Difference between revisions 213514 and 233217 on kmwiki

{{Infobox former country
|common_name = Sublime Ottoman State
|native_name = دولت عليهٔ عثمانیه <br />''Devlet-i Âliyye-i Osmâniyye''
|conventional_long_name = Ottoman Empire
|continent = Afroeurasia
|status = Empire
|event_start = [[Rise of the Ottoman Empire|Founded]]
|year_start = 1299
|date_start = 27 July
|event_end = [[Republic of Turkey]]<ref group=dn>The [[Treaty of Sèvres]] (10 August 1920) afforded a small existence to the Ottoman Empire. On 1 November 1922, the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|Grand National Assembly]] (GNAT) abolished the sultanate and declared that all the deeds of the Ottoman regime in Istanbul were null and void as of 16 March 1920, the date of the [[occupation of Constantinople]] under the terms of the Treaty of Sevres. The international recognition of the GNAT and the [[Government of the Grand National Assembly|Government of Ankara]] was achieved through the signing of the [[Treaty of Lausanne]] on 24 July 1923. The Grand National Assembly of Turkey promulgated the "[[Republic of Turkey|Republic]]" on 29 October 1923, which was the end of the Ottoman Empire in history.</ref>
|year_end = 1923
|date_end = 29 October
|event1 = [[Ottoman Interregnum|Interregnum]]
|date_event1 = 1402–1414
|event2 = [[First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)|1. Constitutional]]
|date_event2 = 1876–1878
|event3 = [[Second Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)|2. Constitutional]]
|date_event3 = 1908–1922
|event4 = [[Abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate|Sultanate abolished]] <ref group=dn>[[Mehmed VI]], the last Sultan, was expelled from Constantinople on 17 November 1922.</ref>
|date_event4 = 1 November 1922
|p1 = Byzantine Empire
|flag_p1 =
|p2 = Sultanate of Rûm
|flag_p2 = 
|p3 = Empire of Trebizond
|flag_p3 = 
|p4 = Despotate of the Morea
|flag_p4 =
|p5 = Despotate of Epirus
|flag_p5 =
|p6 = Despotate of Dobruja
|flag_p6 =
|p7 = Karamanids
|flag_p7 = Karamanid Dynasty flag.svg
|p8 = Kingdom of Bosnia
|flag_p8 =
|p9 = Second Bulgarian Empire{{!}}Bulgarian Empire
|flag_p9 = Coat of arms of the Second Bulgarian Empire.svg
|p10 = Serbian Empire
|flag_p10 = Flag of the Serbian Empire, reconstruction.svg
|p11 = League of Lezhë
|flag_p11 = Coa Kastrioti Family.svg
|p12 = Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1538){{!}}Kingdom of Hungary
|flag_p12 = Coat of Arms of Hungary Historic Design.png
|p13 = Kingdom of Croatia (medieval){{!}}Kingdom of Croatia
|flag_p13 = Coa Croatia Country History (Fojnica Armorial).svg
|border_p13   = no
|p14 = Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo){{!}}Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt
|flag_p14 = Mameluke Flag.svg
|p15 = Knights of Malta{{!}}Hospitallers of Tripolitania
|flag_p15 = Flag of the Order of St. John (various).svg
|p16 = Hafsid dynasty{{!}}Tunisia
|flag_p16 = Tunis hafsid flag.png
|p17 = Zayyanid dynasty{{!}}Algeria
|flag_p17 = Dz tlem2.gif
|s1 = Government of the Grand National Assembly{{!}}Turkish Provisional Government
|flag_s1 = Ottoman flag alternative 2.svg
|s2 = First Hellenic Republic{{!}}First Hellenic Republic
|flag_s2 = Flag of Greece (1828-1978).svg
|s3 = Khedivate of Egypt
|flag_s3 = Flag of Muhammad Ali.svg
|s4 = Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina
|flag_s4 = Flag of Bosnia (1878-1908).svg
|s5 = Emirate of Diriyah
|flag_s5 = Flag of the First Saudi State.svg
|s6 = Provisional Government of Albania
|flag_s6 = Flag of Albanian Provisional Government 1912-1914.gif
|s7 = Kingdom of Romania
|flag_s7 = Flag of Romania.svg
|s8 = Principality of Bulgaria
|flag_s8 = Flag of Bulgaria.svg
|s9 = Modern history of Cyprus{{!}}British Cyprus
|flag_s9 = Cyprus Blue Ensign-1922.svg
|s10 = French Algeria
|flag_s10 = Flag of France.svg
|s11 = French protectorate of Tunisia{{!}}French Tunisia
|flag_s11 = Flag of French Tunisia.svg
|s12 = Sheikhdom of Kuwait
|flag_s12 = Flag of Kuwait.svg
|s13 = Occupied Enemy Territory Administration{{!}}OETA
|flag_s13 =
|s14 = Italian North Africa
|flag_s14 = Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg
|s15 = Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen{{!}}Yemen
|flag_s15 = Flag of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen.svg
|s16 = Kingdom of Hejaz
|flag_s16 = Flag of Hejaz 1920.svg
|s17 = Kars Republic
|flag_s17 = Flag of the South West Caucasian Republic.svg
|s18 = Kingdom of Hejaz
|flag_s18 = Flag of Hejaz 1914.svg
|s19 = Mandatory Iraq
|flag_s19 = Flag of Iraq (1924–1959).svg
|image_coat = Osmanli-nisani.svg
|image_flag = Ottoman flag.svg
|flag = Flags of the Ottoman Empire
|symbol = Coat of arms of the Ottoman Empire
|image_map = Ottoman Empire 16-17th century.jpg
|image_map_caption = Greatest extent (red) with [[Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire|vassal states]] (light red) of the Ottoman Empire in 1590s.  
|national_motto = ''Devlet-i Ebed-müddet''<br/>دولت ابد مدت<br/><small>"The Eternal State"</small>
|national_anthem = [[Ottoman imperial anthem]]
|capital = [[Söğüt]]<br/><small>(1299–1335)</small><br/>[[Bursa]]<ref>[http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN,33810/ottoman-capital-bursa.html ''Ottoman Capital Bursa'']. Official website of Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Turkey. Retrieved 26 June 2013.</ref><br/><small>(1335–1413)</small><br/>[[Edirne|Adrianople]]<ref>"It served as the capital of the Ottoman Empire from 1413 until 1453 and flourished as an administrative, commercial, and cultural centre." [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/179207/Edirne "Edirne"] ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Retrieved 27 June 2013</ref><ref group=dn>The old name of Edirne was Adrianople. After the capture of the city by Ottomans, it was renamed Edirne.</ref><br/><small>(1413–1453)</small><br/>[[Constantinople]]<ref group=dn>The official name of Istanbul was ''[[Kostantiniyye]]'' (قسطنطينيه) under the Ottoman Empire. The name Constantinople continue to be used by Westerners until 1930. Istanbul became its official name after the city's name was officially changed by the Turkish government on 28 March 1930.</ref><small><br/>(1458–1922)</small>
|common_languages = [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]] (official), [[Languages of the Ottoman Empire|many others]]
|government_type =[[Absolute monarchy]]<br/><small>(1299–1876)</small><br/><small>(1878–1908)</small><br/><small>(1918–1922)</small><br/>[[Constitutional monarchy]]<br/><small>(1876–1878)</small><br/><small>(1908–1918)</small>
|title_leader = [[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Sultan]]
|leader1 = [[Osman I]] <small>(first)</small>
|year_leader1 = 1299–1326
|leader2 = [[Mehmed VI]] <small>(last)</small>
|year_leader2 = 1918–1922
|title_deputy = [[List of Ottoman Grand Viziers|Grand Vizier]]
|deputy1 = [[Alaeddin Pasha]] <small>(first)</small>
|year_deputy1 = 1320–1331 
|deputy2 = [[Ahmed Tevfik Pasha]] <small>(last)</small>
|year_deputy2 = 1920–1922
|legislature = [[General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire|General Assembly]]
|house1 = [[Senate of the Ottoman Empire|Senate]]
|type_house1 =
|house2 = [[Chamber of Deputies of the Ottoman Empire|Chamber of Deputies]]
|type_house2 =
|stat_year1 = 1683
|ref_area1 =<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite journal|url=http://jwsr.ucr.edu/archive/vol12/number2/pdf/jwsr-v12n2-tah.pdf |title=East-West Orientation of Historical Empires |work=Journal of World-Systems Research |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=219–229 |year=2006 |first1=Peter |last2=Hall |first2=Thomas D. |first3=Jonathan M. |last3=Adams |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=11 February 2013}}</ref>
|stat_area1 = 5200000
|stat_year2 = 1914
|stat_area2 = 1800000
|ref_area2 =<ref>Dündar, Orhan; Dündar, Erhan, 1.Dünya Savaşı, Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayınları, 1999, ISBN 975-11-1643-0</ref>
|stat_year3 = 1856
|stat_pop3 = 35350000
|stat_year4 = 1906
|stat_pop4 = 20884000
|stat_year5 = 1912
|stat_pop5 = 24000000
|ref_pop5 =<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite book|last=Erickson|first=Edward J.|title=Defeat in detail: the Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913|pages=59}}</ref>
|stat_year6 = 1914
|stat_pop6 = 18520000   
|stat_year7 = 1919
|stat_pop7 = 14629000
|religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
|currency = [[Akçe]], [[Para (currency)|Para]], [[Sultani]], [[Kuruş]], [[Ottoman lira|Lira]]
|today = {{Collapsible list|title=Countries today|[[Abkhazia]], [[Albania]], [[Algeria]], [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Bahrain]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Croatia]], [[Cyprus]], [[Egypt]], [[Eritrea]], Georgia, [[Greece]], [[Hungary]], [[Iran]], [[Iraq]], [[Israel]], [[Jordan]], [[Kosovo]], [[Kuwait]], [[Lebanon]], [[Libya]], [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]], [[Moldova]], [[Montenegro]], [[Nagorno-Karabakh]], [[Northern Cyprus]], [[Oman]], [[Palestinian territories]], [[Qatar]], [[Romania]], Russia, [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Serbia]], [[Slovakia]], [[Slovenia]], [[Somalia]], [[South Ossetia]], [[Sudan]], [[Syria]], [[Tunisia]], [[Transnistria]], [[Turkey]], [[UAE]], [[Ukraine]], Yemen
}}
|footnotes =
}}

The '''Ottoman Empire''' ([[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]]: دولت عليه عثمانیه ''Devlet-i ʿAliyye-yi ʿO<u>s</u>mâniyye'';<ref name="twareekh.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.twareekh.com/images/upload/aboutus/ottmani10liras1334F-.jpg |title=Ottoman banknote with Arabic script |accessdate=26 August 2010}}</ref> [[Turkish language|Modern Turkish]]: ''Osmanlı İmparatorluğu''), [[names of the Ottoman Empire#Historic maps using the alternative names of the Ottoman Empire|sometimes referred to as]] the '''Turkish Empire''' or simply '''Turkey''', was a [[contiguous]] [[List of transcontinental countries|transcontinental]] empire founded by [[Turkish people|Turkish]] tribes under [[Osman I|Osman Bey]] in north-western [[Anatolia]] in 1299.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/434996/Ottoman-Empire |title=Ottoman Empire |publisher=Britannica Online Encyclopedia |date= |accessdate=11 February 2013}}</ref> With the [[Fall of Constantinople|conquest of Constantinople]] by [[Mehmed II|Mehmet II]] in 1453 the Ottoman state was transformed into an empire.<ref>The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire, by Selcuk Aksin Somel, 2010, p.179</ref><ref>The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922, Donald Quataert, 2005, p.4</ref><ref>The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture: Delhi to Mosque, Jonathan M. Bloom, Sheila Blair, 2009. p.82</ref>
[[File:Turkey in 1890.jpg|thumb|A historical map showing [[eyalet]]s (administrative regions) of Ottoman Empire in Europe and Asia in 1890.]]


==មើលផងដែរ==
* [[Index of Ottoman Empire-related articles]]
* [[Outline of the Ottoman Empire]]
* [[Bibliography of the Ottoman Empire]]
{{Portal bar|Mediterranean|Turkey|Military history of the Ottoman Empire|image=Topcu_arma.jpg}}

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|30em|group=dn}}

==កំណត់ចំណាំ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==ឯកសារយោង==
{{Library resources box|onlinebooks=yes}}
{{refbegin}}
* ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' (12th ed. 1922) comprises the 11th edition plus three new volumes 30-31-32 that cover events since 1911 with very thorough coverage of the war as well as every country and colony. Included also in 13th edition (1926) [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica partly online]
** [http://books.google.com/books?id=CMYUAAAAQAAJ full text of vol 30  ABBE to ENGLISH HISTORY online free]
* {{Cite book|last=Itzkowitz|first=Norman|year=1980|title=Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-38806-9|authorlink=Norman Itzkowitz|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Kinross|first=Patrick Balfour|title=The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire|publisher=William Morrow|authorlink=Patrick Balfour, 3rd Baron Kinross|year=1979|ref=harv}}
* [[Dimitri Kitsikis]], ''L'Empire ottoman'', Presses universitaires de France, 3rd ed., 1994
* {{cite book |first=Donald |last=Quataert |authorlink=Donald Quataert |title=The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=T1jR39OM_hsC |year=2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-44591-7|ref=harv}}
{{refend}}

==អានបន្ថែម==
* Fromkin, David (1989). ''A Peace to End All Peace: the Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East''. New York: Avon Books. 635 p., ill. with [34] p. of b&w photos. ISBN 0-380-71300-4
* Palmer, Alan (1992). ''The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire''. New York: M. Evans and Co. ix, [4], 306 p., maps. ISBN 0-87131-754-0
* {{cite book|last=Arnold|first=Arthur |authorlink= Arthur Arnold|title=[[s:The promises of Turkey|The promises of Turkey]]|series=Papers on the Eastern Question|year=1877|publisher=Eastern Question Association|location=London}}

==តំណភ្ជាប់ខាងក្រៅ==
{{Sister project links|Ottoman Empire|wikt=no|n=no|q=no|s=no|b=World History/Middle Eastern Empires}}
*[http://courses.washington.edu/otap/ Ottoman Text Archive Project – University of Washington]
*[http://www.shapell.org/journeys.aspx?american-travelers-to-the-holy-land-in-the-19th-century American Travelers to the Holy Land in the 19th Century] Shapell Manuscript Foundation
*[http://www.umich.edu/~turkish/ottemp.html The Ottoman Empire: Resources – University of Michigan]
*[http://www.turizm.net/turkey/history/ottoman.html The Ottoman Empire: A Chronological Outline]
*[http://www.theottomans.org/ Information about Ottomans]
*[http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11770/ Turkey in Asia], 1920

{{Ottoman Empire topics}}
{{Turkic topics}}
{{Turkey topics}}
{{History of Anatolia}}
{{Empires}}
{{Medieval states in Anatolia}}

[[Category:Turkic states]]
[[Category:Byzantine Empire successor states]]
[[Category:Historical Turkic states]]
[[Category:History of the Turkic peoples]]
[[Category:Middle East]]
[[Category:Muslim dynasties]]
[[Category:Ottoman Empire| ]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1299]]
[[Category:States in medieval Anatolia|States in medieval Anatolia]]
[[Category:Turkic dynasties]]
[[Category:World War I]]delete|ភាសាផ្សេង}}