Difference between revisions 122225 and 122915 on kmwiki

{{Not Khmer}}

{{two other uses||data in computer science|Data (computing)}}
{{pp-move-indef}}

<!--  Editors: please keep the count/mass discussion and etymology in the body, not the intro.  -->


'''ទិន្នន័យ''' ({{lang-en|Data}}) are values of [[Qualitative data|qualitative]] or [[Quantitative data|quantitative]] [[variable and attribute (research)|variable]]s, belonging to a set of items. Data in [[computing]] (or [[data processing]]) are often represented by a combination of items organized in rows and  [[multivariate analysis|multiple variables]] organized in columns. Data are typically the results of measurements and can be [[data visualisation|visualised]] using [[graph (data structure)|graph]]s or [[image]]s. Data as an abstract concept can be viewed as the lowest level of [[abstraction]] from which information and then knowledge are derived. ''[[Raw data]]'', i.e., unprocessed data, refers to a collection of [[number]]s, [[character (computing)|characters]] and is a relative term; data processing commonly occurs by stages, and the "processed data" from one stage may be considered the "raw data" of the next. [[Field work|Field data]] refers to raw data collected in an uncontrolled [[in situ]] environment. [[Experimental data]] refers to data generated within the context of a scientific investigation by observation and recording.

The word ''data'' is the plural of ''datum'', [[Grammatical gender|neuter]] [[past participle]] of the [[Latin]] ''dare'', "to give", hence "something given". In discussions of problems in [[geometry]], [[mathematics]], [[engineering]], and so on, the terms ''givens'' and ''data'' are used interchangeably. Such usage is the origin of ''data'' as a concept in [[computer science]] or [[data processing]]: data are numbers, words, images, etc., accepted as they stand.

==Meaning of data, information and knowledge==
The terms [[data]], [[information]] and [[knowledge]] are frequently used for overlapping concepts. The main difference is in the level of [[abstraction]] being considered.  Data is the lowest level of abstraction, information is the next level, and finally, knowledge is the highest level among all three.<ref>
{{cite web
 |author=Akash Mitra
 |year=2011
 |title=Classifying data for successful modeling
 |url=http://www.dwbiconcepts.com/data-warehousing/12-data-modelling/101-classifying-data-for-successful-modeling.html
}}</ref>  Data on its own carries no meaning. For data to become information, it must be interpreted and take on a meaning. For example, the height of [[Mt. Everest]] is generally considered as "data", a book on Mt. Everest geological characteristics may be considered as "information", and a report containing practical information on the best way to reach Mt. Everest's peak may be considered as "knowledge".

Information as a concept bears a diversity of meanings, from everyday usage to technical settings. Generally speaking, the concept of information is closely related to notions of constraint, communication, control, data, form, instruction, knowledge, meaning, mental stimulus, pattern, perception, and representation.<!--given by nupur seth-->

Beynon-Davies uses the concept of a [[sign]] to distinguish between data and information; data are symbols while information occurs when symbols are used to refer to something.<ref>
*{{cite book
 |author=P. Beynon-Davies
 |year=2002
 |title=Information Systems: An introduction to informatics in organisations
 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |location=Basingstoke, UK
 |isbn=0-333-96390-3
}}
*{{cite book
 |author=P. Beynon-Davies
 |year=2009
 |title=Business information systems
 |publisher=Palgrave |location=Basingstoke, UK
 |isbn=978-0-230-20368-6
}}
</ref>

It is people and computers who collect data and impose patterns on it. These patterns are seen as information which can be used to enhance knowledge. These patterns can be interpreted as truth, and are authorized as aesthetic and ethical criteria. Events that leave behind perceivable physical or virtual remains can be traced back through data. Marks are no longer considered data once the link between the mark and observation is broken.<ref>
{{cite book
 |author=Sharon Daniel
 |title=The Database: An Aesthetics of Dignity
}}
</ref>

Mechanical computing devices are classified according to the means by which they represent data. An [[analog computer]] represents a datum as a voltage, distance, position, or other physical quantity. A [[Computer|digital computer]] represents a datum as a sequence of symbols drawn from a fixed [[alphabet]]. The most common digital computers use a binary alphabet, that is, an alphabet of two characters, typically denoted "0" and "1". More familiar representations, such as numbers or letters, are then constructed from the binary alphabet.

Some special forms of data are distinguished. A [[computer program]] is a collection of data, which can be interpreted as instructions. Most computer languages make a distinction between programs and the other data on which programs operate, but in some languages, notably [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]] and similar languages, programs are essentially indistinguishable from other data. It is also useful to distinguish [[metadata]], that is, a description of other data. A similar yet earlier term for metadata is "ancillary data."  The prototypical example of metadata is the library catalog, which is a description of the contents of books.

==មើលផងដែរ==
{{div col|5}}
* [[Biological data]]
* [[Data acquisition]]
* [[Data analysis]]
* [[Data cable]]
* [[Data domain]]
* [[Data element]]
* [[Data farming]]
* [[Data governance]]
* [[Data integrity]]
* [[Data maintenance]]
* [[Data management]]
* [[Data mining]]
* [[Data modeling]]
* [[Computer data processing]]
* [[Data remanence]]
* [[Data set]]
* [[Data warehouse]]
* [[Database]]
* [[Datasheet]]
* [[Environmental data rescue]]
* [[Fieldwork]]
* [[Metadata]]
* [[Scientific data archiving]]
* [[Statistics]]
* [[Datastructure]]
{{div col end}}

==ឯកសារយោង==
{{FOLDOC}}
{{Reflist}}

==តំណភ្ជាប់ខាងក្រៅ==
{{Wiktionary}}
* [http://purl.org/nxg/note/singular-data Data is a singular noun] (a detailed assessment)

{{Statistics}}

[[Category:Data| ]]
[[Category:Computer data| ]]
[[Category:Data management]]

[[af:Data]]
[[ar:بيانات]]
[[ast:Datu]]
[[az:Verilənlər]]
[[bn:উপাত্ত]]⏎
[[be:Даныя]]
[[bg:Данни]]
[[bn:উপাত্ত]]⏎
[[bs:Podatak]]
[[ca:Dada]]
[[ckb:دراوە]]⏎
[[cs:Data]]
[[da:Data]]
[[de:Daten]]
[[el:Δεδομένα]]
[[es:Dato]]⏎
[[en:Data]]
[[eo:Datumo]]
[[es:Dato]]⏎
[[eu:Datu (estatistika)]]
[[fa:داده]]
[[fi:Data]]⏎
[[fr:Donnée]]
[[ko:자료gl:Dato]]
[[he:נתונים]]
[[hr:Podatak]]
[[idhu:Adat]]
[[ia:Datao]]
[[iad:Datoa]]
[[is:Gögn]]
[[it:Dato]]
[[gl:Dato]]
[[he:נתוניםja:データ]]
[[jv:Data]]
[[kk:Дерек]]
[[sw:Datako:자료]]
[[ky:Берилиштер]]
[[la:Data]]
[[lv:Dati]]⏎
[[lt:Duomenys]]
[[hu:Adatlv:Dati]]
[[mhr:Ыҥпале]]
[[mk:Податок]]
[[mr:विदा]]
[[ms:Data]]
[[nl:Gegeven]]
[[ja:データ]]
[[mhr:Ыҥпале]]⏎
[[pl:Dane]]
[[pt:Dados]]
[[ro:Dată]]
[[rue:Датанные]]
[[rue:Данныета]]
[[si:දත්ත]]
[[sd:اعدادd:اعداد]]
[[sh:Podatak]]
[[si:දත්ත]]
[[sl:Podatek]]
[[ckb:دراوە]]⏎
[[sr:Податак]]
[[sh:Podatak]]
[[su:Data]]
[[fi:Data]]
[[sv:Data (mönsteru:Data]]
[[sv:Data (representation)]]
[[tlsw:Datosa]]
[[ta:தரவு]]
[[th:ข้อมูล]]
[[tl:Datos]]⏎
[[tr:Veri]]
[[uk:Дані]]
[[ur:معطیات]]
[[vi:Dữ liệu]]
[[wuu:数据]]
[[yi:דאטן]]
[[zh:数据]]