''terima'' (to receive) (applicable for sentences ending in verbs only):'''
* ''Wa terima'' + ''keu'' (masculine) or ''neu'' (feminine) = ''Wa terima'keu'' : "I receive" (''intimate tone'')
* ''Gua terima'' + ''keh/neh'' = ''Gua terima'neh'' : "I receive" (''familiar tone'')
* ''Aku terima'' + ''i(di)'' = ''Aku terim'i'' : "I receive" (''informal tone'')
* ''Saya terima'' + ''ida'' = ''Saya terim'ida'' : "I receive" (''polite tone'')
* ''Sahaya terima'' + ''adiya'' = ''Sahaya terima'diya'' : "I receive" (''formal tone'')
* ''Kula terima'' + ''amba'' = ''Kula terim'ba'' : "I (humbly) receive" (''humble tone'')
* ''Panjenengan terima'' + ''anyah'' + ''?'' = ''Panjenengan terima'nyah?'' : ''lit.'' "You receive?"/"(Will) you receive?" (''honorific tone'')

'''Examples of register usage by using ''teman'' (friend) (applicable for sentences ending in other [[parts of speech]]):'''
* ''Sateman'' + ''seu'' (masculine) or ''veu'' (feminine) = ''Saterima'seu'' : "A friend" (''intimate tone'')
* ''Sateman'' + ''seh/veh'' = ''Sateman'veh'' : "A friend" (''familiar tone'')
* ''Sateman'' + ''is(i)'' = ''Sateman'is'' : "A friend" (''informal tone'')
* ''Sateman'' + ''isa'' = ''Sateman'isa'' : "A friend" (''polite tone'')
* ''Sateman'' + ''adisa'' = ''Sateman'disa'' : "A friend" (''formal tone'')
* ''Sateman'' + ''amsa'' = ''Sateman'sa'' : "A (humble) friend" (''humble tone'')
* ''Sateman'' + ''asyah'' + ''?'' = ''Sateman'syah?'' : ''lit.'' "You friend?"/"Are you a friend?" (''honorific tone'')

The usage of the correct register is essential in Greater Malayan as the case in Javanese, [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Korean language|Korean]] and other languages that use this system.-->

== Lihat pula ==
* [[Bahasa Austronesia]]
* [[Bahasa Malaya]]
* [[Bahasa Melayu]] [[Maluku]]
* [[Bahasa]] [[Melayu Riau]]

== Rujukan ==
<references />